College Soccer Research Articles

스포츠 상황적 특성을 고려한 인성 척도 개발 및 타당화

In this study, sports personality was defined as personality obtained and learned in sports training and competition situations, and the purpose of this study is to develop a questionnaire and confirm the reliability and validity of each sub-area and questionnaire. Questions that can be used in competition and training situations were selected based on the theoretical model explained in the previous study and personality development model, and a preliminary questionnaire of 50 questions consisting of a 5-point scale was developed by using experts. A preliminary survey was conducted on 90 male players to understand the emotional state of college soccer players during or in training situations, and individual question analysis, recruitment validity verification, and reliability verification were conducted using the SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. As a result of the study, through expert meetings and preliminary surveys, questions on the sports personality factor scale were produced in consideration of the competition and training situation. 21 questions were removed through exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis, and a total of 29 questions of 10 factors consisting of 4 questions of respect, 4 questions of challenge, 3 questions of patience, 2 questions of cooperation, 3 questions of responsibility, 3 questions of normality, 2 questions of honesty, and 3 questions of consideration were extracted. In addition, in the confirmatory factor analysis to secure the validity of the developed sports personality factor scale, the suitability of 29 questions of 10 factors was confirmed, and the standard-load (0.635-0.918), AVE (0.502-0.795), CR (0.752-0.931) met the criteria for all factors, confirming the concentrated validity of the sports personality scale.

The Effect of Sex, Sport, and Preexisting Histories on Baseline Concussion Test Performance in College Lacrosse and Soccer Athletes.

To study sex and sport differences in baseline clinical concussion assessments. A secondary purpose was to determine if these same assessments are affected by self-reported histories of (1) concussion; (2) learning disability; (3) anxiety and/or depression; and (4) migraine. Prospective cohort. National Collegiate Athletic Association D1 Universities. Male and female soccer and lacrosse athletes (n = 237; age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years). Sport, sex, history of (1) concussion; (2) learning disability; (3) anxiety and/or depression; and (4) migraine. Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 22-item symptom checklist, Standardized Assessment of Concussion, Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Female athletes had significantly higher total symptoms endorsed (P = 0.02), total symptom severity (P < 0.001), and BESS total errors (P = 0.01) than male athletes. No other sex, sport, or sex-by-sport interactions were observed (P > 0.05). Previous concussion and migraine history were related to greater total symptoms endorsed (concussion: P = 0.03; migraine: P = 0.01) and total symptom severity (concussion: P = 0.04; migraine: P = 0.02). Athletes with a migraine history also self-reported higher anxiety (P = 0.004) and depression (P = 0.01) scores. No other associations between preexisting histories and clinical concussion outcomes were observed (P > 0.05). Our findings reinforce the need to individualize concussion assessment and management. This is highlighted by the findings involving sex differences and preexisting concussion and migraine histories. Clinicians should fully inventory athletes' personal and medical histories to better understand variability in measures, which may be used to inform return-to-participation decisions following injury.

Effects of sodium pyruvate supplementation on repeated sprint exercise performance and recovery in male college soccer players: a randomized controlled trial.

Sodium pyruvate (PYR) has been reported to improve aerobic metabolism and attenuate metabolic acidosis. Aerobic capacity and the ability to remove hydrogen ions affect the recovery from repeated high intensity activities. However, the effects of PYR supplementation on repeated sprint exercise (RSE) performance have not been elucidated. This study explored the effects of PYR ingestion on RSE ability and recovery. A total of 14 male soccer athletes (aged 20±2 years) participated in this double-blinded crossover study. The subjects completed two experimental sessions after randomized ingestion of either PYR or the maltodextrin placebo (PLA) for 1 week. At each session, participants completed high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and RSE 60 minutes after supplementation. Additionally, acid-base parameters in venous blood, energy system contributions, and power output were assessed. Compared to PLA, PYR supplementation significantly increased the relative peak power output (PPO) of the first (P=0.034) and fifth (P=0.043) sprints, and the relative mean power output (MPO) of the fifth sprint (P=0.026). In addition, the mean PPO (P=0.031) and MPO (P=0.033) of sprints 1-6 were significantly elevated after PYR supplementation. After PYR administration, the phosphagen energy system [adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-phosphocreatine (PCr)] resynthesis of the fourth (P=0.034) and the overall recovery periods during HIIE (P=0.029) were higher than PLA administration. Additionally, the ATP-PCr resynthesis of the first (P=0.033) and fifth (P=0.019) recovery periods, and the mean of the six recovery periods during RSE (P=0.041) were increased in the PYR group compared to the PLA group. Furthermore, participants on the PYR regimen had higher blood pH, HCO3-, and base excess at pre-HIIE, post-HIIE, and pre-RSE (all P<0.05) compared to participants receiving PLA. PYR supplementation enhanced RSE performance, and the improvement may be attributed to accelerated restoration of the acid-base balance and ATP-PCr regeneration. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100053936.

