University Of Bremen Research Articles

Developing Kinesemiotics: Challenges and solutions using the Functional Grammar of Dance

This article aims to test the applicability and the possibility of adaptation of the Functional Grammar of Dance, which is at the core of the development of the new interdisciplinary research area called Kinesemiotics. As a model of analysis for movement-based communication, the Functional Grammar of Dance has already been used for the analysis of classical ballet choreography, and it is currently employed in a collaborative research project involving the authors of this article and their research group at Loughborough University in the UK, the University of Bremen in Germany, and the English National Ballet. The testing opportunity is provided by the challenging analysis of an iconic choreography of the 20th century: Lamentation, a solo piece created by Martha Graham. The analysis will show the applicability of the theory and the adaptability of the model of analysis, and it will also provide examples of the way a new type of annotation based on this grammar has been created and applied using the ELAN annotation software. The use of ELAN includes the implementation of a specifically compiled controlled vocabulary providing labels for coding the materiality, structure, and semantics of dance discourse systematically.

CGAN Based Improved ASI Retrieval Algorithm for Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration

Sea ice change is closely related to the change of global atmosphere and ocean circulation, which plays an important role in the study of global climate change. Sea ice concentration is one of the important parameters to study the temporal and spatial change of sea ice. Accurately retrieving sea ice concentration is the innovation of this paper. At present, the high-resolution microwave-detected sea ice concentration product was provided by the University of Bremen, which was derived by the Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study (ARTSIST) Sea Ice (ASI) algorithm based on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) 89-GHz brightness temperature data. The AMSR-E/AMSR-2 89-GHz brightness temperature data has higher spatial resolution, but it is often affected by cloud and water vapor, which affects the recognition and subsequent use of ground feature. Although the weather filters can remove some errors in the edge regions of the sea water and the sea ice, the errors of the sea ice concentration in other regions cannot be removed. The generative model of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) increases the utilization of image feature information through skip connection, which improves the removal of the influence of cloud and water vapor. The discriminative model can retain the image feature information and realize the non-linear mapping from the image to the image. The loss function can reduce the pixel-level loss, which can remove the influence of cloud and water vapor. Therefore, this paper proposed an improved ASI algorithm based on CGAN. Firstly, the relatively stable relationship between the 89-GHz brightness temperature data which is not disturbed or less affected by the external environment and the 36-GHz brightness temperature data was determined, and the 89-GHz brightness temperature data with large interference was screened. Secondly, based on the 36-GHz brightness temperature data with high reliability, the 89-GHz brightness temperature data with large interference was corrected through CGAN. Finally, the ASI algorithm was used to retrieve sea ice concentration. Compared with sea ice concentration retrieved by the ASI algorithm, the results showed that the improved ASI algorithm based on CGAN was feasible. Compared with sea ice distribution obtained from the Landsat 8 OLI-L1T data, the improved ASI algorithm based on CGAN significantly improves the inversion accuracy of sea ice concentration. The improved ASI algorithm based on CGAN makes use of the reliable 36-GHz brightness temperature data, which greatly reduces the error caused by cloud and water vapor, and the method effectively corrects sea ice concentration of the pixels affected by the external environment. Therefore, the improved ASI algorithm based on CGAN realizes high spatial resolution and significantly improves the inversion accuracy of sea ice concentration.

On the determination and rank for the environmental risk aspects for ship navigating in the Arctic based on big Earth data.

The unique, ambiguous, and complex navigable environment determines the essential difference between Arctic shipping routes and conventional routes in regard to safety issues. To achieve a scientific understanding of the characteristics and variations of environmental risks involved in the Arctic shipping, it is essential to rationally address the uncertainty and incompleteness of environment-related risk information. In this study, fuzzy evidential reasoning is introduced to carry out multisource heterogeneous data fusion and spatiotemporal dynamic assessment of navigable environmental risks for Arctic shipping routes. Based on big Earth data collected from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, National Snow And Ice Data Center, National Center for Environmental Information, and University of Bremen from 2012 to 2019, a case study of the Northeast Passage is considered to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Finally, the results are described from three aspects: spatial distribution, temporal changes, and sensitivity analysis, with consideration of the entire passage and five marginal seas at the same time. Based on these findings, the prospect of application of big Earth data in risk assessment is further discussed from two aspects of knowledge acquisition by big data and risk analysis at different scales, to inspire sustainable development of Arctic shipping.

