Unknown Anomalies Research Articles

The tumor microenvironment shapes hallmarks of mature B-cell malignancies.

B-cell tumorigenesis results from a host of known and unknown genetic anomalies, including non-random translocations of genes that normally function as determinants of cell proliferation or cell survival to regions juxtaposed to active immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer elements, chromosomal aneuploidy, somatic mutations that further affect oncogenic signaling and loss of heterozygosity of tumor-suppressor genes. However, it is critical to recognize that even in the setting of a genetic disease, the B-cell/plasma cell tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes significantly to malignant transformation and pathogenesis. Over a decade ago, we proposed the concept of cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance to delineate a form of TME-mediated drug resistance that protects hematopoietic tumor cells from the initial effect of diverse therapies. In the interim, it has been increasingly appreciated that TME also contributes to tumor initiation and progression through sustained growth/proliferation, self-renewal capacity, immune evasion, migration and invasion as well as resistance to cell death in a host of B-cell malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. Within this review, we propose that TME and the tumor co-evolve as a consequence of bidirectional signaling networks. As such, TME represents an important target and should be considered integral to tumor progression and drug response.

Integrated geophysical approach in assessing karst presence and sinkhole susceptibility along flood-protection dykes of the Loire River, Orléans, France

Non-invasive geophysical methods are often used for detecting near-surface defects and monitoring seepage in river dykes or dams. Between 2008 and 2009, a series of geophysical experiments was conducted to detect karst features below the dykes of the Loire River, Orléans, France. Multi-channel analysis of seismic surface waves (MASW) was used to obtain the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile of the subsurface below the dykes. As an effective approach to investigating the structure of the dykes, multi-channel resistivity surveys were also used to evaluate the electrical properties of material inside and under the dykes. This study discusses the exploration strategy and results for several sections of the dyke system. Based on the experimental data, Vs contours are used to geometrically and qualitatively describe the subsurface under the dykes and identify areas of mechanical weakness corresponding to karst features, while resistivity contours allow distinguishing interactions between the karst and the dykes through the identification of areas of downward material movement. Known and unknown anomalies are identified. A practical approach that combines seismic and electric resistivity results is proposed to assess karst presence and sinkhole hazards along the investigated dykes using a susceptibility index referring to the likelihood level of the events. As a validation method, areas of strong karst susceptibility index along the dykes are compared to known collapse event (sinkholes, dyke breaches, etc.) locations, available in databases.

다크넷 트래픽을 활용한 보안관제 체계 구축에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 매우 국한된 사이버공격에만 대응할 수 있는 기존 정형화 탐지패턴 기반의 보안관제를 극복하기 위하여 대규모 네트워크상에서 유출입 되는 이상행위 정보에 대한 종합적 체계적 수집 분석을 통해 실시간 보안관제 정확도 향상 및 관제영역 확대 방안에 대하여 연구하였다. 다크넷 네트워크상에 유입되는 다양한 침해위협 정보들을 수집 저장 분석하기 위한 이상 징후 관측 체계를 구축하고 통계 기반의 해킹동향 분석을 통해 알려진 사이버위협, 알려지지 않은 이상징후 및 고위험 이상행위 정보 분류 체계를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 다크넷 트래픽을 활용한 보안관제 체계를 적용할 경우, 전체 침해위협 탐지가 기존 대비 12.6% 증가하였으며, 기존에는 감지할 수 없었던 신종 변종 공격을 120여종 감지하는 것으로 나타났다. In this paper, the plans for improvement of real-time security monitoring accuracy and expansion of control region were investigated through comprehensive and systematic collection and analysis of the anomalous activities that inflow and outflow in the network on a large scale in order to overcome the existing security monitoring system based on stylized detection patterns which could correspond to only very limited cyber attacks. This study established an anomaly observation system to collect, store and analyze a diverse infringement threat information flowing into the darknet network, and presented the information classification system of cyber threats, unknown anomalies and high-risk anomalous activities through the statistics based trend analysis of hacking. If this security monitoring system utilizing darknet traffic as presented in the study is applied, it was indicated that detection of all infringement threats was increased by 12.6 percent compared with conventional case and 120 kinds of new type and varietal attacks that could not be detected in the past were detected.

Network anomaly detection method based on principle component analysis and tabu search and decision tree classification

Real network traffic contains mass of features,and the method of anomaly detection based on feature analysis is not suitable for high-dimensional features classification.A method based on Principal Component Analysis and tabu Tabu Search(PCA-TS) decision tree classification for anomaly detection was proposed.The method reduced high-dimensional features and selected optimal feature subset which was suitable for classification through PCA-TS algorithm,then the decision tree of higher detection rate and lower false rate was used for classification and detection based on semi-supervised learning.The experiment shows that the approach has higher detection accuracy and lower false rate compared with traditional anomaly detection method,and the detection performance is less affected by sample size and is suitable for real-time detection of unknown anomalies.

