University Of Bialystok Research Articles

Social Responsibility of Universities: The Case of The Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Bialystok

Corporate social responsibility has been widely discussed and analyzed from the business perspective for several decades. The changes and challenges that universities have had to face during this time made them begin to undertake, with varying degrees of awareness, socially responsible actions. The aim of the paper is to present the issue of university social responsibility and attempt to evaluate whether the activities undertaken by the Faculty of Economics and Management at the University of Bialystok can be regarded as socially responsible ones. The analysis of the actions taken by this institution leads to the conclusion that despite the lack of a formally developed concept of social responsibility, the Faculty engages in a number of pro-social activities.

Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Modzelewska B, Samluk A, Wałejko Ł, Muszyński P, Szczepańska J, Kleszczewska E. Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2017;19(1):44-48. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090. APA Modzelewska, B., Samluk, A., Wałejko, Ł., Muszyński, P., Szczepańska, J., & Kleszczewska, E. (2017). Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 19(1), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090 Chicago Modzelewska, Beata, Anna Samluk, Łukasz Wałejko, Paweł Muszyński, Joanna Szczepańska, and Ewa Kleszczewska. 2017. "Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok". Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 19 (1): 44-48. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090. Harvard Modzelewska, B., Samluk, A., Wałejko, Ł., Muszyński, P., Szczepańska, J., and Kleszczewska, E. (2017). Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 19(1), pp.44-48. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090 MLA Modzelewska, Beata et al. "Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok." Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 2017, pp. 44-48. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090. Vancouver Modzelewska B, Samluk A, Wałejko Ł, Muszyński P, Szczepańska J, Kleszczewska E. Influence of risky and protective behaviors connected with listening to music on hearing loss and the noise induced threshold shift among students of the Medical University of Bialystok. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2017;19(1):44-48. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2017.65090.

Analysis of suicide cases in post-mortem examination files of the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Białystok (2003 to 2015).

Aim of the study: The study presents the analysis of suicides based on the material consisting of the results of medico-legal autopsies and case files of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Bialystok. Material and methods: The material consisted of 6752 protocols of medico-legal autopsies carried out in the years 2003-2015 and case files, which enabled to classify cases as suicidal. The analysis included the dynamics of suicides over the years, basic demographic characteristics of victims, the ways, the time and place of suicide, the state of sobriety, the frequency of injuries in different regions of the body. The data were analyzed statistically using tests such as: Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test by programme Statistica 10.0 by StatSoft. Results: The research showed that suicides represented 11.09% of all post-mortem examinations. A statistically significant association was found between the age of the person committing suicide and the place chosen for suicide (p = 0.038). Post hoc analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences (p = 0.046) between suicide committed outdoors and in the supervised area. There was a statistically significant association between the sex and the preferable place of committing suicide (p = 0.0001). A high percentage of suicides were committed in the place of residence. There was a statistically significant difference in blood alcohol levels in women and in men at the time of suicide (p = 0.0029). Conclusions: The study revealed the increase of the percentage of suicides in relation to previous years. Hanging is still the most popular method of suicide.

E-learning for Part-Time Medical Studies

Abstract Distance education undoubtedly has many advantages, such as individualization of the learning process, unified transmission of teaching materials, the opportunity to study at any place and any time, reduction of financial costs for commuting to classes or accommodation of participants, etc. Adequate working conditions on the e-learning portal must also be present, eg. well-prepared, substantive courses and good communication between the participants. Therefore, an important element in the process of conducting e-learning courses is to measure the increase of knowledge and satisfaction of participants with distance learning. It allows for fine-tuning the content of the course and for classes to be properly organized. This paper presents the results of teaching and assessment of satisfaction with e-learning courses in “Problems of multiculturalism in medicine”, “Selected issues of visual rehabilitation” and “Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Nursing”, which were carried out experimentally at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Medical University of Bialystok for nursing students for the 2010/2011 academic year. The study group consisted of 72 part-time students who learnt in e-learning mode and the control group of 87 students who learnt in the traditional way. The students’ opinions about the teaching process and final exam scores were analyzed based on a specially prepared survey questionnaire. Organization of e-learning classes was rated positively by 90% of students. The average result on the final exams for all distance learning subjects was at the level of 82%, while for classes taught in the traditional form it was 81%. Based on these results, we conclude that distance learning is as effective as learning according to the traditional form in medical education studies.

