University Of Lahore Research Articles

Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Healthcare Service Providers About Minimum Service Delivery Standards

Worldwide Health care services are provided and regulated as well as monitored by applying standard regimens. It is pivotal for patient health, safety and efficient treatment and health services provision. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and Practices of healthcare service providers about Minimum Service Delivery Standards. Methods: It is a cross sectional study in which questionnaire was developed to study minimum service delivery provision towards patients by professional health care providers. A complete Performa was filled by interviewing doctors (MBBS), dentists, nurses, dispensers and para medical staff working at BHUs and RHCs. The data was collected after informed consent following ethical considerations and guidelines by University of Lahore. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The results show the good knowledge of HCPs was resounded in lowest parameter of 1.5% while poor knowledge was scored 95.5%. The attitude of HCPs toward was recorded the positive attitude 58.3% neutral 40.2% while negative attitude 1.5%. the Practices of MSDS at health facility was scored good Practices 4.9% Satisfactory Practices was recorded 0.4% while poor Practices of MSDS was recorded 94.7%. Conclusion: Using MSDS parameter the one can create a better environment of health care to patients. The medical and para medical staff should meet all standards assured in the current study to make a better place for the sake of health and treatment.

Faculty and its Impact on Critical Thinking Abilities of Undergraduate Medical Students – A Delphi Study

Aim: To identify the individual skills / attitude of faculty which influence fostering of critical thinking in undergraduate medical students Study design: Modified Delphi Study Place and Duration of study: This study was carried out at University of Lahore from October 2018 to April 2019. Methodology: Delphi Study was used to develop consensus. Experts were MME/MHPE/ MCPS HPE qualified faculty members with 03 years of teaching experience. A draft questionnaire was developed on Google Forms after thorough literature review and sent to 05 experts for Pilot Study, construct validation and cognitive pretesting. A Wait Time of 04 weeks, rating of questions on 5 point Likert Scale and consensus criteria of 80% were defined before the start of study. SPSS 25 was used for data analysis. During 1st Round, draft questionnaire was amended in the light of opinion of experts to open ended questions and was sent to all the participants for their response. Results: A total of 27 experts were enrolled in the study. 17 experts (62.96%) responded during the first round. Consensus was achieved for 13 items (65%) out of 20. In the 2nd round, 15 (88.23%) out of 17 responded. Consensus was achieved for all 7 items (100%). The study revealed that majority of our faculty lacks proper training and does not possess knowledge about various educational theories / principles and their application. They do not know how to act as facilitator, conduct tutorials, ask high order questions, reflect and provide constructive feedback. Conclusion: Individual skills / attitude of faculty hamper fostering of CT in undergraduate medical students. They are mainly due to lack of formal faculty training which should be addressed not only in the medical institutions but in the pre-medical schools as well to inculcate higher order critical thinking skills in students. Keywords: Critical Thinking (CT), Undergraduate Medical Students, Faculty, Reflections, Feedback

Personality Styles and Mental Health Challenges in University Students

Aim: To explore the relationship between different personality styles and mental health issues which students faced in university Study Design: Correlation Placement and duration: December 2018 to December 2020 in Private and government universities of Lahore. Methodology: The total sample comprised 300 participants with the age range of 19 -25 years (M=19. 94, SD=1. 63). Two measures were used, namely the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Student Problem Checklist (SPCL) Results: According to current research, it was revealed that there was a significant relationship between types of personality and mental health issues. Neurotic individuals were faced with more mental issues than others. Sense of dysfunction had a positive significant relationship with lack of Confidence, Self-Regulation, and Anxiety proneness. Conclusion: it is essential to study personality types and mental health relationships because after knowing the relationship guidance and awareness can be developed in guardians. Keywords: styles of personality, Mental health Issues, University Students

Frequency, Causes and Findings of Brain Computed Tomography Scan at University of Lahore Teaching Hospital