Structure of the Mt Isa region from seismic ambient noise tomography

We use seismic tomography, exploiting group velocities derived from ambient noise, to delineate the crustal structure beneath Mt Isa and the surrounding blocks and basins. The depth extent of the blocks can be traced into the mid-crust and the spatial extent of the associated velocity anomalies mapped over an area of approximately 500 km by 500 km. The Proterozoic Mt Isa block is imaged as a region of elevated seismic velocities comparable to the Yilgarn craton in Western Australia, while the surrounding basins have relatively low velocities. Seismic velocity anomalies display correlations with the regional Bouguer gravity data and with high crustal temperatures in the region. There are a number of isolated low-velocity anomalies under the Millungera basin that suggest either previously unknown thermal anomalies or zones with high permeability, which can also produce lowered velocities.

Discussion on the Mining Pollution and Geologic Background in Yinyang Sea at the Northeast Corner of Taiwan

The Yinyang Sea phenomenon in Liandong Bay at the northeast corner of Taiwan is regarded as being the result of pollution caused by ore refining by the Taiwan Metal Mining Corporation. The Taiwan Metal Mining Corporation has been closed since 1987; however, the phenomenon still exists. According to the research findings, the Yinyang Sea phenomenon in Liandong Bay is the result of natural weathering. The suspended substance in the bay is Fe (OH)3, which is not a pollutant announced by Environmental Protection Administration, and the Fe (OH)3is mostly caused by natural weathering reactions; this is why the Yinyang Sea phenomenon occurred before the foundation of the Taiwan Metal Mining Corporation and continues to occur 25 years after the closure of the mine. The distribution of various elements is not uniform, and the original geologic background values of many regions exceed present environmental standards. If the water quality and soil background data of different geologic environments in Taiwan are not investigated as soon as possible, the mining industry may be misrecognized as being responsible for environmental pollution due to unknown geologic anomalies, as Taiwan Metal Mining Corporation was, and this may cause meaningless disputes over economic development and environmental protection.

Toward Supervised Anomaly Detection

Anomaly detection is being regarded as an unsupervised learning task as anomalies stem from adversarial or unlikely events with unknown distributions. However, the predictive performance of purely unsupervised anomaly detection often fails to match the required detection rates in many tasks and there exists a need for labeled data to guide the model generation. Our first contribution shows that classical semi-supervised approaches, originating from a supervised classifier, are inappropriate and hardly detect new and unknown anomalies. We argue that semi-supervised anomaly detection needs to ground on the unsupervised learning paradigm and devise a novel algorithm that meets this requirement. Although being intrinsically non-convex, we further show that the optimization problem has a convex equivalent under relatively mild assumptions. Additionally, we propose an active learning strategy to automatically filter candidates for labeling. In an empirical study on network intrusion detection data, we observe that the proposed learning methodology requires much less labeled data than the state-of-the-art, while achieving higher detection accuracies.

New thermodynamic data for CoTiO3, NiTiO3 and CoCO3 based on low-temperature calorimetric measurements.

The low-temperature heat capacities of nickel titanate (NiTiO3), cobalt titanate (CoTiO3), and cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) were measured between 2 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results. Our new data show previously unknown low-temperature lambda-shaped heat capacity anomalies peaking at 37 K for CoTiO3 and 26 K for NiTiO3. From our data we calculate standard molar entropies (298.15 K) for NiTiO3 of 90.9 ± 0.7 J mol-1 K-1 and for CoTiO3 of 94.4 ± 0.8 J mol-1 K-1. For CoCO3, we find only a small broad heat capacity anomaly, peaking at about 31 K. From our data, we suggest a new standard entropy (298.15 K) for CoCO3 of 88.9 ± 0.7 J mol-1 K-1.

Memory effect and new polarized state in the incommensurate phase of TlGaSe2 ferroelectric – semiconductor

The structural, electrical, and thermal properties of the ferroelectric-semiconductor TlGaSe2 have been investigated after the thermal annealing of crystals inside the incommensurate (INC) phase for a few hours at the annealing temperature (Tann). It is found that all outlined physical parameters of TlGaSe2 are significantly modified after the annealing process. Besides the well-known memory effect, thermal annealing within the INC phase leads to previously unknown anomalies of the different physical properties of TlGaSe2 crystals at temperatures quite far from the INC-phase. To explain the experimental results it is supposed that annealing leads to the formation of a new polarized state that influences most of the physical parameters of the crystals. This outstanding feature of the annealing effect in TlGaSe2 crystals allows us to reveal some new phase transitions that take place in TlGaSe2 crystals in the 140–180 K temperature range.