Opinions and attitudes of students of public health to the issues of transplantation medicine

Introduction: The first organ transplant was carried out by the team of Dr. Joseph Murray. In Poland, the team led by Zbigniew Religa carried out the first heart transplantation on November 5,1982. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among students of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) and the Faculty of Health Science at the Medical University of Bialystok (MUB) among students of three years of bachelor’s degree and two years of master’s degree. Test method was a diagnostic survey. We used a questionnaire compiled by the authors of the publication, containing 21 questions, and in five of them the 5- degree Likert’s scale was used. Results: When asked about promoting the procurement and transplantation of organs from the deceased 74.3% of students from both universities answered definitely yes, 22.2% - rather yes. When asked if in the event of death they would agree to be a donor 64.2% said definitely yes, 26.3% - rather yes, 8.7% - hard to say. 48.5% of respondents from MUW and 42.4% from MUB spoke to their relatives about their decision whether or not to remove organs after death. Conclusions: The analysis of the study shows high acceptability of transplantation medicine in terms of saving lives, however, the desire to donate one’s own organs after death or acceptance of organ donation after death of loved ones is far from the overall acceptability

Organ Donation: What Are the Opinions of Nursing Students at the University of Bialystok in Poland?

Nursing students, as future professionals, have an enormous impact on the opinion of the rest of the population on topics of organ donation and transplantation (ODT). The objective of this study was to analyze the attitudes of nursing students at the University of Bialystok toward ODT, and to determine the factors that affect ithemt. Academic year 2011-2012. nursing students at the University of Bialystok. Type of sampling: sampling points during 5 compulsory-attendance nursing courses with >80% fulfillment. Measuring instrument: validated questionnaire (PCID-ODT Rios) filled out anonymously and self-administered. Completion rate of 90% (331/367): 58% (n= 191) in favor, 35% (n= 118) undecided, and 7% (n= 22) against. The most important variables were: being in the 1st year (odds ratio [OR], 4.444; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.627-1.700; P= .002); not knowing any donor (OR, 12.048; 95% CI, 55.555-2.57; P= .018); being in favor of organ donation by a relative (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 14.705-2.666; P< .001); discussing the topic with friends (OR, 2,785; 95% CI, 5.347-1.447; P= .002); not worried about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (OR, 3.039; 95% CI, 5.882-1.569; P= .001); favorable attitude toward ODT of mother (OR, 3.676 (0.881-1.814; P< .001); accepting other treatment options, such as inhumation (OR, 3.436; 95% CI, 7.092-1.655; P= .001); accepting autopsy after death (OR, 2.141; 95% CI, 4.065-1.126; P= .020); and professing the Catholic religion (OR, 3.436; 95% CI, 8.333-1.410; P= .007). More than 42% of the nursing students were not in favor of organ donation, their attitudes influenced by various psychosocial factors.

“I must fight, always, against forgetting” : A journey through memory and grief in Helen Macdonald’s relational autobiography H is for Hawk

Anna Dziok-Łazarecka, MA – University of Bialystok, Institute of Modern Languages. she is a doctoral student of Literary Studies, Philology Department, at the University of Bialystok. Her literary interests include representations of nature, landscape, and non-human in contemporary British non-fiction narratives. She seeks to discover the possibilities which literature offers of post-anthropocentric depiction of non-human. She also wishes to explore modern travel book, where the meaning of the word ‘travel’ becomes limited in geographical scope to ‘parochial’, ‘local’, ‘zonal’.

Memory-dependent grief in Octavia Butler’s Fledgling

Magdalena Łapinska is a graduate of the University of Bialystok. She wrote her MA thesis on slavery-related traumatic experiences. She is currently working on her PhD. Her dissertation is devoted to violence-related emotions in contemporary African-American literature.

Students from the Russian Federation at Polish universities

Since the dissolution of the USSR, students from the Russian Federation have been able to study at Polish universities on the basis of bilateral agreements between the Polish and Russian governments. The purpose of this article is to analyse the legal basis enabling Russian citizens to obtain education in Poland, analyse the numbers of such students and the principles and procedure they followed to begin studies at Polish universities in 1993–2014. Throughout the period investigated, students from Russia accounted for a small percentage of foreigners entering Polish universities, ranging between 1.02% and 2.03% of the overall number of foreigners coming to study in Poland. At the beginning of the period investigated, in the academic year 1993/1994 all Russian citizens studying in Poland were Polish government scholarship holders, whereas in the last year analysed scholarship holders accounted for more than 10% of the overall number of students. The predominant group of students were those paying for their studies (more than 64%) and those studying without a scholarship and free of charge (23%). The most popular subjects included Management, Economics, International Relationships, Journalism, Political Sciences and Eastern Studies. Students from the Russian Federation entered the largest Polish universities: Warsaw University, Jagiellonian University, University in Poznan, University of Wroclaw, University of Lublin and University of Bialystok. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s5p358

E-learning Portal Tools for Medical Education

Abstract The necessary prerequisites for efficiently pursuing distance learning include carefully planned organization of work and resource management tools, typically found in an internet application – a distance learning portal. The portal application must meet a number of capacity and functionality requirements. Learning goals are pursued through implementation of appropriate tools available in the portal. In the article that follows, the authors attempt to analyze this aspect of medical education as utilized by blended learning and e-learning classes. The article presents a proposal for a set of tools to organize classes in an e-learning portal at a medical school. In addition, the article presents the opinions of students of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences and the Medical University of Bialystok who took part in distance education classes.