Cranial computed tomography (CT) is the most generally utilized diagnostic method for the emergent evaluation of head trauma (TBIs) because it is readily accessible, quick, and sensitive for clinically relevant traumatic brain injuries as well as non-traumatic abnormalities. Objective: To determine the frequency, causes, and findings of brain computed tomography scan at The University of Lahore teaching hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. A sample of 202 brain CT scans from a total of 933 participants seen in the CT department was obtained using a suitable sampling technique. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0. Results: There were 78 (38.6%) female patients and 124 (61.4%) male patients out of 202 total patients. The mean age of the patients was 47.1± 23 years. The most prevalent of them, brain atrophy, was observed in 63 (31.2%) of the patients. 51 (25.2%) patients had infarction, 36 (17.8%) had sinusitis, 24 (11.9%) had ischemic demyelination, and 16 (7.9%) had fractures and hemorrhages. In 8 (4.0%) patients, mastoiditis, tumors, and carcinoma were reported. 7 patients (3.5%) had cysts, 6 patients (3.0%) reported contusions, and 2 patients (1.0%) had abscesses. Conclusions: According to our research, the vast majority of individuals who underwent CT scans had a history of headache and falls and the most frequent observation in the patients was brain atrophy. Other major findings found were sinusitis and infarction.

Histology Altering Effect of Smoking in Rodents' Trachea

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the cigarette smoke. Duration & Place of Study: Jan 2018 to may 2021 Rashid Latif medical college Lahore Material and Method: Two different groups of male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke using a specially developed smoking machine for duration of three months on a daily basis over the course of the experiment. Both populations of rats were made up entirely of albinos. Result: Significant histological abnormalities occurred in the tracheal epithelium of albino rats that were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of three months. The rats were given the smoke. The multiplication of epithelial cells, the disruption of the cilia, and the formation of inclusion bodies were some of the alterations that occurred as a result of this. In addition to alveoli that had collapsed and blood extravasations, a considerable thickening of the alveolar wall of the lung alveoli was seen. Conclusion: These modifications show that nicotine may generate changes in tissue that are comparable to those induced by chronic irritation of tissue. This may result in a reduction in the efficiency of gaseous exchange in alveoli and may predispose to the development of neoplastic abnormalities.

Variations in Parameters of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Anti TB Treatment with Comorbid Acute Viral Hepatitis

Objectives & background: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is a common side effect of anti-TB drugs. Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) may be confounded with chronic alcoholic hepatitis clinically, biochemically, and histologically (CAH). Place of Study: Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore Duration of Study: March 2019 to January 2021 Methods: This prospective research examined the effect of acute viral hepatitis as a contributing and confounding factor in patients with normal baseline liver function who acquired acute hepatitis while taking short-course anti-TB medication. All acute hepatitis patients' blood was analysed for hepatitis A, B, C, and E markers. Results: In 12 of 80 TB patients who developed viral hepatitis, the hepatitis E virus was present. Indicators of acute viral hepatitis included a delayed onset of acute hepatitis significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and a longer period for abnormal levels to normalise. Conclusions: According to our statistics, 15% of anti-TB hepatotoxic patients had AVH. Before attributing the hepatotoxic impact of anti-TB medications to DIH patients, viral hepatitis should be evaluated and ruled out in all endemic-area patients.

