Cambridge University Research Articles

Collaboration and mediation: a guide to the creation of the Stephen Hawking Archive

In this paper we discuss the creation of the Stephen Hawking Archive through processes of collaboration, and human and technological mediation.[1] We focus on the production of documents including scientific and popular writings, correspondence and lectures in different media and forms of communication from handwriting, diagrams and typing to word processing and digital communication. We consider these processes to think about what is important in the Stephen Hawking Archive, including where authorship is located, and what this shows about scientific collaboration and communication in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. We also briefly consider how archivists have mediated the Archive since it was received by Cambridge University Library (CUL) in 2021 through its arrangement and description, and we look forward to developing the Archive in the future, including the possibility of acquiring further digital files to include in the Archive.

Education for all? Literature, culture and education development in Britain and Denmark. By Cathie JoMartin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2024. pp. 286. £85 (hardback). ISBN: 9781009419659

Education for all? Literature, culture and education development in Britain and Denmark. By Cathie JoMartin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2024. pp. 286. £85 (hardback). ISBN: 9781009419659

Cell scientist to watch – Bhavani Shankar Sahu

ABSTRACT Bhavani Shankar Sahu is an Associate Professor at the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) in Manesar, India. He completed his PhD in cell biology and molecular genetics at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, studying links between neuroendocrine function and metabolic disease. Inspired to better understand fundamental mechanisms of neuropeptide secretion, he then completed postdoctoral research in Prof. Margaret Robinson's lab at the University of Cambridge, UK and with Prof. Alessandro Bartolomucci at the University of Minnesota and University of California San Diego, USA. In 2019, he returned to India to start his own lab at the NBRC, where he and his team investigate the biology of exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells from the molecular to the physiological level. We spoke with Bhavani over Zoom about his career journey, mentorship philosophy and enthusiasm for science outreach.

The Ethics of Commons Organizing: A Critical Reading

AbstractIn this article, we seek to explore the different normative claims made around commons organizing and how the advent of the digital commons introduces new ethical questions. We do so by unpacking and categorizing the specific ethical dimensions that differentiate the commons from other forms of organizing and by discussing them in the light of debates around the governance of participative organizations, the cornerstone of commons organizing (Ostrom in Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990). Rather than contesting commons organizing or endorsing it blindly, our goal is to critically reflect on its deontological and instrumental assumptions, and analyze the arguments upholding that it possesses ethical qualities that render it fairer, more equitable and sustainable than other centralized or hierarchical models—as well as any forms of privatization. We conclude by assessing the definitional dislocation of the digital commons where, unlike traditional commons, extractability can be endless and generate unintended consequences such as commodification or alienation. Taking stock of recent debates around the digital commons, we open the debate for future possible research avenues on normative claims, particularly under rapidly changing technological conditions.

Revisiting ‘ethnographic monitoring’ as a force for democratisation and social impact in adult literacy and language learning

ABSTRACT We document and reflect on the use of ‘ethnographic monitoring’ (Hymes, Dell. 1980a. “Ethnographic Monitoring.” In Language in Education: Ethnolinguistic Essays, edited by Dell Hymes. Washington, DC: Centre for Applied Linguistics) and its deployment for democratisation and social impact within our project Unlock. In Unlock we study the literacy and language learning trajectories of adult Dutch-as-L2 learners in and outside school. The ‘monitoring’ is a collaborative process of researching, co-creating and implementing learning practices together with practitioners and learners. We describe how we situated these practices within an ‘empowering academic collaborative centre’ as a platform for sharing experiences and emerging knowledges amongst academic and non-academic experts. Furthermore, we engage with more recent calls to substantiate participatory research on language in social life in terms of citizen science/sociolinguistics (i.a. Bucholtz, Mary, Dolores Inés Casillas, and Jin Sook Lee. 2016. “Beyond Empowerment: Accompaniment and Sociolinguistic Justice in a Youth Research Program.” In Sociolinguistic Research: Application and Impact, edited by Robert Lawson, and Dave Sayers. London: Routledge; Rymes, Betsy. 2020. How we Talk About Language: Exploring Citizen Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Svendsen, Bente Ailin. 2018. “The Dynamics of Citizen sociolinguistics.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 22: 137–160. doi:10.1111/josl.12276), linguistic citizenship (i.a. Rampton, Ben, Mel Cooke, and Sam Holmes. 2018. “Sociolinguistic Citizenship.” Journal of Social Science Education 17: 68–83; Williams, Quentin E., and Christopher Stroud. 2015. “Language & Citizenship.” Journal of Language and Politics 14: 406–430. doi:10.1075/jlp.14.3.05wil), and ‘pedagogic subjectivation’ (i.a. Simons, M. and Masschelein, J. (2010). “Governmental, Political and Pedagogic Subjectivation: Foucault with Rancière.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 42(5–6): 588–605) to question the possibilities and limitations of our approach. Based on our experience with different collaborative platforms, we argue ethnographic engagement with learners and practitioners has democratic potential. Combined with curated moments of reflection and deliberation, it enables co-analysing insights and negotiating the research process. Arguably, this trajectory can be an avenue towards treating the citizen as a scientist and hold potential for the citizen-scientist to be treated as political subject.