On the influence of underlying elevation data on Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOMI satellite methane retrievals over Greenland

Abstract. The Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission was launched on October 2017 and has since provided data with high spatio-temporal resolution using its remote sensing instrument, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The latter is a nadir viewing passive grating imaging spectrometer. The mathematical inversion of the TROPOMI data yields retrievals of different trace gas and aerosol data products. The column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of methane (XCH4) is the product of interest to this study. The daily global coverage of the atmospheric methane mole fraction data enables the analysis of the methane distribution and variation on large scales and also to estimate surface emissions. The spatio-temporal high-resolution satellite data are potentially particularly valuable in remote regions, such as the Arctic, where few ground stations and in situ measurements are available. In addition to the operational Copernicus S5P total-column-averaged dry-air mole fraction methane data product developed by SRON, the scientific TROPOMI/WFMD algorithm data product v1.5 (WFMD product) was generated at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. In this study we focus on the assessment of both S5P XCH4 data products over Greenland and find that spatial maps of both products show distinct features along the coastlines. Anomalies up to and exceeding 100 ppb are observed and stand out in comparison to the otherwise smooth changes in the methane distribution. These features are more pronounced for the operational product compared to the WFMD product. The spatial patterns correlate with the difference between the GMTED2010 digital elevation model (DEM) used in the retrievals and a more recent topography dataset, indicating that inaccuracies in the assumed surface elevation are the origin of the observed features. These correlations are stronger for the WFMD product. In order to evaluate the impact of the topography dataset on the retrieval we reprocess the WFMD product with updated elevation data. We find that a significant reduction of the localized features when GMTED2010 is replaced by recent topography data over Greenland based on ICESat-2 data. This study shows the importance of the chosen topography data for retrieved dry-air mole fractions. The use of a DEM that is as accurate and as up to date as possible is advised for all S5P data products as well as for future missions which rely on a DEM as input data. A modification based on this study is planned to be introduced in the next version of the WFMD data product.

Statistical Analysis of the Measurement Noise in Dynamic Impedance Spectra

AbstractInvited for this issue's Front Cover is the group of Professor Fabio La Mantia at the University of Bremen (Germany). The cover picture shows the developed theoretical variance of the error on the admittance and how this expression captures the experimental values of the standard deviations of the real and imaginary parts of the admittance. Read the full text of the Research Article at 10.1002/celc.202200109.

Traceable total ozone column retrievals from direct solar spectral irradiance measurements in the ultraviolet

Abstract. Total column ozone (TCO) is commonly measured by Brewer and Dobson spectroradiometers. Both types of instruments use solar irradiance measurements at four wavelengths in the ultraviolet radiation range to derive TCO. For the calibration and quality assurance of the measured TCO both instrument types require periodic field comparisons with a reference instrument. This study presents traceable TCO retrievals from direct solar spectral irradiance measurements with the portable UV reference instrument QASUME. TCO is retrieved by a spectral fitting technique derived by a minimal least square fit algorithm using spectral measurements in the wavelength range between 305 and 345 nm. The retrieval is based on an atmospheric model accounting for different atmospheric parameters such as effective ozone temperature, aerosol optical depth, Rayleigh scattering, SO2, ground air pressure, ozone absorption cross sections and top-of-the-atmosphere solar spectrum. Traceability is achieved by fully characterizing and calibrating the QASUME spectroradiometer in the laboratory to SI standards (International System of Units). The TCO retrieval method from this instrument is independent from any reference instrument and does not require periodic in situ field calibration. The results show that TCO from QASUME can be retrieved with a relative standard uncertainty of less than 0.8 % when accounting for uncertainties from the measurements and the retrieval model, such as different ozone absorption cross sections, different reference top-of-the-atmosphere solar spectra, uncertainties from effective ozone temperature or other atmospheric parameters. The long-term comparison of QASUME TCO with TCO derived from a Brewer and a Dobson in Davos, Switzerland, reveals that all three instruments are consistent within 1 % when using the ozone absorption cross section from the University of Bremen. From the results and method presented here, other absolute SI calibrated cost-effective solar spectroradiometers, such as array spectroradiometers, may be applied for traceable TCO monitoring.