The Practical Utility of Objective Training Load Indices in Division I College Soccer Players.

Coppus, TA, Anderson, T, Hurley, E, Gill, DL, and Brown, PK. The practical utility of objective training load indices in Division I college soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1026-1030, 2022-The aim of this study was to investigate the association of subjective session rating of perceived exertion with objective training load measures and explored data reduction approaches for 26 commonly measured objective load metrics. One National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male soccer team (N = 28) provided 26 objective measures via a global positioning system and heart rate monitor system and self-report rating of perceived exertion measures for all team activities through the 12-week 2019 fall championship season. The singular associations between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and objective load metrics were assessed via repeated-measures correlation and collectively assessed via elastic net regression. Principal components analysis was then used to reduce the dimensionality of objective load variables. Level of significance for the study was α ≤ 0.05. The training load variable had the highest correlation with sRPE (r = 0.85) among the 26 metrics. Twenty variables were retained in the elastic-net regression and demonstrated an R2 of 0.76. The principal components analysis demonstrated a 4-component solution. The components were qualitatively described as "moderate- or high-intensity external load," "low-intensity load," "high-intensity internal load," and "average internal load" and accounted for 46, 32, 16, and 6% of the variance, respectively. The sRPE metric had strong correlations with multiple objective measures, demonstrating its utility for practitioners monitoring training load in collegiate soccer with limited resources. Furthermore, the consolidation of 26 metrics into 4 components while retaining data variability allows coaches to focus on a small number of metrics and employ a data-driven approach to training.

Does Sleep Quality between Back-to-Back Matches Influence Running Performance in Canadian Female University Soccer Players? A GPS-based Time-Series Analysis

Background: Soccer competitions performed with less than or equal to 24 hours of recuperation, including inadequate amounts of quality sleep, may adversely affect performance. Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess running performance between self-reported good and poor sleepers in female university sport soccer players (N = 12) in matches played with ≤ 24 hours of recovery. Methods: In this cross-sectional and observational study, twelve female university soccer players (mean age: 19.44 + 1.69 yr) were followed throughout one season of competition using a time-series analysis of running performance and comparing good (n = 7) versus poor (n = 5) sleepers. Global positioning systems (GPS) were used to evaluate jogging/sprinting performance throughout the 2016 soccer season. Good and poor sleepers were determined via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: There was a significant reduction (p .05) in running performance from the first to the second game in the entire cohort, while post hoc analysis indicated that good sleepers performed better on the relative speed performance parameter when comparing the first game to the second game; however, there was no change in this performance variable in the poor sleepers between the first and second game. Conclusions: Our study indicates that Canadian female university soccer players may need longer than 24 hours of recovery to perform optimally in subsequent matches. Generally, good and poor sleepers perform similarly except for GPS relative speed in back-to-back matches with 24 hours of recovery.

Physiological and Motor Performance Characteristics in Rugby and Soccer Players: Data from a Developing Country

This study comparatively presents the physiological, anthropometric, and motor performance characteristics ofrugby and football athletes in a developing country. 49 university soccer [(US: N=24, mean age = 22.54±2.24),university rugby (UR: N=25, mean age =21.84±1.81)] and 23 national rugby (NR) (mean age = 26.0±3.33) wererecruited. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), hip circumference (HC), waistcircumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max),5-Jump Test (speed), agility, core muscle strength and stability (CMS), muscular endurance (ME), and sit and reach(SRT) were measured. NR significantly had higher age, weight, BMI, WtHR, HC, WC, WHR, SBP, VO2max, 5JT/BM and ME (P &lt; 0.05) compared to others. National and university rugby athletes had better anthropometric andphysiological attributes with similar agility performance. To develop rugby in developing country, universitysoccer athletes could suggest good material, given needed tactical trainings and competitions, for national rugbyteam athletes.

The Relationship among Authentic Leadership, Trust in Coach, and Group Cohesion of College Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among players’ perceptions of authentic leadership, trust in coach, and group cohesion. Male college soccer players responded to questionnaire items about these three factors. A total of 249 survey data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Authentic leadership had a significant positive relationship with trust in coach and group cohesion; trust in coach had a significant positive relationship with group cohesion; and trust in coach was a mediator in the relationship between authentic leadership and group cohesion. These findings suggest when coaches are authentic leaders, athlete and team outcomes may benefit.