Smoking Affects Bone Healing and Blood Perfusion

Nicotine is the primary component in cigarettes that is responsible for the negative effects that tobacco has on the body. Nicotine is also the primary component responsible for the addiction that can develop from smoking. Tobacco addiction is also primarily caused by nicotine, which is another component of tobacco. Aim: The effect that nicotine has on the rate at which bones can recover after being shattered is still a topic of ongoing debate. The study of bone repair and regeneration is made a great deal easier by the utilisation of a model that is known as distraction osteogenesis. The mandibular extension of a rabbit model is serving as the subject of the inquiry that is now being conducted. Duration & Place of Study: October 2018 to March 2021 Rashid Latif medical college Lahore Method: Using the rabbit as a test subject, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence that nicotine has on blood perfusion, angiogenesis, and bone formation. There were a total of forty rabbits, and they were distributed among the control group, which received no nicotine, and the nicotine group, which received nicotine. The bunnies were distributed to the several groups in a haphazard manner. It was discovered that each rat had been exposed to nicotine or a placebo for a total of seven weeks during the course of the experiment. After a period of consolidation time ranging from two to four weeks post osteotomy, the animals were slaughtered and their mandibles were removed. After this, there was a lag time of three days, and then there was active distraction for eleven days. Utilizing the techniques of Laser Doppler monitoring and Collagen IV immunohistochemical labelling, respectively, allowed for the assessment of both vascularization and blood perfusion. Studies that were radiographic, histological, and immunohistochemical in nature were carried out in order to investigate the development of bone. Result : According to the findings, being exposed to nicotine led to an increase in the density of microvessels, but it had a detrimental effect on the flow of blood and the development of bones. In addition to this, it was found that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 in osteoblasts was lower than it had been in the past. In the process of distraction regeneration, ischemia and a low oxygen tension were both present, and the creation of cartilage islands on a consistent basis was a sign of both of these circumstances. Result: As a result of our investigation, we got to the realisation that nicotine consumption slows down the process of bone regeneration. We hypothesise that this takes place as a result of the fact that nicotine leads to ischemia and has an effect that is directly inhibitory on osteoblastic cells. It has been demonstrated that nicotine causes an increase in angiogenesis; however, this improvement is not adequate to compensate for the harmful effect of vasoconstriction caused by nicotine.

Objectives & background: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is a common side effect of anti-TB drugs. Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) may be confounded with chronic alcoholic hepatitis clinically, biochemically, and histologically (CAH). Place of Study: Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore Duration of Study: March 2019 to January 2021 Methods: This prospective research examined the effect of acute viral hepatitis as a contributing

Background: Diabetes, low nighttime blood pressure, and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy may be associated. Not too many studies present whether this relationship applies to patients. Objective: Diabetes mellitus, low blood pressure at night, and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy were studied in a group of individuals. Methods: The ophthalmology clinic will conduct a cross-sectional research on patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy from March 2019 to December 2021. Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy patients were tested for diabetes. Some participants wore ambulatory blood pressure monitors during the trial. Nighttime blood pressure drops are typical, muted, severe, and reverse. Results: Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy was identified in 67 individuals. 587 of 67 patients were selected. 34 patients (50.7%) had diabetes, while 39 (58.2%) had hypertension. 32 people's blood pressure dropped during sleep. Only four (5.9%) saw substantial drops. Conclusions: Diabetes may be linked to nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, but not nocturnal blood pressure declines. Keywords: Optic Neuropathy, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension

Impact of Financial Inclusion on Financial Well-Being: Moderating Effect of Orientation towards Finance

The present study examines the impact of women’s orientation toward finance on their financial well-being. Along this, research also considers the financial capability of working women in the Lahore district's educational sector. For this purpose, the current study developed insight into the effect of financial inclusion on the financial well-being. In addition, the study is testing the mediation of financial capability and conditional process modeling of orientation towards finance of the working women as a teaching staff working in the different educational institutes such as schools, colleges and universities of Lahore. The research study adopted a quantitative strategy with using a deductive approach. The researcher used a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data from the research study's respondents. Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed among the respondents, and 600 were returned from the participants, out of which 550 questionnaires were fully filled. For analyzing data collected from respondents in the form of their responses, SPSS and AMOS have been used. The study's results indicated that the financially included working women have a high level of financial well-being. The findings also revealed that financial capability mediates the relationship between financial inclusion and financial well-being. The research outcomes showed that the working women’s orientation toward finance has a moderated mediation mechanism among financial inclusion and financial well-being and financial inclusion and financial capability. The prevailing study is significant for the women belonging to different working sectors as well as different levels of hierarchy. The study is also important for the policymakers and the governing bodies to focus on enhancing women's financial well-being by making sure that they are financially included.