Book Review: Why writing still matters: Written communication in changing times. Cambridge University Press.

This 190-page monograph by Guy Merchant, holistically viewing writing as a visible linguistic system, elaborates on what writing is, how writing evolves, and why writing is important. As indicated in the subtle, by “writing”, the author means a form of communication, which is an umbrella term encompassing various communicative ways instead of a sort of individual language skill.

GORDON LYALL PAVER (1913–1988) AND 42ND GEOLOGICAL SECTION, SOUTH AFRICAN ENGINEER CORPS: MILITARY GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS IN WORLD WAR II SUPPORTING BRITISH ARMY OPERATIONS: PART 1, THE EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 1940–1941

ABSTRACT 42nd Geological Section of the South African Engineer Corps was a unique unit that supported British armed forces during World War II. It was co-founded and led for most of the war by Gordon Lyall Paver (1913–1988), one of the few ‘British’ officers serving specifically as geologists during the war to achieve the rank of major. Born in South Africa at Johannesburg and in his early years educated there at St. John's College, from 1926 Paver was educated in England, at Charterhouse School until admitted in 1931 to Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge, where he studied chemistry, geology and mineralogy. He graduated in 1934 and returned to South Africa, being appointed to the Geological Survey of South Africa as one of its first geophysicists and contributing to magnetometric and gravimetric surveys in the Transvaal region, expertise used in 1938 to 1940 to draft his thesis for a PhD degree (awarded in 1942). Although married in 1939 and briefly employed as a consultant geophysicist, in August 1940 Paver was one of the first three geoscientists to be mobilized as officers to found 42nd Geological Section, at Zonderwater near Pretoria in South Africa. After only a month's military training, at the end of September the Section and its vehicles deployed by rail and sea to a base near Nairobi in Kenya for operational service in East Africa, with ‘Acting Captain’ Paver as its Second-in-Command. Detachments from the Section were widely deployed in Kenya and later in Italian and British Somaliland (present-day Somalia) and also in Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia) for surveys by means primarily of electrical earth resistivity but also vertical force magnetometer. These guided drilling of wells by another unit of the South African Engineer Corps to abstract potable groundwater— thereby facilitating troop concentrations and forward movements in arid or semi-arid regions during the ‘British’ Army's East African Campaign. Members of the Section also compiled geological maps of Kenya at scales of 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000 and pioneered a military geological unit created within the East African Engineers that supported British forces in the region from 1941 to 1945. The Campaign drew to a victorious close during 1941 and, from the end of August, the Section was re-deployed northwards to a base near Cairo in Egypt. It continued to serve within the British Army's Middle East Command but with leadership now by Paver, promoted ‘Acting Major’ from 31 August and in December ‘mentioned in despatches’ for his earlier distinguished service in East Africa.

Ideologies of teachers and students towards meso-level English-medium instruction policy and translanguaging in the STEM classroom at a Malaysian university

Abstract English medium instruction (EMI) as a language policy in higher education is based on monolingual conceptions and limits the use of the full linguistic repertoire of bilinguals/multilinguals in the university classroom. Informed by the constructs of language ideology (Spolsky, Bernard. 2009. Language management. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), translanguaging (Li, Wei. 2018. Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics 39(1). 9–30) and pedagogical translanguaging (Creese, Angela & Adrian Blackledge. 2010. Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching? The Modern Language Journal 94(1). 103–115), this case study aimed to examine the ideologies held by micro-level stakeholders (i.e., teachers and students) towards institutional English-only EMI policy, translanguaging, and the significance and scope of pedagogical translanguaging in EMI classrooms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six teachers and 10 students at a public research university in Malaysia. Also collected were a variety of publicly accessible institutional documents, including the focal university’s programme brochures, promotional materials and policy statements on its website. Analyses of the interviews and documents revealed that although EMI was officially adopted in the programmes, both teachers and students advocated for translanguaging and underscored its important role in the transmission of new information, effective communication, and scientific meaning-making. In light of these findings, the study concludes that an inclusive language policy is required that allows teachers and students to access all their linguistic resources.

Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism, By KoheiSaito, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2023, 300 pp.

Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism, By KoheiSaito, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2023, 300 pp.

American Global Pre-Eminence: The Development and Erosion of Systemic Leadership. By William R. Thompson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. 286p. $110.00 cloth, $32.99 paper. - Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders. By Ayşe Zarakol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 313p. $34.99 paper.

American Global Pre-Eminence: The Development and Erosion of Systemic Leadership. By William R. Thompson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. 286p. $110.00 cloth, $32.99 paper. - Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders. By Ayşe Zarakol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 313p. $34.99 paper.

A Genealogical Approach to Algorithmic Bias

The Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) literature tends to focus on bias as a problem that requires ex post solutions (e.g. fairness metrics), rather than addressing the underlying social and technical conditions that (re)produce it. In this article, we propose a complementary strategy that uses genealogy as a constructive, epistemic critique to explain algorithmic bias in terms of the conditions that enable it. We focus on XAI feature attributions (Shapley values) and counterfactual approaches as potential tools to gauge these conditions and offer two main contributions. One is constructive: we develop a theoretical framework to classify these approaches according to their relevance for bias as evidence of social disparities. We draw on Pearl’s ladder of causation (Causality: models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, Causality, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803161) to order these XAI approaches concerning their ability to answer fairness-relevant questions and identify fairness-relevant solutions. The other contribution is critical: we evaluate these approaches in terms of their assumptions about the role of protected characteristics in discriminatory outcomes. We achieve this by building on Kohler-Hausmann’s (Northwest Univ Law Rev 113(5):1163–1227, 2019) constructivist theory of discrimination. We derive three recommendations for XAI practitioners to develop and AI policymakers to regulate tools that address algorithmic bias in its conditions and hence mitigate its future occurrence.

ICMC Board of Directors

2023 International Cryogenic Materials Conference Board of Directors CONFERENCE AND PROGRAM Michael Sumption, President – The Ohio State UniversitySonja Schlachter, Conference Chair – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanyKlaus-Peter Weiss, Program Co-Chair – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanyJudy Wu, Program Co-Chair – University of Kansas BOARD OF DIRECTORS Shreyas Balachandran – Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityU. (Balu) Balachandran, Chief Technical Editor – University of Colorado-BoulderPeter Bradley – National Institute of Standards and TechnologyDavid A. Cardwell – University of Cambridge, United KingdomK. Theodore Hartwig, Jr. – Texas A&M UniversityTimothy J. Haugan – U.S. Air Force Research LaboratoryEric E. Hellstrom – NHMFL, Florida State UniversityTakanobu Kiss – Kyushu University, JapanYanwei Ma – Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, ChinaRichard P. Reed – Cryogenic Materials, Inc.Kenichi Sato – Japan Science and Technology Agency, JapanSonja Schlachter – Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyJun-ichi Shimoyama – Aoyama Gakuin University, JapanHyung-Seop Shin – Andong National University, South KoreaMichael D. Sumption – The Ohio State UniversityHerman H. J. ten Kate – University of Twente, NetherlandsRobert P. Walsh – NHMFL, Florida State UniversityKlaus-Peter Weiss – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanyJudy Wu – University of Kansas AWARDS COMMITTEE K. Theodore Hartwig, Jr. – Texas A&M UniversityEric E. Hellstrom, Chair – NHMFL, Florida State UniversityJun-ichi Shimoyama – Aoyama Gakuin University, JapanHyung-Seop Shin – Andong National University, South KoreaHerman H. J. ten Kate – University of Twente, Netherlands

Sara Caputo. Foreign Jack Tars: The British Navy and Transnational Seafarers during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Modern British Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 320. $99.99 (cloth).

Sara Caputo. Foreign Jack Tars: The British Navy and Transnational Seafarers during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Modern British Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 320. $99.99 (cloth).

Editorial − 2020 Real Estate Finance & Investment Symposium

In September and October 2020, the Real Estate Finance & Investment Symposium, sponsored and organized by the University of Cambridge, the University of Florida, the University of Geneva, and the National University of Singapore, was held online, given the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten papers on various research topics were presented in five two-hour sessions spread over five days. Each presentation was followed by remarks from a discussant as well as general discussion from the audience. This editorial discusses the five papers from the symposium that are included in this special issue.