대학스포츠 지도자들이 인식하는 스포츠 멘탈코칭 현장도입의 방해요인: 대학축구지도자들을 대상으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstruction of inflow of sports mental coaching from the perspective of college sports leaders. Methods: For this purpose, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 8 college soccer leaders with more than 5 years of coaching experience, and then transcribed and analyzed using an inductive analysis method. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was divided into 3 general areas(the situation you are facing, a sense of disparity between sports psychology and the sports scene, vague fear of mental coaching), and 9 detailed areas(lack of time, lack of economic leeway, lack of environmental leeway: lack of awareness of importance, low priority, lack of information: concerns about the relationship between players and coaches, concerns about the direction of coaching, distrust of effectiveness). Conclusion: Through the results of this study, it was possible to identify the obstacles for the introduction of mental coaching into the field, and this suggested a direction for the revitalization of mental coaching in the future.

Hip Flexibility and Dynamic Balance Ability in Soccer Players with Functional Ankle Instability

The prevention of recurrent ankle sprain and functional ankle instability in soccer players is essential. This study clarified hip joint mobility and dynamic balance ability in soccer players with functional ankle instability. This case–control study included 17 male college soccer players. All participants were assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and were divided into chronic ankle instability (CAI) and non-CAI groups for each of their dominant and nondominant legs. Bilateral passive hip range of motion (ROM) was assessed and the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) was measured for each leg. In the dominant leg, the reach in the posterolateral direction in the CAI group was significantly less than that in the non-CAI group. Hip internal rotation angles in the dominant leg in the CAI group were greater than those in the non-CAI group; however, no significant correlations with the three directions of mSEBT were observed. In the nondominant leg, mSEBT and hip ROMs did not show any significant differences between groups. The dominant leg in soccer players with CAI had poor dynamic balance ability while reaching posterolaterally. However, acquiring hip flexibility may not be necessary to improve the dynamic balance ability. These findings may help develop future research.

Determining the Dynamic Balance, Maximal Aerobic Capacity, and Anaerobic Power Output of University Soccer and Rugby Players: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Physical performance characteristics of players have been changed rapidly as team games have become more competitive. Research focusing on the anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of players and the demand of competition are reviewed. The dearth of research for today's elite players was highlighted, along with the need for standardized testing protocols. This research was conducted to investigate the differences in physical performance characteristics between soccer and rugby players with standardized testing protocols. A total of thirty-six male subjects (18 soccer players and 18 rugby players) were chosen for this study. The subjects had an average age of 20.50±1.36 years, a height of 175.28±5.554 cm, weight of 67.73±6.47 kg, and BMI of 22.01±1.01. Any player who had a musculoskeletal injury in their lower extremity or had a record in the previous three months was excluded from the research. Dynamic balance was determined using the Y Balance Test. The Beep test assessed maximal aerobic capacity, and the vertical jump test evaluated the anaerobic power output of the lower body. An independent t-test was applied to determine the differences between soccer and rugby players. Our finding showed that there were insignificant differences for dynamic balance (t=-1.31, p=.19), maximal aerobic capacity (t=.94, p=.35), and anaerobic power output (t=-.403, p=.69) between soccer and rugby players. Findings are also evident for the decrease in anaerobic performance with increased maximal oxygen capacity in soccer players while anaerobic performance increases and maximal aerobic capacity decreases in rugby players. Functional tests for performance parameters should be considered when planning to train players, predict performance, and identify sports talent.

Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Induced by a Plyometric Protocol on Deceleration Performance

Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve power performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance or plyometric exercise. It has been suggested to refer to as Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) when research is field-based on explosive activities. To our best knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of PAPE on deceleration performance, which is a key factor in sports involving change of directions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a plyometric exercise protocol on a subsequent deceleration running performance. University soccer players (n = 18) performed seven deceleration trials and were assessed at baseline and after ~15 s, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min either following a walking control condition (C) or three sets of ten repetitions of alternate-leg bounding (plyometric, P). Results showed no significant differences at any of the trials under the control condition (C) in comparison to the relative baseline. Under the plyometric condition (P), deceleration performance executed two minutes after the plyometric activity resulted in significantly faster results compared to the baseline values (p = 0.042; ES = 0.86, large effect; % of improvement = 4.13 %). The main findings are that plyometric exercise improves a subsequent running deceleration performance, 2 min after its execution. Future investigations should focus on more complex actions such as changes of direction and agility.