Ägyptologiegeschichte digital

Summary Adolf Erman is one of the founders of modern Egyptology. His life and achievements are deeply connected with the changes in this field, which starting as a romanticized activity and turned into a modern discpline. His extensive correspondence is as important for the history of Egyptology as it is for the general history of science. Because of family connections, Adolf Erman’s estate was almost completely bequeathed to the Bremen State and University Library. Between 2019 and 2021, the whole estate has been described and digitized in a project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The paper describes the estate, its digitization and the range of its possible usage.

Ozone profile retrieval from nadir TROPOMI measurements in the UV range

Abstract. The TOPAS (Tikhonov regularised Ozone Profile retrievAl with SCIATRAN) algorithm to retrieve vertical profiles of ozone from space-borne observations in nadir-viewing geometry has been developed at the Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) of the University of Bremen and applied to the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) L1B spectral data version 2. Spectral data between 270 and 329 nm are used for the retrieval. A recalibration of the measured radiances is done using ozone profiles from MLS/Aura. Studies with synthetic spectra show that individual profiles in the stratosphere can be retrieved with an uncertainty of about 10 %. In the troposphere, the retrieval errors are larger depending on the a priori profile used. The vertical resolution above 18 km is about 6–10 km, and it degrades to 15–25 km below. The vertical resolution in the troposphere is strongly dependent on the solar zenith angle (SZA). The ozone profiles retrieved from TROPOMI with the TOPAS algorithm were validated using data from ozonesondes and stratospheric ozone lidars. Above 18 km, the comparison with sondes shows excellent agreement within less than ±5 % for all latitudes. The standard deviation of mean differences is about 10 %. Below 18 km, the relative mean deviation in the tropics and northern latitudes is still quite good, remaining within ±20 %. At southern latitudes, larger differences of up to +40 % occur between 10 and 15 km. The standard deviation is about 50 % between 7–18 km and about 25 % below 7 km. The validation of stratospheric ozone profiles with ground-based lidar measurements also shows very good agreement. The relative mean deviation is below ±5 % between 18–45 km, with a standard deviation of 10 %. TOPAS retrieval results for 1 d of TROPOMI observations were compared to ozone profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite and the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS-LP). The relative mean difference was found to be largely below ±5 % between 20–50 km, except at very high latitudes.

Considering ‘non-acoustic factors’ as social and environmental determinants of health equity and environmental justice. Reflections on research and fields of action towards a vision for environmental noise policies

Despite being an overall objective of European policies, health equity and environmental justice have not yet been systematically implemented in environmental policies. Taking control over one’s environment as an element of health equity, we consider intractable exposure to transportation noise as a highly relevant policy field. The European Environmental Noise Directive is designed as a sectoral policy dealing with one environmental health determinant (noise) and drawing on the Global Burden of Disease framework, whereas health equity demands an investigation of the manifold variations in the population by combining adverse noise exposure with salutogenetic (psycho-)social and environmental resources. Such resources or the lack thereof have been referred to as ‘non-acoustic factors’ in noise- and soundscape-related research and can presumably account for vulnerability to transportation noise exposure caused by social and environmental determinants. Thus, we aim to link the current discourse on ‘non-acoustic factors’ with health equity driven by the need to go beyond average exposure–response-relations. After summarising challenges of environmental noise-related health impact assessment from a health equity perspective, we focus on residents’ control – both procedurally and environmentally – to illustrate how social and environmental determinants can cause vulnerability. We advocate to consider ‘non-acoustic factors’ as leverage to promote health equity and environmental justice through three fields of potential action: (1) developing a theoretical and methodological groundwork and multi/interdisciplinary training of students and professionals, (2) introducing comprehensible information and inclusive participation methods, and (3) creating supportive institutional frames and governance modes. The contents of this paper were derived from a workshop held at the University of Bremen in September 2020.

