Unknown Translation Research Articles

적응형 채도 향상 알고리즘을 이용한 컬러 영상 처리 기법

본 논문에서는 LCD 모니터, LCD TV, PDP TY, OLED TV 등과 같은 평판 디스플레이 장비를 위한 적응형 칼라 영상 향상 알고리즘에 대해서 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 칼라 영상에서 콘트라스트와 채도를 함께 향상 시키는 방법이다. 콘트라스트 향상을 위해서 사용하는 적응형 선형 추정 CDF(Cumulative Density Function) 기법은 콘트라스트 향상 시 밝기에 따른 조정이 가능하여 원 영상의 왜곡을 막아준다. 적응형 채도 향상 알고리즘은 채도 향상의 문제점인 Contour Artifact와 Over-Saturation이 발생하지 않는 범위내에서 제도를 향상시킨다. 또한 원 영상의 색상 분포에 따른 선택적 채도 향상 방법을 사용하여 고품질의 영상을 얻을 수 있다. 제안된 알고리즘에 의한 처리 결과와 원 영상의 화질 평가를 위해서 시각적 검증과 히스토그램 편차를 도입하였다. In this paper, we propose an automatic extraction model for unknown translations and implement an unknown translation extraction system using the proposed model. The proposed model as a phrase-alignment model is incorporated with three models: a phrase-boundary model, a language model, and a translation model. Using the proposed model we implement the system for extracting unknown translations, which consists of three parts: construction of parallel corpora, alignment of Korean and English words, extraction of unknown translations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we have established the reference corpus for extracting unknown translation, which comprises of 2,220 parallel sentences including about 1,500 unknown translations. Through several experiments, we have observed that the proposed model is very useful for extracting unknown translations. In the future, researches on objective evaluation and establishment of parallel corpora with good quality should be performed and studies on improving the performance of unknown translation extraction should be kept up.

정렬기법을 이용한 미등록 대역어의 자동 추출

이 논문은 정렬 기법을 이용한 미등록 대역어 추출 모델을 제안하고 그 추출 시스템을 구현한다. 제안된 미등록 대역어 추출 모델은 일종의 구절정렬 모델로서 경계모델과 언어모델 그리고 번역 모델로 구성된다. 제안된 추출 시스템은 병렬말뭉치 구축, 단어정렬, 미등록어 추출로 구성된다. 이 논문에서는 제안된 시스템을 평가하기 위해서 약 1,500여 개의 미등록어가 포함된 2,200문장의 평가말뭉치를 구축하여 다양한 실험을 수행하였다. 실험을 통해서 제안된 모델이 미등록 대역어 추출에 매우 유용함을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로 좀 더 객관적인 평가를 위해 대량의 평가말뭉치 구축이 선행되어야 하며 좀 더 양질의 병렬말뭉치의 구축이 필요할 것이다. 또한 미등록어 추출 모델을 개선하기 다양한 연구가 추진되어야 할 것이다. In this paper, we propose an automatic extraction model for unknown translations and implement an unknown translation extraction system using the proposed model. The proposed model as a phrase-alignment model is incorporated with three models: a phrase-boundary model, a language model, and a translation model. Using the proposed model we implement the system for extracting unknown translations, which consists of three parts: construction of parallel corpora, alignment of Korean and English words, extraction of unknown translations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system we have established the reference corpus for extracting unknown translation, which comprises of 2,220 parallel sentences including about 1,500 unknown translations. Through several experiments, we have observed that the proposed model is very useful for extracting unknown translations. In the future, researches on objective evaluation and establishment of parallel corpora with good quality should be performed and studies on improving the performance of unknown translation extraction should be kept up.