Effects of Cool-Down Exercise and Cold-Water Immersion Therapy on Basic Fitness and Sport-Specific Skills among Korean College Soccer Players.

Background:We aimed to examine the effects of cool-down exercise and cold-water immersion therapy on agility, speed, power, balance, and sport-specific skill performance in college soccer players, and to provide baseline data for the development of effective recovery programs.Methods:In August 2020, 21 male college soccer players in Seoul, Korea, were randomly divided into the following groups: control group (CG, n=7), cool-down exercise group (CDG, n=7), and cool-down exercise plus cold-water immersion group (CDCWG, n=7). Agility, speed, power, balance, and sport-specific skill performance were assessed before and after the intervention.Results:No significant differences in Southeast Missouri (SEMO) Agility Test, 20-m sprint test, vertical jump test, or Y-balance test (right) were observed among the groups; however, there was a significant effect of time (P<0.05) and a significant time × group interaction (P<0.05). Significant effects of time (P<0.001), group (P=0.043), and a time × group interaction (P=0.009) were observed in the Y-balance test (left). There were no between-group differences in the 22-m dribble test, shooting test (left), or shooting test (right); however, there were significant effects of time (P<0.05) and significant time × group interactions (P<0.05). No significant effects of group or time × group interactions were observed for the kicking test (left or right); however, there were significant effects of time (P<0.001).Conclusion:Addition of cold-water immersion therapy to a recovery program including cool-down exercise can promote recovery of basic and sport-specific abilities among college soccer players.

The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Behaviours on Factors Establishing Teams’ Cultural Aspects to Promote Organizational Effectiveness

This study aimed to analyse the relationships between transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and organizational culture in university soccer teams. First, the study focused on the transactional and trans- formational leadership behaviours of soccer coaches in university soccer teams using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X (MLQ 5X) by Bass and Avolio (1990) as an instrument. Second, the cultural factors of the univer- sity soccer teams were measured using the Organizational Culture Assessment Questionnaire (OCAQ, Sashkin, 2001). Using random cluster sampling, 316 players in university soccer teams participated in the study. The study results showed that both transactional and transformational leadership had a positive effect on organizational team culture, but the effect of transactional leadership behaviour appeared more extensive than transforma- tional leadership behaviour did in the present study. In a Korean context, it remains undeniable that strong transactional leadership behaviours exist, and they exert significant influence on university soccer team culture, but the effect of transformation leadership behaviours was also obvious on team culture. It could be concluded that the combination of transactional and transformational leadership is likely to be a key factor in the successful development of organizational effectiveness.

Examining Internal and External Physical Workloads Between Training and Competitive Matches Within Collegiate Division I Men's Soccer.

Anderson, T, Adams, WM, Martin, KJ, and Wideman, L. Examining internal and external physical workloads between training and competitive matches within collegiate Division I men's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3440-3447, 2021-A direct analysis comparing differences in the demands of competition relative to in-season training in Division I collegiate soccer players has yet to be reported. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to compare the absolute and relative internal and external workloads measured during training with competitive matches. Twenty-six male college soccer players were monitored over 2 consecutive seasons using a GPS and heart rate (HR) telemetry system. Differences between outdoor training sessions and competitive matches were analyzed for internal and external absolute and relative training workloads. Differences in training workloads between the 3 days before a match were also analyzed. Absolute time in HR zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and 5 (90-100% of HRmax); accelerations in zone 1 (0.50-0.99 m·s-2), zone 2 (1.00-1.99 m·s-2), and zone 3 (2.00-2.99 m·s-2); all negative acceleration zones; training load; and estimated energy expenditure were greater in competition than training (p < 0.05). By contrast, when comparing training and competition values using metrics relative to session duration, relative workload in trainings were greater than competition for HR zone 1 (50-59% of HRmax), zone 2 (60-69% of HRmax), zone 3 (70-79% of HRmax), and zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and all acceleration and negative acceleration zones. In addition, absolute training workloads were generally greatest 3 days prior (p < 0.01), but not different 2 days before the competitive match. Absolute physical workloads of competition are significantly greater than those achieved during training; however, these differences and impact on the physical condition of players are mitigated by the greater relative workloads achieved during training. These results provide meaningful metrics that may lead to insights into proper conditioning and in-season workload management for Division I collegiate soccer programs.