E007 Novel signs to predict healthcare consumption following bone fracture: a clinical audit

Abstract Background/Aims Recovery following fracture is variable. Previously we have identified poor outcomes based upon baseline abnormal body scheme. We now aimed to determine whether these novel bedside tests measuring finger perception abnormalities and body scheme disruption can be used to predict healthcare utilisation post fracture. Methods We performed two bedside tests in patients who were in cast in the plaster room. We followed up clinical records for 2+ years and gathered data on the use of healthcare resources from both hospital and primary care electronic patient records. The novel tests were a finger perception (FP) and body scan (BS) assessment. The audit was approved by Cambridge University Hospitals (PRN8899). Results 46 patients were included. 2 had incomplete data and were excluded from the final analysis. 25 patients (group 1) had no abnormalities in their body scheme at baseline in the fracture room. 16 had a single abnormality and 3/44 (group 2, 7%) had both FP and BS. This final group consumed more analgesics, took longer to discharge and had a greater utilisation of healthcare resources (Table 1). Comparing the cost difference using NHS 2020 Reference costs between groups 1 and 2 was around £530/patient. Annually this equates to £175,000 for CUH. Conclusion FS and BS are easy to assess in patients with a bone fracture and predict a cohort which expressed more pain and health care consumption. Upscaling the difference between the normal and abnormal groups would incur an annual trust and primary care cost of £175,000. Disclosure R. Mudkavi: None. N. Shenker: None.

Jonathan Hutchinson – A multispecialist of medicine

Sir Jonathan Hutchinson was a renowned dermatologist, surgeon, syphilologist, neurologist, and medical educator. Although his fields of interest were medicine, surgery, and ophthalmology, he contributed tremendously in the field of dermatology. He had made many original observations and published articles; many of the signs and diseases are named after him. A few to name are Hutchinson teeth, triad, nail sign, facies. Along with being a prolific author, he was a collector and teacher of many subjects. He had a feather on cap of publishing more than 600 articles and case reports in dermatology. He wrote the 10 volumes of Archives of Surgery, a remarkable singlehanded labor. He had earned honorary degrees from Universities of Glasgow, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Oxford, Dublin, and Leeds. He was knighted in 1908.

Exploring the immunological relevance of pre-transplant donor-specific antibody in intestinal transplantation, with special consideration to the liver.

Despite recent advances that have improved outcomes following intestinal transplantation (ITx), achieving long-term patient survival and rejection-free survival is still challenging. Understanding the relevance of pre-transplant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibody (DSA) in ITx and the immunomodulatory potential of the liver within the allograft is crucial to providing an accurate assessment of pre-transplant immunological risk, which could influence and improve post-transplant outcomes further. This was the primary objective of this retrospective study of 95 adult ITx transplants which took place at Cambridge University Hospitals (United Kingdom) between 2007 and 2019. Two novel programs were developed and validated to identify DSA (tested by Luminex single antigen beads) in this dataset. Data analysis utilised Kaplan-Meier survival methods, and statistical analysis was performed using log-rank tests and adjusted Cox models. Fifty-four (57%) ITx cases contained a liver, and 36 (38%) were sensitised to HLA. Pre-transplant DSA >500 mean fluorescent intensity appeared to negatively affect post-ITx patient survival and rejection outcomes. Additionally, liver-inclusive allografts seemed to show particular resistance to HLA class I DSA. Our data hints towards consistency with other ITx studies where deleterious effects of DSA have been demonstrated, and where liver inclusion is protective from HLA class I DSA. This is in line with current national guidelines for immunological risk. Our publicly available research programs could support future large or multicentre studies where statistically relevant data might be gained.

Tabitha Stanmore. Love Spells and Lost Treasure: Service Magic in England from the Later Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 320. $99.99 (cloth).

Tabitha Stanmore. Love Spells and Lost Treasure: Service Magic in England from the Later Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. Pp. 320. $99.99 (cloth).

A comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence competence frameworks for educators: A critical review

AbstractRecent literature underscores the need for teachers to develop AI competencies with a recognition of the current lack of well‐defined competence frameworks. This critical review investigates teachers' Artificial Intelligence (AI) competence frameworks (AI CFTs), analysing their strengths, weaknesses and practical applications for researchers, educators and policymakers. It identifies five distinct types of AI CFTs within Competence Construct Claims (Child, S., & Shaw, S. 2023). A conceptual approach to validating competence frameworks. Research Matters: A Cambridge University Press & Assessment publication, 35, 27–40.), each addressing the complexities of AI in its early stages. Notably, frameworks derived from empirical data offer detailed descriptions of competencies, while those based on conceptual models provide broader overviews. Highlighting the need for further empirical research, this review helps identify and understand existing approaches to teacher AI competence development and paves the way for integrating AI CFTs into teacher education, ultimately enhancing educators' preparedness to harness AI in their teaching practices.

Structuralist and Behavioural Macroeconomics, by PeterSkott (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2023), pp. xii+384

Structuralist and Behavioural Macroeconomics, by PeterSkott (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2023), pp. xii+384