On the Three Versions of the Muhuan jing Recorded in the Old Zhenyuan lu

The old manuscript of the Zhenyuan lu _??__??__??__??__??__??__??_ preserved in the Nanatsu-dera collection, which represents a recension based on the text transmitted to Japan immediately after its compilation, records three verions of the Muhuan jing _??__??__??__??__??_. On the other hand, the Taisho recession of the Zhenyuan lu registers only two versions of the Muhuan jing. Furthermore, volume 17 of the Taisho Canon contains only one text entitled Muhuan jing.It would appear that Amoghavajra's translation was considered a similar rendering of the same text, which was not essentially different from the recension attributed to the unknown translator and therefore not used as the basic text of the printed versions.The Taisho edition of the text, the Fo shuo muhuan jing _??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_, which also adopts the recension attributed to an unknown translator, relies on the text of the Korean Canon, and its footnotes collate it with the variant readings found in the printed versions as well as in Amoghavajra's translation of the Sanjujo sasshi _??__??__??__??__??__??__??_. One is, however, struck by the fact that for a short text consisting of only 33 lines in the Taisho Canon, we have no less than 39 footnotes and 13 variae lectiones different from the Sanjujo sasshi version. It would thus seem unreasonable to regard the rendering attributed to the unknown translator and Amoghavajra's translation as being similar or identical renderings of the same text.In this paper, I examine the three versions of the Muhuan jing recorded in the old Zhenyuan lu on the basis of the three Nanatsu-dera manuscripts of the text, copied in the Heian Period.

Exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus for unknown query translation

AbstractUsers' cross‐lingual queries to a digital library system might be short and the query terms may not be included in a common translation dictionary (unknown terms). In this article, the authors investigate the feasibility of exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus source to translate unknown query terms for cross‐language information retrieval in digital libraries. They propose a Web‐based term translation approach to determine effective translations for unknown query terms by mining bilingual search‐result pages obtained from a real Web search engine. This approach can enhance the construction of a domain‐specific bilingual lexicon and bring multilingual support to a digital library that only has monolingual document collections. Very promising results have been obtained in generating effective translation equivalents for many unknown terms, including proper nouns, technical terms, and Web query terms, and in assisting bilingual lexicon construction for a real digital library system.

Conditional solutions for the affine reconstruction of N-views

The known factorisation algorithm for the maximum likelihood affine reconstruction requires that all the feature points used must be visible in all views. We derive here a conditional solution for the 3D coordinates of the feature points and translation vectors given the inhomogeneous affine projection matrices, but no single feature point needs to be visible in all views. The solution represents closed-form maximum likelihood, generalised affine triangulation under missing data and unknown translations, and it implies two iterative algorithms for the maximum likelihood affine reconstruction where all the measured data may be used. For the case where at least four non-coplanar points are visible in all views, a non-iterative solution for affine reconstruction with missing data is also proposed. As reported, the closed-form-expression additionally has applications in affine bundle adjustment and identifying degenerate configurations.

TEMPLAR: A Wavelet-Based Framework for Pattern Learning and Analysis

Recovering a pattern or image from a collection of noisy and misaligned observations is a challenging problem that arises in image processing and pattern recognition. This paper presents an automatic, wavelet-based approach to this problem. Despite the success of wavelet decompositions in other areas of statistical signal and image processing, most wavelet-based image models are inadequate for modeling patterns in images, due to the presence of unknown transformations (e.g., translation, rotation, location of lighting source) inherent in pattern observations. Our framework takes advantage of the efficient image representations afforded by wavelets while accounting for unknown translations and rotations. In order to learn the parameters of our model from training data, we introduce Template Learning from Atomic Representations (TEMPLAR): a novel template learning algorithm. The problem solved by TEMPLAR is the recovery of a pattern template from a collection of noisy, randomly translated, and rotated observations of the pattern. TEMPLAR employs minimum description length (MDL) complexity regularization to learn a template with a sparse representation in the wavelet domain. We discuss several applications, including template learning, pattern classification, and image registration.