대학 축구선수의 스포츠 손상과 재활프로그램의 문헌고찰 연구

This study was conducted to examine sports injury experiences and areas based on prior research related to sports injury for elite soccer players at universities in Korea, and to present the direction of effective rehabilitation programs. Six studies used as reference materials for this study were conducted by experts from 2000 to 2021, focusing on research that was appropriate for research among the search terms “college soccer players & Injury” and “Soccer & Sports Injury” in the Kiss, Riss, Dbpia. The university soccer player’s injury experience analyzed in the study was 120(83%) out of 144 soccer players, and the number of injury was 2.58 for players with injury experience. In addition, the damage reported in each study tended to appear mainly in the lower extremities, with 80.6% in Do’s study, 61.8% in Kim’s study, 90% in Kim Tae-gyu’s study, and 86.6% in Kim Han-beom’s studies. In conclusion, the most important thing for college foot players should be to focus on reducing training injuries, and medical and scientific rehabilitation programs should be carried out for damage in personal terms. also, It is thought that it would be most important to reduce the incidence of game-related injuries by analyzing and developing preventive interventions such as implementing appropriate training rules and focusing on fair play during the game.

The Association Between Biomarkers Of Resilience And Readiness With Fitness Changes In College Soccer Players

The free testosterone to cortisol ratio (fTC) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices have been independently proposed as objective biomarkers of physiological resilience and readiness, respectively. It is hypothesized that individuals that enter a training period with high resilience and readiness would have a greater positive response to the training. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between fTC and HRV with fitness changes in division I male college soccer players. METHODS: Two division I teams were recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed an orthostatic HRV challenge (supine, sitting, standing) and provided blood samples prior to the 6-week Spring training period. The HRV indices of root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and high frequency power (autoregressive, normalized; HF) were calculated in all postural conditions. Blood samples were assayed for free testosterone and cortisol using competitive binding ELISAs. Participants completed the yo-yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR) before and after the 6-week training period and the absolute increase in distance (m) achieved during the YYIR represented the change in fitness (YYIRΔ). Separate linear regression models tested the association of fTC and all HRV indices and their interactions with YYIRΔ. All predictors were first centered and scaled and alpha level was set at p < 0.05 for all models. RESULTS: Participants (n = 21, age = 19.5 ± 1.0 years, height = 179.0 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 76.9 ± 9.4 kg, body fat = 12.6 ± 4.3 %) from the two teams did not differ in YYIRΔ (mean ± SD = 438 ± 212, p = 0.64). A significant association with YYIRΔ was observed for the interaction between fTC and HFsitting (F(3,17) = 4.31, β = 4.92,p = 0.02, R2 = 0.33). No other indices or interactions were significantly associated with YYIRΔ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HRV and fTC represent potential objective pre-training biomarkers capable of identifying athletes that will be most responsive to individualized fitness and conditioning programs. Further research is necessary to confirm the utility of these specific objective biomarkers in larger cohorts and across multiple training situations.

The Global Session Metric Score (GSMs): A Modified Session-Specific Exertional Index.

Monitoring session training load to optimize the training stress that drives athlete adaptation and subsequent performance, is fundamental to periodization and programming. Analyzing the internal load experienced by the individual in response to the external load prescribed by coaching staff is crucial to avoid overtraining and optimize training adaptation. Subjective measures provide more information regarding individual training load, as heart rate measures alone do not account for collisions, eccentric muscle actions, muscle soreness, weather conditions, or accumulated training loads, which are paramount to the athlete experience. However, the current subjective metric for interpreting session training load (sRPE) is poorly shaped to the athlete's global response to the whole session, often showing poorer correlations to heart rate (HR) measures during intermittent or high-intensity activity. This study introduces a new metric, the Global Session Metric Score (GSMs), which creates a symmetrical relation between the verbal descriptor and numeric values, as well as more applicable session-specific verbal descriptors for the highest level of exertion. Twenty-four D1 male college soccer field players (age: 20.5 +/– 1.42) wore HR monitors and reported GSMs for all practices and games within an entire season. Linear regression with 10-fold cross validation was used to test the relation between GSMs with B-TRIMP and E-TRIMP, respectively. These models demonstrate good performance with consistency and reliability in the estimation of GSMs to predict both B-TRIMP (R2 = 0.75–0.77) and E-TRIMP (R2 = 0.76–0.78). The findings show promise for the GSMs index as a reliable means for measuring load in both training and matches during a high-intensity intermittent team sport. Future studies should directly compare GSMs to the existing sRPE scale within a controlled laboratory setting and across various other sports. GSMs provides coaches and clinicians a simple and cost-effective alternative to heart rate monitors, as well as a proficient measure of internal training load experienced by the individual.