The clinical signs and risk factors of non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy

The aim of the study was to analyze the risk factors and clinical picture of cerebral palsy in non-ambulatory children. The study included 133 children (77 boys and 56 girls) with cerebral palsy aged 6– 17 years. The patients remained under the care of the Outpatient Clinic and Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation of the Medical University of Bialystok. Ninety-eight of the studied patients had spastic tetraplegia, 14 diplegia and 21 hemiplegia. The average duration of pregnancy was 35.21 ± 1.32 weeks, the mean Apgar score was 4.31 ± 3.60 and the mean birth weight was 2448.3 ± 384.7 g. The patients exhibited the following types of motor dysfunctions: spasticity was found in 91 (68.9%) of the patients, hypotonia in 24 (18.2%), extrapyramidal symptoms in 13 (9.8%) and ataxia in 4 (3.0%) cases. More than3/4 (79%) of the children were classified as level V on the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) scale, and 21% as level IV. All the children had mental retardation: 10 (7.5%) mild, 45 (33.3%) moderate and 78 (58.6%) severe. Most children (69.2%) with cerebral palsy did not speak, although 41 (30.8%) managed to utter single words and sentences. More than half (64.6%) required assistance in order to eat, whereas 47 (35.4%) had to be fed. Nearly half (44%) of the patients suffered from epilepsy. Periventricular leukomalacia and atrophy of the cerebral cortex were the most frequent findings on magnetic resonance imaging. Low birth weight, a low Apgar score, and preterm birth were factors that had a negative impact on the ability of children with cerebral palsy to ambulate independently. Spasticity of the lower limbs, mental retardation, lack of speech development and inability to eat without assistance, as well as changes observed on magnetic resonance imaging were also factors determining lack of independent walking.

Uwarunkowania wydolności funkcjonalnej chorych z dyskopatią lędźwiowo-krzyżową poddanych leczeniu zachowawczemu

Introduction. Back pain has now become a disease of our civilization. One of the reasons being the herniated nucleus pulposus, which often leads to a restriction in various aspects of the bio-psycho-physical functioning. These disorders intensify the pain discomfort which occurs.Aim. Assessment of functional capacity in the case of patients with lumbar discectomy-cross treated conservatively and the evaluation of the lumbosacral disc disease impact on the quality of life.Material and Methods. The study included 181 patients, two days before discharge from hospital, hospitalized in the Department of Neurological Clinic, at the Medical University of Bialystok in the period from June to December 2013 due to lumbosacral disc disease. The research tools included: our questionnaire, the WHOQOL-BREF Scale assessing the quality of life, as well as the Visual Analogue Scale — VAS.Results. The group of respondents included 102 women (56.4%) and 79 men (43.6%) aged 24–76 years (mean age 48.3±12.7 years). The overall quality of life for the studied group of patients with lumbosacral discopathy ranged at the level of 3.32±0.83, which indicates patients’ average satisfaction with their quality of life. Self-assessment of health condition on scale from 1 to 5 ranged 2.83±0.99, which meant average satisfaction with health condition. The respondents working mentally better assess the physical realm, while those with higher education better evaluated the quality of their lives. Lonely people worse assessed the psychological sphere than those married or not-married. Feeling the pain discomfort of strong and maximum intensity significantly affected patients’ assessment regarding the physical sphere and resulted in the decrease of the quality of life.Conclusions.1. There is a relationship between the functional capacity of patients with lumbosacral discopathy and the type of work performed, marital status, the level of education, and risk factors.2. Patients with lumbosacral discopathy of the spine, especially those feeling strong pain, have a reduced quality of life, particularly in the field of physical fitness. (JNNN 2015;4(1):4–12)

Anthroponyms in translation (in Polish)

In this issue, we present an email discussion between two translators, Małgorzata Semil and Krzysztof Puławski on the translation of anthroponyms in theatrical plays. Both participants are experienced translators of Anglophone literature into Polish. Małgorzata Semil is one of the editors of Dialog, a Polish monthly devoted to contemporary theatre, cinema, radio and TV plays, and a co-author of Słownik wspólczesnego teatru [A dictionary of modern theatre]. Krzysztof Puławski is a frequent contributor to Dialog. He also teaches translation courses at the University of Bialystok, Poland. The discussion was conducted in Polish. We present it in its original language version.