COGNITIVE REAPPRAISAL AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN FEMALE UNIVERSITY TEACHERS DURING COVID-19: A MEDIATING ROLE OF EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION

Objective: To find out the role of emotional exhaustion as mediation in the association of cognitive reappraisal and mental health problems in female university teachers in COVID-19. Methodology: A correlational research design was utilized to get participants from different government and private universities of Lahore. Participants of this study were 100 university teachers having the ages of 25 to 60 years. Participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. Scales of Cognitive Reappraisal, Emotional Exhaustion, and Psychosocial Reactions of COVID-19 were utilized to get the data from the participants. Results: Findings of correlation analysis suggested interrelatedness of cognitive reappraisal, emotional exhaus­tion, and mental health problems. Additionally, mediation analysis suggested the significant mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the association of cognitive reappraisal and mental health issues. Conclusion: By identifying the risk and protective factors of mental health problems of working women at early stages, we can prevent them from adverse consequences of these issues.

Effects of vibrations induced by electric tooth brush on amount of canine retraction: A cross sectional study done at University of Lahore.

To evaluate the effect of localized vibration on amount of canine retraction after 1st premolar extractions and to assess the anchorage loss. This quasi-experimental clinical study was conducted at University College of dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Lahore. Data was collected from 30 patients who were already undergoing orthodontic treatment after taking their consent. The study was completed in one year, from Jan 2019 to Feb 2020. Results were compared with independent samples t-test using IBM-SPSS version 23.0. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of tooth movement between the experimental and control side (p= 0.22). There was also no significant difference in the loss of anchorage (in terms of mesial movement of molar and rotation of canine) between both the groups (p > 0.05). Patients reported the use of electric tooth brush very practical and comfortable. No harm was observed. Supplemental vibrations induced by electric tooth brush did not increase the amount of tooth movement in terms of canine retraction nor did it decrease the loss of anchorage.

Personality Traits, Optimism and Somatic Symptom Disorder among Female University Students during Covid 19

OBJECTIVE The present research aimed at exploring relationship among personality traits, optimism and somatic symptom disorder among female university students during COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional research design. PLACE AND DURATION OF THE STUDY The following research was conducted in Department of Applied Psychology, University of Management & Technology, Lahore from June 2020 to 30March 2021. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Purposive sampling strategy was used to obtain a sample of 110 female students from different universities of Lahore using mixed mode (face to face & online) of data collection. The 24-item Brief HEXACO Inventory, Life Orientation Test (LOT) and Patient health questionnaire used in study. RESULTS Results showed that personality trait (emotionality) was found negatively significant with optimism and positively significant with somatic symptom disorder. Optimism was found to be negatively significant with somatic symptom disorder. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that emotionality is positively related with somatic symptom disorder. The optimism was negatively correlated with somatic symptom disorder.

Frustration Intolerance, Self-Efficacy and Sleep Quality in Medical Students during Pandemic of Covid-19

Objective: To find out the relationship between frustration intolerance, self-efficacy and sleep quality in medical students and to determine the moderating role of self-efficacy in relationship between frustration intolerance and sleep quality in Medical Students Design: It was correlational study. Place and Duration: The study was conducted for a period of 4 months from November 2020 to January 2021 from students of different medical colleges of Lahore. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised of 150 MBBS students from different medical, 126 (84%) were females and 24 (16%) were males. The age range of the participants was 18-26 years with mean age of 21.79 + 1.74 years old. Self-constructed demographic form, Frustration discomfort scale), Generalized Self efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and Sleep quality scales (Yi, Shin, and Shin, 2006) were also used to assess the sample. Data were collected online by employing non-probability convenient sampling strategy. Results: Frustration intolerance positively related with sleep quality indicating higher frustration linked with acute sleep problems, while self-efficacy showed negative relationship with sleep quality indicating higher self-efficacy decrease the sleep problems. so, results showed that self-efficacy moderated the relationship between frustration intolerance and sleep problems in medical students. Conclusion: This study identified high prevalence of frustration intolerance and poor sleep quality in medical students during pandemic of Covid-19, and highlighted the negative relationship of self-efficacy with frustration intolerance and sleep problems.