Rape as War Strategy: A Drama from Croatia

I met Lydia Scheuermann Hodak several years ago while I was working as theatre adviser for the Ministry of Culture where I was also in charge of the play contest the Ministry organizes every year. She had sent in a play with a funny title (I Must Rush My Masseuse Is Coming) that happened to be a very good war comedy. The Awards committee said that although it is very good play she is too unknown to be given an award. So I did something unusual: I phoned her to relate that the committee had good things to say about her play and that I personally liked it. She sent me another one Marias Pictures. It was 1995 war still in our country. I was surprised--an unknown playwright translator and computer expert has written such a powerful play. Where was she hiding why is she not staged all over Croatia? I started to offer this play around to people as a revelation but the doors were shut tight for reasons which I will explain later. The play is based on a true story. Hodak lives in Osijek capital of Slavonia one of the most destroyed parts of Croatia during the war. Although it was shelled itself (some parts of the city were completely destroyed and even the Croatian National Theatre was targeted by two bombs) Osijek was big enough to function properly so everybody came there--to the hospital as the first refugee station and in spite of bombing because it was a safer place than many other smaller towns nearby that were taken by Yugoslav Army or Chetniks the Serbian paramilitary forces. (excerpt)

Self-Calibration of a Rotating Camera With a Translational Offset

Camera self calibration, based on a purely rotational movement of the camera, receives the most attention among different camera self-calibration methods due to its algorithmic simplicity. The existing purely rotational methods, however, assume camera rotates around its optical center, therefore yielding no translation offset. This assumption is not realistic, since in practice, the precise location of the optical center is often unknown, and the rotation is often performed about an unknown but fixed point near the optical center. The conventional methods tend to ignore the offset, and therefore, could lead to significant errors with the estimated camera parameters. In this paper, we introduce a new rotation-based camera self-calibration method, which explicitly accounts for the unknown translation offset. To this end, the problem is mathematically formulated and solved for differently taking the translation into consideration. To obtain the camera parameters with unknown camera rotations, our algorithm requires the camera to rotate around an unknown but fixed axis twice, by the same yet unknown angle. This is not an unreasonable assumption for precalibrating a camera on an active head. Experiments with both synthetic and real data show that the systematic errors caused by ignoring the translational offset will be effectively eliminated by our approach.

An Unknown English Translation from Ariosto: The Landlord's Tale, 1708

An Unknown English Translation from Ariosto: <i>The Landlord's Tale</i>, 1708

Direction finding in partly calibrated sensor arrays composed of multiple subarrays

We consider the direction-finding problem in partly calibrated arrays composed of several calibrated and identically oriented (but possibly nonidentical) subarrays that are displaced by unknown (and possibly time-varying) vector translations. A new search-free eigenstructure-based direction-finding approach is proposed for such class of sensor arrays. It is referred to as the rank-reduction (RARE) estimator and enjoys simple implementation that entails computing the eigendecomposition of the sample array covariance matrix and polynomial rooting. Closed-form expressions for the deterministic Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) on direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for the considered class of sensor arrays are derived. Comparison of these expressions with simulation results show that the finite-sample performance of RARE algorithms in both time-invariant and time-varying array cases is close to the corresponding bounds. Moreover, comparisons of the derived CRBs with the well-known bounds for the fully calibrated time-invariant array case help to discover several interesting properties of DOA estimation in partly calibrated and time-varying arrays.

Constructing a Multivalued Representation for View Synthesis

A fundamental problem in computer vision and graphics is that of arbitrary view synthesis for static 3-D scenes, whereby a user-specified viewpoint of the given scene may be created directly from a representation. We propose a novel compact representation for this purpose called the multivalued representation (MVR). Starting with an image sequence captured by a moving camera undergoing either unknown planar translation or orbital motion, a MVR is derived for each preselected reference frame, and may then be used to synthesize arbitrary views of the scene. The representation itself is comprised of multiple depth and intensity levels in which the k-th level consists of points occluded by exactly k surfaces. To build a MVR with respect to a particular reference frame, dense depth maps are first computed for all the neighboring frames of the reference frame. The depth maps are then combined together into a single map, where points are organized by occlusions rather than by coherent affine motions. This grouping facilitates an automatic process to determine the number of levels and helps to reduce the artifacts caused by occlusions in the scene. An iterative multiframe algorithm is presented for dense depth estimation that both handles low-contrast regions and produces piecewise smooth depth maps. Reconstructed views as well as arbitrary flyarounds of real scenes are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Learning Lessons from Bilingual Corpora: Benefits for Machine Translation