Report on the International Conference “Interdisciplinary problems of corruption” (16 December 2015, Bialystok, Poland)

Patryk Zabrocki Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, President of the Scientific Society of Financial Law, Poland

The scientific activity of the Faculty of Law at the University of Bialystok associated with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe

Center for Information and Research Organization in Public Finance and Tax Law of Central and Eastern Europe Countries, Poland

Influence of caffeine and hyaluronic acid on collagen biosynthesis in human skin fibroblasts.

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine on collagen biosynthesis in human skin fibroblasts and the influence of hyaluronic acid (HA) on this process.Materials and methodsCollagen, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and prolidase activity were measured in confluent human skin fibroblast cultures that had been treated with 1, 2, and 5 mM caffeine and with caffeine and 500 μg/mL HA. Western immunoblot analysis was performed to evaluate expression of β1-integrin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor phospho-Akt protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase (phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase).ResultsCaffeine inhibited collagen biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of this process was found at the level of prolidase activity. Caffeine significantly inhibited the enzyme activity. The addition of HA had no effect on collagen biosynthesis or prolidase activity in fibroblasts incubated with caffeine. Caffeine also had an inhibitory effect on DNA biosynthesis. HA, however, did not have any significant effect on this process. The inhibition of the expression of β1-integrin and insulin-like growth factor receptor in fibroblasts incubated with the caffeine indicates a possible mechanism of inhibition of collagen biosynthesis.ConclusionCaffeine reduces collagen synthesis in human cultured skin fibroblasts. HA did not have any significant protective effect on this process. This is the first study to our knowledge that reports caffeine-induced inhibition of collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts.

Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of C60-Pd Spherical Nanoparticles

Synthesis, structure, and properties of C60-Pd spherical nanoparticles Krzysztof Winkler, Emilia Gradzka, Ewa Brancewicz Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Bialystok, Poland The C60-Pd polymer can be synthesized electrochemically1 or chemically.2 The electrochemical synthesis results in the formation of thin and uniform film on the electrode surface. The film is electrochemically active at negative potentials due to the fullerene cages reduction.1 The chemical synthesis of C60-Pd polymer, carried out in benzene solution containing Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 and fullerene C60, results in formation of large crystalline superficial structures which are composed of a small spherical particles 20-200 nm in diameter (Fig. 1). These cubic semi-crystals can be disintegrated to spherical nanoparticles with the high energy ultrasound. The size of synthesized C60-Pd nanoparticles can be controlled by composition of grown solution, time of polymerization, temperature of synthesis, and stirring conditions. The most uniform in size particles were synthesized in solution containing 3:1 ratio of [Pd] to [C60] concentration. Dispersed C60-Pd nanoparticles are stable in many organic protic and aprotic solvents. The electrochemical properties of films formed from chemically synthesized nanoparticles were investigated. Special attention was paid to capacitance properties. The electrochemical behavior of these films resembles the one observed for electrochemically synthesized polymers. Capacitance properties of films formed from C60-Pd nanoparticles depend on the size of polymeric nanoparticles. The specific capacitance of polymer formed in solution containing 1:1 ratio of [Pd] to [C60] reaches the value obtained earlier for electrochemically synthesized material. The electrochemical properties of colloidal solutions of C60-Pd nanoparticles were also studied using ultramicroelectrodes. Diffusion controlled voltammograms are recorded for these systems. Two component nanoparticlec composed of C60-Pd core and polypyrrole shell were synthesized. The electrochemical properties of such p-nspherical nanojunction were studied both in solid phase and in the solution. Fig. 1. SEM (left panels) and TEM (right panels) images of chemically synthesized C60-Pd in benzene solution containing 0.48 mM C60 and 0.73 mM Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 1. A.L. Balch, D.A.Costa, K. Winkler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 9614 (1998).2. H. Nagashima, A. Nakaoka, Y. Saito, M. Kato, T. Kawanishi, K. Lotha, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 377-379 (1992).

Czy zwyczajowy sposób żywienia pacjentów z depresją wymaga suplementacji witaminami i składnikami mineralnymi?