INTERNET ANOMALY DETECTION BASED ON STATISTICAL COVARIANCE MATRIX

Intrusion detection is an important part of assuring the reliability of computer systems. Different intrusion detection approaches vary with different patterns used and different intrusions addressed. However, what patterns are effective in constructing a detection system is still a challenge. This paper attempts to apply the traditional covariance matrix concept to the detection of multiple known and unknown network anomalies. With respect to the initiation of typical flood-based network intrusions, the proposed approach takes the measure of covariance matrix to reflect the changes of sequential correlativity of the network traffic when flood-based attacks happen. The differences among covariance matrices of network samples collected in temporal sequences of fixed and equal length are directly evaluated to detect multiple network anomalies. Extensive experiments on the subset of KDDCUP 1999 dataset show that the covariance matrix, as a new pattern, can be directly utilized to construct an effective detection system for flood-based attacks. It also points out that utilizing the covariance matrix in the detection of flood-based attacks can achieve higher performance over traditional approaches.

A two-step inverse scattering procedure for the qualitative imaging of homogeneous cracks in known host media - preliminary results

In the framework of nondestructive evaluation and testing, microwave inverse scattering approaches demonstrated their effectiveness and the feasibility of detecting unknown anomalies in dielectric materials. In this letter, an innovative technique is proposed in order to enhance their reconstruction accuracy. The approach is aimed at first estimating the region-of-interest (RoI) where the defect is supposed to be located and then at improving the qualitative imaging of the crack through a level-set-based shaping procedure. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, representative numerical results concerned with different scenarios and blurred data are presented and discussed.

A shear elastic wave in an acoustically nongyrotropic superlattice of the magnet-superconductor type: I. Localization conditions

Some previously unknown anomalies both in the spectrum and the conditions for propagation of a shear elastic wave traveling along the outer surface of a limited thin-layer acoustic superlattice of the antiferromagnet-ideal-superconductor type are investigated.

Effect of an external electric field on the structure of the magnon spectrum in a finite magnetoelectric crystal

Considering the case of a plate of a centrally antisymmetric tetragonal antiferromagnet for illustration, it is shown that if the tensor of magnetoelectric coupling constants is antisymmetric, then an external electric field causes earlier unknown anomalies to occur in the spectrum of bulk acoustic magnons even in the exchangeless limit.

Magnon spectrum features associated with the linear magnetoelectric effect in a finite magnet

Using a mechanically free plate of a centrally antisymmetric tetragonal antiferromagnet of the easy-plane type as an example, it is shown that the linear magnetoelectric effect causes earlier unknown anomalies to occur in the bulk magnon spectrum. The character of these anomalies depends critically on the relationship between the Neel and Debye temperatures of the antiferromagnetic crystal.

Lattice effects in the waveguide propagation of a magnetic EH polariton along a macroscopically thin magnetoelectric film

It is shown that the lattice effect is able to induce previously unknown anomalies in the spectrum of the bulk magnetic EH polariton travelling along a macroscopically thin magnetoelectric film even in the presence of total coherent matching of this film to a nonmagnetic coating. The character of these anomalies substantially depends on the relationship between the Neel and Debye temperatures of a magnetic crystal.

Detection of trisomy 18 on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded autopsy material from 10 fetuses and infants with unknown karyotype and anomalies suggestive of trisomy 18 were subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Nuclei were extracted from the tissues and hybridized with a chromosome 18-specific centromere probe. The hybridization was successful in 9 of 10 cases. Two cases showed three hybridization signals in most of the nuclei (74% and 85%). These had anomalies frequently occurring with trisomy 18 (congenital heart defect, omphalocele, and horseshoe kidney). Two cases showed a mixture of two and three signals (47%/49% and 59%/36%), suggesting the possibility of mosaicism. One of these cases had anomalies consistent with a trisomy 18 phenotype. In the other case intrauterine growth retardation and syndactylies suggested triploidy. Hybridization with a chromosome 8-specific probe gave a distribution of two and three signals (34% and 62%, respectively). This result strengthened the suspicion of a possible triploid mosaicism. In five of the cases most of the nuclei showed two signals (85% to 88%). However, as only one type of tissue was examined for enumeration of chromosome 18, the possibility of organ mosaicism or other chromosome aberrations cannot be excluded. The FISH technique is applicable on macerated and autolysed formalin-fixed tissue, making it possible to retrospectively analyze autopsy material from aborted and stillborn fetuses and infants. This analysis contributes to a better quality of perinatal autopsies and is helpful in parental counseling.