The research described in this paper is rooted in the endeavors to combine the advantages of corpus-based and rule-based MT approaches in order to improve the performance of MT systems—most importantly, the quality of translation. The authors review the ongoing activities in the field and present a case study, which shows how translation knowledge can be drawn from parallel corpora and compiled into the lexicon of a rule-based MT system. These data are obtained with the help of three procedures: (1) identification of hence unknown one-word translations, (2) statistical rating of the known one-word translations, and (3) extraction of new translations of multiword expressions (MWEs) followed by compilation steps which create new rules for the MT engine. As a result, the lexicon is enriched with translation equivalents attested for different subject domains, which facilitates the tuning of the MT system to a specific subject domain and improves the quality and adequacy of translation.

Affine reconstruction of curved surfaces from uncalibrated views of apparent contours

In this paper, we consider uncalibrated reconstruction of curved surfaces from apparent contours. Since apparent contours are not fixed features (viewpoint independent), we cannot directly apply the recent results of the uncalibrated reconstruction from fixed features. We show that, nonetheless, curved surfaces can be reconstructed up to an affine ambiguity from their apparent contours viewed from uncalibrated cameras with unknown linear translations. Furthermore, we show that, even if the reconstruction is nonmetric (non-Euclidean), we can still extract useful information for many computer vision applications just from the apparent contours. We first show that if the camera motion is linear translation (but arbitrary direction and magnitude), the epipolar geometry can be recovered from the apparent contours without using any optimization process. The extracted epipolar geometry is next used for reconstructing curved surfaces from the deformations of the apparent contours viewed from uncalibrated cameras. The result is applied to distinguishing curved surfaces from fixed features in images. It is also shown that the time-to-contact to the curved surfaces can be computed from simple measurements of the apparent contours.

A primer on the genetics of hypertension

Computer screens of endless strings of four-lettered DNA can be translated to twenty-lettered proteins, but other as yet unknown translations will be necessary to convert this alphabetical soup to biology [1]. This review is addressed to clinical nephrologists with the aim of clarifying the breakthroughs that genetics may make in the understanding of essential hypertension. We summarize some of the research performed in genetic animal models of hypertension as well as in human hypertension, and compare the rat with the human data in an attempt to draw some general conclusions. A summary of the modern genetic strategies is provided that may be used to identify the genes responsible for essential hypertension, together with an explanation of the genetic terminology the nonspecialist reader may find in dealing with the genetics of complex diseases (and specifically hypertension). Simple genetic diseases are not that simple, and hypertension is far more complex Though remarkable progress has been made in human genetics, it is becoming clearer each day that even the simplest genetic trait, that is, one caused by a monogenic disease, exhibits a bewildering complexity [2]. Just as examples, three prototype diseases are briefly described. (1) Phenylketonuria, an inherited disease associated with severe mental retardation, is caused by a defect in the gene coding for phenylalanine hydroxylase. However, the enzyme deficiency is not enough to cause the disease. Exposure to dietary phenylalanine is also required. In fact, mental retardation does not occur if either factor (diet and abnormal enzyme) is missing [3]. Thus, an interaction with the appropriate environment is crucial for presentation of the phenotype. (2) Over 400 mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene have been described [4], and while some are benign and of no clinical relevance, others cause more or less severe forms of the disease. This means that not all the mutations in the gene cause the disease and that different mutations in the same gene may cause a different severity of the disease. (3) Hereditary spastic paraplegia in its autosomal dominant form is a clinically homogeneous, inherited degenerative disorder of the motor system, but is genetically heterogeneous because in different families the disease-causing locus is attributed to different chromosomes, some still not identified. This suggests that there is a common pathway on which the different abnormal gene products must act. Any interruption of such a pathway by any of such defective genes may cause the same phenotypic expression of the disease [5].

A new frame-based registration algorithm.