Research on diet and nutrition of patients with depression show that their eating habits are frequently irrational and result in the inconsistent supply of nutrients, especially vitamins and minerals, the deficiency of which leads to nervous system dysfunction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of selected vitamins and minerals in daily food rations of patients suffering from recurrent depressive disorders. The study involved a group of 69 people (54 women and 15 men, aged 18-65 years, mean age of women 45.7 +/- 12.2 years, men 46.0 +/- 12.2 years), treated for recurrent depressive disorders. A questionnaire designed in the Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok was used to collect dietary data. The quantitative assessment of eating habits used a 24-hour diet recall including 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day. The study showed that the supply of most nutrients assessed was inconsistent with recommendations. The results indicate that the need for vitamin-mineral supplementation should be considered individually. Nutritional education related to the proper choice of groups of food products is indicated at the time of clinical improvement to ensure the optimum supply of vitamins and minerals.

Analysis of the prevalence of medicines and psychoactive substances among drivers in the material of the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Bialystok.

To evaluate the prevalence of medicines and psychoactive substances in the blood of drivers. The data, recorded in 2010-2011, was comprised of 274 blood samples of sober drivers (269 men and 5 women). 126 drivers within the group died immediately on the spot (mean age 29.7 years, range 19-53 years), 31 drivers survived the accident (mean age 32.4 years, range 24-69 years), and 117 drivers were stopped for traffic control (mean age 26.4 years, range 17-49 years). ELISA immuno-enzymatic blood tests detecting medicines and psychoactive substances were performed by the Neogen company. The presence of the tested substances was confirmed by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with a mass detector (GC/MS and LC/MS). From the total number of 274 individuals, the presence of psychoactive substances was found in 132 cases, which accounted for 48.2% of all subjects. The drivers found to be under the influence of medicines and psychoactive substances were most often stopped for a roadside survey, among whom the percentage of positive results was 92.3% (108 cases out of 117 subjects). Among the total number of positive findings the psychoactive substances used, alone or in combination with other agents, were tetrahydrocannabinols (42.4%), amphetamines (26.5%), opiates (25.7%) and benzodiazepines (15.1%), and their concentration in the blood did not exceed toxic levels. In the group of psychoactive substances most often used, either alone or in combination with other agents, there were tetrahydrocannabinols, whose high percentage of positive results in drivers stopped for a roadside control may be explained by commissioning studies on early screening. Concentrations of the substances in most cases did not exceed toxic levels. Roadside examinations, on the basis of their alcohol-like effect, were performed primarily on male drivers.

Prace oryginalne Próba oceny wartości epidemiologicznej struktur sieci powiązań seksualnych w wykrywaniu kiły wczesnej

Introduction. Sociometric studies based on the evaluation of structures forming interpersonal network earned widespread recognition in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) epidemiology. Objective. The aim of this work is to assess the importance of epidemiological studies of infection sources, contacts and the network of connections created by them in the detection of early syphilis infections in the Bialystok province (1989–2010). Material and methods. Material for the study was the documentation of 316 patients diagnosed with early syphilis and 265 registered contacts declared by them, observed and treated in STD clinics. Epidemiological assessment was based on the basic parameters. Social Network Analysis was based on parameters of Seidman k-core. Results. Epidemiological studies showed that 67.4% of 316 patients with early syphilis reported registered contacts (index 0.83). 87.5% of these contacts have been tested and in more than a half (53%) of them early syphilis has been diagnosed. The remaining 16.8% of patients (with their consent) were subjected to prophylactic treatment, and the rest (after an appropriate time of control) were considered to be not infected. Thirty-three persons (12.5%) could not be found. Social Network Analysis of 316 patients showed that as many as 176 (53.7%) did not show any links in epidemiologic investigations. One hundred and twenty-two patients had 2–6 personal links without creating a k-core. Only in 1995, during a syphilis microepidemic (in town C), has a typical network of sexual relationships with a k-core consisting of 18 patients been revealed. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate major shortcomings in the work of STD clinics in Podlaskie Province in the years 1999–2010. Analysis of the structure of sexual networks is a valuable method for enriching the methodology of epidemiological investigations in detecting sources of infection and their contacts, provided very detailed epidemiological investigations are performed and there is close cooperation with other STD clinics. Social Network Analysis of infection sources and their sexual contacts allows forecasting the morbidity, as well as selecting groups according to their sexual behavior, regions in which infections may appear and patients’ social and ethnic group. Key wordS: early syphilis, sexual networks, network of k-core type. AddreSS for correSpondence: Maria Soszka-Jakubowska MD, PhD Department of Dermatology and Venereology Medical University of Bialystok 14 Żurawia St, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland e-mail: adam.jakubowski.bstok@ wp.pl