Magma Genesis in the New Britain Island Arc: Further Insights into Melting and Mass Transfer Processes

Quaternary volcanic rocks from the New Britain island arc display INTRODUCTION a wide range in chemical compositions. The source of the lavas The New Britain region of Papua New Guinea represents shares isotopic characteristics with Indian Ocean type mid-ocean an outstanding opportunity to reach an understanding ridge basalt (MORB). In contrast, the high field strength elements of the processes of magma genesis in an oceanic island (HFSE) are extremely depleted in the volcanic front rocks compared arc. The Quaternary volcanoes found there define the with MORB. We propose that this results from a previous melteastern part of the Bismarck volcanic arc, and have extraction event—hypotheses invoking residual phases in either the formed in response to northward subduction of the small mantle wedge or subducting slab cannot account for the depletion Solomon plate beneath the Bismarck plate (Fig. 1). The relative to MORB. In addition, elements other than the HFSE are New Britain arc is outstanding for two main reasons: also affected. Chemical signatures in parts of the New Britain arc (1) Arc volcanism in the central sector of the island and Manus Basin may relate to a previous subduction episode has taken place over an exceptionally wide range of along the now inactive Vitiaz–West Melanesian trench. Ultradepths to the Wadati–Benioff zone—from ~100 km deep depleted volcanic front basalts invariably have strong ‘fluid’-related at the ‘volcanic front’ (closest to the submarine trench) trace element signatures, including high Sr/Nd and U/Th (and down to ~600 km in the northwest beneath the Witu U disequilibrium), together with positive Eu anomalies that can Islands. The reasons for the correspondingly large width be related to the mobility of Eu in the slab-derived flux. Negative of the volcanic arc are still unknown, but isotopic and Ce anomalies are attributed to a minor sedimentary component. elemental differences between the rocks are systematic Across-arc geochemical profiles record a decrease in the degree of as depths to the Wadati–Benioff zone increase. We believe partial melting and diminishing influence of a slab-derived fluid that these differences provide unparalleled insights into with depth, superimposed upon the depleted mantle composition the geochemical architecture of subduction-zone systems. beneath the volcanic front. Element partitioning into (and not (2) Rocks of the New Britain volcanic front are low in necessarily the source of) the fluid is considered to exert strong control potassium, range from basalt to rhyolite, and have (as on the chemistry of volcanic front magmas, a feature that may go illustrated below) exceptional depletions in high field some way to explaining the contradictory estimates of the slab flux strength elements (HFSE). Indeed, they may represent derived from isotope vs trace element data in many subduction suites. the most HFSE-depleted arc rocks known. These rocks

Correlation of spacecraft anomalies to the debris environment: an update

The development of debris environment analysis tools and correlation of space weather with satellite anomalies have progressed nearly independently during the space age. This paper applies a methodology to merge these two fields to provide greater insights into the operation of satellites in the dynamic space environment. The objective of this analysis is to corroborate the impact of debris on spacecraft while identifying the cause of previously “unknown” anomalies. This approach is used to reduce a select anomalies database and make conclusions about the cause of many previously unknown anomalies. A new concept is proposed that collates multiple anomalies data bases into a Universal Satellite Anomalies Analysis Advisor (USA 3).

The missing dimension in Magsat and POGO anomaly studies

The development of a comprehensive model of the near‐Earth magnetic field in terms of sources in the core, ionosphere, and magnetosphere has allowed the isolation of heretofore unknown north‐south trending anomalies of lithospheric origin. Previously, along‐track filtering of satellite magnetic field data had been necessary in order to remove unmodeled magnetospheric and ionospheric magnetic fields. These fields change between adjacent passes by tens of nanoTeslas and have wavelengths which overlap the crustal spectrum. An example from Australia illustrates the additional information that can be extracted from the Magsat data set when this ‘missing dimension‧ is included. A north‐south trending low covers most of eastern Australia, in agreement with the aeromagnetic map of Australia. This feature is seen in both the dawn and dusk subsets collected from Magsat. The center of this low is roughly coincident with the Eromanga Basin but extends for almost 2000 km in a N‐S direction. The low corresponds to a region of almost featureless magnetic field on the aeromagnetic map. It is also consistent with an elevated geotherm previously proposed from studies of xenoliths in southeastern Australia. Filtering the new map in a north‐south direction reproduces the previous best estimate of the Australian satellite anomaly field. We expect that this comprehensive model will provide a new window into the magnetic field of the earth's lithosphere. The model continues to be enhanced.

Wavelet processing of images for target detection

This article has as its goal the development and test and evaluation of wavelet-based algorithms for automatically detecting unknown anomalies in two-dimensional images. The general idea behind the work is that the class of wavelet transforms induces a so-called multiresolution analysis (MRA) in image space whereby the image of interest is naturally decomposed into a sequence of images of varying resolution (from coarse to fine resolution) in a computationally efficient manner. The anomaly detection can then be performed sequentially beginning at a coarse scale (low resolution) and proceeding to finer scales as needed. The wavelet representation thus effectively allows the user to zoom in on particular areas of interest and thus detect image anomalies in a very efficient manner. The article includes results from computer simulations testing the proposed approach against a standard energy-detection algorithm for the unknown anomalies embedded in additive Gaussian white noise. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.