This paper presents a new algorithm for frame registration. Our algorithm requires only that the frame be comprised of straight rods, as opposed to the N structures or an accurate frame model required by existing algorithms. The algorithm utilizes the full 3D information in the frame as well as a least squares weighting scheme to achieve highly accurate registration. We use simulated CT data to assess the accuracy of our algorithm. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm to two commonly used algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is comparable to the best existing techniques with knowledge of the exact mathematical frame model. For CT data corrupted with an unknown in-plane rotation or translation, the proposed technique is also comparable to the best existing techniques. However, in situations where there is a discrepancy of more than 2 mm (0.7% of the frame dimension) between the frame and the mathematical model, the proposed technique is significantly better (p < or = 0.05) than the existing techniques. The proposed algorithm can be applied to any existing frame without modification. It provides better registration accuracy and is robust against model mis-match. It allows greater flexibility on the frame structure. Lastly, it reduces the frame construction cost as adherence to a concise model is not required.

Optimal correlation at low photon levels: study for astronomical images

We consider the problem of determining the unknown translation between two images. We analyze the performance of the optimal technique in presence of Poisson noise in comparison with the classical linear intercorrelation method, and we apply this approach to astronomical images.

Notes on the Library of the Center for Judaic Studies: 'Even Sappīr in Yemenite Judeo-Arabic an Unknown Translation

Notes on the Library of the Center for Judaic Studies: 'Even Sappīr in Yemenite Judeo-Arabic an Unknown Translation

I manoscritti ebraici della « Gěnîzâ italiana». Frammenti di una traduzione sconosciuta del Sefer ha-Šorašîm di Yônâ ibn Ğanaḥ

The author presents here the account of the history of the research and the results obtained within the frame of the national project of registering and cataloguing the fragments of Hebrew manuscripts used for binding books. Up to now, more than 5,SOO fragments of the 11th-15th century from the so-called «Italian Gěnizâ» have been registered. Very significant discoveries are presented, among them, tens of folios containing the Misnâ, hundreds with the Talmuḏ and with various liturgical works and biblical commentaries unknown hitherto; among them, the remains of the authentic commentary to the Torâ. of Yosef Qara. In the second part of this article, the text of an unknown Hebrew translation of Yonâ ibn Ğanaḥ's Sefer ha-Sorasim is published.

An Old Norse Biblical compilation: studies in Stjórn (review)