Deep Mediatization during COVID-19: An Interview with Professor Andreas Hepp, University of Bremen

An Interview with Professor Andreas Hepp, University of Bremen

Introduction: #TogetherApart: Mediatization, (Inter)subjectivity and Sociality at a Time of Pandemic

This special issue features 12 contributions by early career scholars and artists dealing with the role of mediatization in the COVID-19 pandemic conjuncture. Themes such as mediated intimacy and sociality, pandemic ideology, politicians’ curated authenticity and discursive constructions of self, and playbour and resistance in digital games are examined in five original articles, while three autoethnographic contributions explore the concepts of mediated presence, collectivity, contemplative community, loneliness and relationality. The autoethnographies – in the form of short film, collage and poetry vignettes, respectively – add a personal experiential layer to the broader themes. To generate (mediated) interpersonal dialogue, two artists/academics engage deeply with the autoethographies, further reflecting on the themes explored therein. The issue concludes with an interview with Professor Andreas Hepp, of the University of Bremen, who comments on the contributions and reflects on the role of “deep mediatization” in the pandemic world.

Preface

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I am pleased to present the Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Computing and Applied Informatics (ICCAI). The event, organized by The Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, is the 5th of the conference series. In this proceeding, we present 49 outstanding works from authors from 6 different countries. With the acceptance rate of 59%, we are confident that these manuscripts are able to fulfill the high standard of an international conference. These works have been through a though review process by our international board and editorial team and has been revised accordingly. Our highest appreciation to every author that has been participated in this event and has collaborated tirelessly with our editorial team to meet the high standard that we expect in this conference.This event is one of our many efforts to establish our faculty as a reputable education institution internationally. As part of Universitas Sumatera Utara, who recently just listed in the QS World University Rankings, we are obligated to contribute to the global research effort to develop the society. However, over the past few months, the pandemic limits our interaction significantly. Conducting an international conference while maintaining the quality of the event can be challenging. Thus, we have decided to perform this event both on-site and online and set up a few new rules to preserve the quality we have been established in the previous conferences. I am pleased to inform you that The 5th ICCAI has met the requirement of a high quality international event.I would also like to appreciate the keynote speakers that have presented their best work in the conference: Prof. Dr.-Ing Hendro Wicaksono from Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Germany; Prof. Matthew N. Dailey from Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand; and Prof. Gyun Woo from Pusan National University, South Korea. Their contribution has become a valuable insight for the future research.Lastly, I would like to give my highest gratitude to all the international committee, the steering committee, and the organizing committee, who have spent countless times to support this conference. It is my privilege to work alongside the current committees that have repeatedly shown an outstanding effort to make this event possible.Thank youDr. Eng. Ade CandraChair of The 5th ICCAI 2021Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universitas Sumatera UtaraEmail: ade_candra@usu.ac.idList of Committees are available in this pdf.

Cell scientist to watch – Binyam Mogessie

Binyam Mogessie was born and raised in Ethiopia. He moved to Germany in 2004, where he studied biochemistry and cell biology at Jacobs University Bremen. He then moved to the UK for his PhD with Anne Straube, first at the Marie Curie Research Institute in Surrey and later at the Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology in Warwick, where he investigated the cellular mechanisms that organise the microtubule cytoskeleton during skeletal muscle differentiation. After receiving his PhD in cell biology from the University of London, he joined the laboratory of Melina Schuh in 2012 as a postdoc at the MRC-LMB in Cambridge (and later at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen, Germany), where he discovered a function of the actin cytoskeleton in accurate chromosome segregation and the prevention of aneuploidy in mammalian eggs. Binyam established his independent research laboratory at the University of Bristol, School of Biochemistry in 2018, where he is a Wellcome Trust and Royal Society Sir Henry Dale fellow and HFSP Young Investigator. He also received a Seed Award from the Wellcome Trust and funding from the Rosetrees Trust and Royal Society. His lab is investigating actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletal ensembles that promote healthy egg development and embryogenesis in mammals.

Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment (EMME): an overview and first results of the St. Petersburg megacity campaign 2019

Abstract. Global climate change is one of the most important scientific, societal and economic contemporary challenges. Fundamental understanding of the major processes driving climate change is the key problem which is to be solved not only on a global but also on a regional scale. The accuracy of regional climate modelling depends on a number of factors. One of these factors is the adequate and comprehensive information on the anthropogenic impact which is highest in industrial regions and areas with dense population – modern megacities. Megacities are not only “heat islands”, but also significant sources of emissions of various substances into the atmosphere, including greenhouse and reactive gases. In 2019, the mobile experiment EMME (Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment) was conducted within the St. Petersburg agglomeration (Russia) aiming to estimate the emission intensity of greenhouse (CO2, CH4) and reactive (CO, NOx) gases for St. Petersburg, which is the largest northern megacity. St. Petersburg State University (Russia), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) and the University of Bremen (Germany) jointly ran this experiment. The core instruments of the campaign were two portable Bruker EM27/SUN Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers which were used for ground-based remote sensing measurements of the total column amount of CO2, CH4 and CO at upwind and downwind locations on opposite sides of the city. The NO2 tropospheric column amount was observed along a circular highway around the city by continuous mobile measurements of scattered solar visible radiation with an OceanOptics HR4000 spectrometer using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Simultaneously, air samples were collected in air bags for subsequent laboratory analysis. The air samples were taken at the locations of FTIR observations at the ground level and also at altitudes of about 100 m when air bags were lifted by a kite (in case of suitable landscape and favourable wind conditions). The entire campaign consisted of 11 mostly cloudless days of measurements in March–April 2019. Planning of measurements for each day included the determination of optimal location for FTIR spectrometers based on weather forecasts, combined with the numerical modelling of the pollution transport in the megacity area. The real-time corrections of the FTIR operation sites were performed depending on the actual evolution of the megacity NOx plume as detected by the mobile DOAS observations. The estimates of the St. Petersburg emission intensities for the considered greenhouse and reactive gases were obtained by coupling a box model and the results of the EMME observational campaign using the mass balance approach. The CO2 emission flux for St. Petersburg as an area source was estimated to be 89 ± 28 ktkm-2yr-1, which is 2 times higher than the corresponding value in the EDGAR database. The experiment revealed the CH4 emission flux of 135 ± 68 tkm-2yr-1, which is about 1 order of magnitude greater than the value reported by the official inventories of St. Petersburg emissions (∼ 25 tkm-2yr-1 for 2017). At the same time, for the urban territory of St. Petersburg, both the EMME experiment and the official inventories for 2017 give similar results for the CO anthropogenic flux (251 ± 104 tkm-2yr-1 vs. 410 tkm-2yr-1) and for the NOx anthropogenic flux (66 ± 28 tkm-2yr-1 vs. 69 tkm-2yr-1).

Responding to Socioeconomic Diversity in the European Union (and to Steven Klein’s Essay) with Democracy-Enhancing Conflicts Law

Responding to Socioeconomic Diversity in the European Union (and to Steven Klein’s Essay) with Democracy-Enhancing Conflicts Law

FT-ICR mass spectrometry: Superconducting magnet, external ion source, ion-molecule reactions, and ion-ion traps.