Use of Heart Rate Monitoring to Manage Training Loads and Assess Injury Risk in Male University Soccer Players

Introduction: Injuries are a common occurrence in team sports and have negative consequences on team success. As sudden increases and decreases in training loads increase injury likelihood, monitoring training loads is essential. The acute:chronic workload ratio has been established as a useful tool for identifying periods of increased injury likelihood. Markers such as the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) and GPS-based indices are commonly used variables when calculating acute:chronic workload ratios. To date no work has been presented involving heart rate-based measurements. The goal of this research project was to investigate the use of heart rate monitoring to manage training loads and assess injury likelihood in university soccer players. Methods: Training load measures from fourteen university male soccer players were collected over a period of seven weeks. Three heart-rate based measurements were monitored including Bannister’s TRIMP, Morton’s TRIMP and Stagno TRIMP. sRPEs were also measured and acute:chronic workload ratios were calculated for each monitored variable. A total of 256 individual training observations were collected from 22 training sessions with a mean duration of 85 minutes. Results: Results demonstrated that using the acute:chronic workload ratio for heart rate-based training loads such as Bannister’s Training Impulse accurately explained variation in injury likelihood (R2 =0.86-0.89). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that monitoring of acute:chronic workload ratios using HR indices such as Bannister’s TRIMP or Stagno TRIMP appears to be a practical method to assess injury likelihood in male university soccer players.

Hip Abductor Muscle Strength Deficit as a Risk Factor for Inversion Ankle Sprain in Male College Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background:Previous studies have attempted to determine whether certain risk factors can predict the occurrence of inversion ankle sprains in male collegiate soccer players. However, no consensus has been reached on the predictive risk factors of inversion ankle sprain in this population.Purpose:To identify risk factors for inversion ankle sprains among male collegiate soccer players.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Included were 145 male collegiate soccer players in Japan who were assessed during a preseason medical checkup for potential risk factors of inversion ankle sprain. The preseason assessment included anthropometric measurements, joint laxity and flexibility, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and balance ability, with a total of 33 variables. The participants were monitored during the 2019 season for inversion ankle sprains as diagnosed by physicians.Results:A total of 31 inversion ankle sprains in 31 players (21.4%) occurred during the season. Only the measured isometric hip abductor strength was significantly lower in injured players as compared with uninjured players. Logistic regression analysis revealed measured hip abductor muscle strength deficit as a significant risk factor for inversion ankle sprain (odds ratio, 0.978 [95% CI, 0.976-0.999]; P = .05).Conclusion:Hip abductor strength deficit was a risk factor for inversion ankle sprain in the study population. This finding could be useful for the prevention of inversion ankle sprains in male collegiate soccer players.

대학 여자축구선수의 재활과정에 따른 심리적 변화와 극복전략: 근거이론적 접근

Purpose: This study aimed to discover psychological changes of female soccer athletes in college during the rehabilitation process for their successful recovery and seek solutions that can help them overcome their difficulties. Methods: The current research selected seven female soccer athletes registered in the College Women’s Soccer League who have had experiences of receiving rehabilitation from injury. The approach of Constructing Grounded Theory analyzed the obtained data through individual and focus group interviews. Result: Women soccer athletes had negative thoughts in the early stages of rehabilitation and at the same time experienced a cyclical psychological process in which they repeatedly put effort to think positive. In addition, they felt ambivalent feelings about their career. Their psychological changes in the middle of the rehabilitation process showed that the rehabilitation situation made them feel nervous, anxious, and pressured. However, they gradually gained confidence while recovering from injury and focused on their efforts to return. While they felt excited to return at the end of the rehabilitation process, the current study found ambivalent feelings derived from burden and pressure due to the anxiety about the recurrence. There were four dimensions to overcome difficulties as follows: 1) self-confidence improvement strategies and psychological overcoming such as positive thinking conversion; 2) physical overcoming such as training for return; 3) environmental support for professional programs to female athletes; and 4) social support from critical others. Conclusion: Female college soccer players went through various psychological changes in the rehabilitation process. We can see the conflict of ambivalent emotions that made them seriously consider their athletic careers. In the rehabilitation process, the psychological process of reducing or resolving the scope of these ambivalent emotions can serve as a vehicle to redefine one’s identity as an athlete. Therefore, professional sports psychological counseling and systematic support that contains the content based on this will be in need for athletes in the rehabilitation process.