Reviews Astas, Reidar, An Old Norse Biblical compilation: studies in Stjdrn (American University Studies, Series VII: theology and religion, Vol. 109) N e w York and Bern, Peter Lang Publishing; 1991; pp. ix, 251; R.R.P. US$59.80. One of the great events in thefieldof religious letters and literature of medieval Scandinavia was the appearance of Bible translations. The present textual investigation examines the origin and sources of a West-Scandinavian translation of large parts of Genesis and Exodus made in the first decades of the fourteenth century. It shows how various sources were used and how scholastic theology may have influenced the translations of the Biblical message into the vernacular. Thus Stjdrn I is studied against the background of the cultural and religious life of Norway towards the end of the reign of King Hakon V Magnusson (12991319 ), under the influence of that powerful and prestigiousfigure.There is also a tracing of the textual imitations of the French Bible historiale of the 1290s, and of the physical resemblance to manuscripts of the Speculum Historiale. On various grounds it is shown to be likely that Stjdrn I was compiled by one person from Latin source materials translated into Old Norse and adapted to Norwegian/Icelandic listeners/readers. The compiler's additions are fascinating, a popular exposition of the mass of Lent an excursus on geography and nature, and various sermon fragments. He is not thought to have been a uniquely gifted scholar but rather 'an able, wellread theologian of a normal medium standard', who assumes in his audience a fairly reasonably knowledge of Iceland. He is also shown to have had a domestic educational purpose, that of inculcating good morals in his audience. Other aspects of his style include the tendency to emphasize the humanity of Jesus and to relegate to the background miraculous and dogmatic features as well as to attempt particular expositions, warnings against heresy, a primer-like stress on details of the liturgical year, and an histographer's emphasis on the temporal relations of events. The compiler is also fond of the standard mediaeval modes of variatio sermonis, and indicates that he is pleased with is own achievements. Equally interesting is his concern for personal morality, and his belief that that was the purpose of the Old Testament The text also has debts to both contemporary European historiography and to vernacular traditions of teaching and entertaining. Thus viewed, the resultanttextand the modern response alike—indicate the important role of mendicant preachers, clear traces of Aristotelian Thomism, and a very engaging pastoral care. In short, Astas has made a painstaking examination of the vernacular text to resolve the problems of adaptation and style faced by the unknown translator who may, perhaps, have been a priest of the style of Jon Halldorsson (1270-1339), who was Bishop of Skalholt from 132 Reviews 1322-1339. This volume must be placed alongside E. O. G. Turville-Petre's Origins ofIcelandic Literature (1953), not least since it complements the latter's attention to the religious literature of the early period, to the Sagas of the Bishops, and to the synoptic histories. But perhaps the greatest achievement of the Astas study is to show us one of the sequential prose modes following upon the classicaltextsof the thirteenth century. J. S. Ryan Department of English University of N e w England Bar roll, Leads, Politics, plague and Shakespeare's theater: the Stuart years, lihaca & London, Cornell University Press, 1991; cloth; pp. xiv, 249; R.R.P. US$34.95. As Leeds Barroll points out in the opening chapter of Politics, plague and Shakespeare's theater, Shakespeare's biography has remained remarkably untouched by the new methodologies which have refashioned our view of early modern England and its drama. The privileged 'lives' of the dramatist which explicitly or implicitly posit a narrative of progress and read the life in tandem with the plays and vice versa have not been substantially challenged by the new historicisms of literary studies, nor by the historical revisionism which has prompted considerable debate on the nature of biography itself. Barroll's study promises just such a challenge: an essay in Shakespearean biography which is partial but whose narratives...

Least-squares palinspastic restoration of regions of normal faulting—application to the Campos basin (Brazil)

We have developed an iterative least-squares method for palinspastic restoration of regions of normal faulting. The method closes the gaps (cut-off lenses) across normal faults on a structure-contour map of a given stratigraphie horizon. Such data are often available for sedimentary basins covered by seismic surveys. Before restoration, we first produce a fault-block map, where each block is completely surrounded by faults, whether real or artificial. We then apply an algorithm to minimize D, the sum of the squares of the distances across cut-off lenses, with respect to unknown rigid block translations and rotations. Minimization results in non-linear equations, which we solve by an iterative method. We deem the solution to have converged when D falls below a given critical level. In general, restoration not only closes the original gaps, but also results in strike-slip displacements between blocks. Thus the deformation need not be a plane strain and displacement vectors need not be parallel. We have applied the method to an area of the Campos basin, on the Atlantic margin of Brazil, where the stratigraphy and structure are well-known from seismic surveys and from wells. Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments have glided downslope on a lubricating layer of Aptian evaporites, producing an uppermost domain of normal faulting. The normal faults occupy a strip, lying between undisturbed continental crust to the west and relatively unstructured sediments to the east. Assuming the western boundary to be stationary, we have restored an Upper Oligocene stratigraphie level, the Marco Azul. Convergence was achieved rapidly and the degree of fit is good. According to our restoration, the eastern boundary of the area has bowed out seawards since the Oligocene. Block displacement vectors form a fan-like pattern, with an element of mirror symmetry about a line trending NW-SE. Maximum displacements occur in an apical domain, bounded by a horseshoe pattern of faults. There is a general pattern of block rotations, counterclockwise in the northeast, clockwise in the southwest. Some notable exceptions to this general pattern are due to local domino motions. We attribute the overall displacement field to divergent gravitational gliding off a local salient in the sea-bottom topography. Because of the three-dimensional nature of the displacement field, restoration of vertical cross-sections alone would yield gross errors. This demonstrates the value of palinspastic methods such as ours.