The world of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry has witnessed, especially in the last 30 years significant advances in many fields of science, such as electronics, magnets, new ICR cell designs, developed ICR event sequences, modern external ionization sources, and linear ion beam guides, as well as modern vacuum technology. In this review, a brief account is given focusing especially on the studies performed in Wanczek's group and ICR research laboratory at the University of Bremen. An FT-ICR mass spectrometer has been developed with a high magnetic field superconducting magnet, operating at 4.7 T. At this magnetic field, a trapping time of 13.5 h was obtained with 30% efficiency. For the tetrachloromethane molecular ion, m/z 166, a mass-resolving power m/Δm = 1.5 × 106 was measured at a pressure of 2 × 10-8 Torr. The transition from magnet sweep to frequency sweep and the application of Fourier-transform has greatly enhanced the ICR technology. External ion sources were invented and differential pumping schemes were developed for enabling ultrahigh vacuum condition for ICR detection, while guiding ions at relatively higher pressures, during their flight to the ICR cell. With the external ion source, a time-of-flight ICR tandem instrument is built. A method to measure the ion flight time and to trap the ions in the ICR cell is described. Many ICR cell characteristics such as z-axis ion ejection and coupling of radial and axial ion motions in a superposed homogeneous magnetic and inhomogeneous trapping electric field were extensively studied. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of several reactive inorganic compounds with a focus on phosphorous and sulfur as well as silicon chemistry were also studied in great detail. The gas-phase ion chemistry of several trifluoromethyl-reagents such as trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane and tris(trifluoromethyl)phosphine were also investigated in ICR. Dual polarities multisegmented ICR cells were invented and deeply characterized. Sophisticated ICR pulse event programs were developed to enable long-range ion-ion interactions between simultaneously trapped positive and negative ions.

Inter-comparison of snow depth over Arctic sea ice from reanalysis reconstructions and satellite retrieval

Abstract. In this study, we compare eight recently developed snow depth products over Arctic sea ice, which use satellite observations, modeling, or a combination of satellite and modeling approaches. These products are further compared against various ground-truth observations, including those from ice mass balance observations and airborne measurements. Large mean snow depth discrepancies are observed over the Atlantic and Canadian Arctic sectors. The differences between climatology and the snow products early in winter could be in part a result of the delaying in Arctic ice formation that reduces early snow accumulation, leading to shallower snowpacks at the start of the freeze-up season. These differences persist through spring despite overall more winter snow accumulation in the reanalysis-based products than in the climatologies. Among the products evaluated, the University of Washington (UW) snow depth product produces the deepest spring (March–April) snowpacks, while the snow product from the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) provides the shallowest spring snow depths. Most snow products show significant correlation with snow depths retrieved from Operational IceBridge (OIB) while correlations are quite low against buoy measurements, with no correlation and very low variability from University of Bremen and DMI products. Inconsistencies in reconstructed snow depth among the products, as well as differences between these products and in situ and airborne observations, can be partially attributed to differences in effective footprint and spatial–temporal coverage, as well as insufficient observations for validation/bias adjustments. Our results highlight the need for more targeted Arctic surveys over different spatial and temporal scales to allow for a more systematic comparison and fusion of airborne, in situ and remote sensing observations.

Party Organizations Around the Globe. Introducing the Varieties of Party Identity and Organization Dataset (V-Party)

This research project was supported by the Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsradet] [grant number 2018-016114], PI: Anna Luhrmann and European Research Council [H2020 European Research Council], grant 724191, PI: Staffan I. Lindberg, V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden as well as by internal grants from the Office of the Vice- Chancellor, the Dean of the Department of Social Sciences, and the Department of Political Science at the University of Gothenburg. Nils Dupont appreciates funding from the German Research Foundation [Deutsche Forschungsgemein- schaft] via Collaborative Research Center [SFB] 1342 “Global Dynamics of Social Policy” at the University of Bremen.

FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN)

The article is devoted to the current problem of formation of professional and pedagogical competencies of future teachers of higher education in the learning process on the example of the University of Bremen. The problems and features of the main competencies that are formed in applicants for higher education in the learning process are considered. The content and structure of competencies of future teachers on the example of the University of Bremen are revealed. The basic competencies of students at the stages of university and practical training are analyzed

The DemWG study: reducing the risk of hospitalisation through a complex intervention for people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in German shared-housing arrangements: study protocol of a prospective, mixed-methods, multicentre, cluster-randomised controlled trial

IntroductionShared-housing arrangements (SHAs) are small, home-like care environments in Germany. Residents are predominantly people with dementia. The risk for all-cause hospitalisation is consistently higher for people with dementia compared with...