Association Between Screen-Time and Dietary Habits Among Students Of 11-25 Years

The continuous technological advancement has provided innovative and attractive electronic devices that led individuals to spend longer times in front of screens. Longer periods of screen time have been linked to poor dietary habits including higher consumption of sugar, low nutritional quality foods like french fries, refined grain products, snacks and desserts, lower intakes of fiber, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Objective: To compare the association between screen time and eating habits among the students of 11 to 25 years. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate eating habits and screen time of 150 students from different schools, colleges and universities of Lahore. Participants were selected through non-probability convenient sampling. Data were collected using a self- constructed questionnaire. In exclusion criteria, students off the selected age group, having no screen time and non-cooperative individuals were excluded. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Total participants of study were 150. Few of them were obese (8%) and more were overweight (26%). Some of them were spending 3-5 hours on screen (23%) while more were spending greater than 7 hours (32%). Mostly skipped breakfast (54%), delayed meals (45%), ate above planned limit (57%). Majority consumed fried food (56%) and sweets (44%) while using electronic gadgets. Conclusions: High prevalence of screen time had negatively affected student’s eating patterns. Students with longer screen time usually consumed fast food, junk food, sugary desserts, salty snacks and caffeinated beverages as snacks.

Relationship of Social Media and Body Image Dissatisfaction among University Students

Social media has become an integral part of young adults’ lives today. It has moved well beyond simple entertainment and now can profoundly affect many areas of functioning. Social media messages promote the ideal, attractive body images that affect the university student’s attitudes toward the body. The current study examined the relationship between social media and body image dissatisfaction and examined how social media impacts body image among university students. Sample size estimation was calculated from G*power and 462 students minimum required in the current study. This cross-sectional study recruited (N=500) respondents from different universities such as the University of Sahiwal, Government college university of Faisalabad Sahiwal campus, Virtual University of Sahiwal, University of Okara, Virtual University of Okara, University of Management and Technology, and the University of Lahore by employing simple random sampling. There were two questionnaires applied the social media questionnaire and Socio-Cultural Attitudes towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3) for data collection. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0 and results showed that there was a significant negative relationship of social media with body image dissatisfaction. Moreover, male students were higher users of social media as compared to female students as well as higher body image dissatisfaction as compared to girls. Implications and limitations of the study are mentioned as well as future directions also suggested

Ultrasonographic assessment of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review.

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of ultrasound for the detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Study Design: Systematic Review. Setting: The University of Lahore. Period: 2001 to 2021. Material & Methods: A systematic exploration of the literature was achieved by collecting articles related to our topic. Articles reporting the reliability result for the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis by ultrasonography were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were articles reporting large joints including shoulder and knees as well as that articles which were not reporting sufficient information of sensitivity and specificity of US regarding RA. These articles were provided by an online source of PubMed, google scholar, research gate, Embase, Wiley online library, BMJ Journal, AJR, Springer, and Elesvier link. Results: Results shows that the specificity and sensitivity of gray-scale US for synovitis assessment ranged from 50% to 90.9% and 47.4% to 100% respectively, specificity and sensitivity of Power Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of synovitis hypervascularity ranged from 60% to 98% and 21% to 92% respectively, and specificity and sensitivity of ultrasonography to assess the bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis patients ranged from 69% to 98.7% and 35.9% to 83% respectively. Conclusion: This systematic review concluded that ultrasound is a vital diagnostic tool as compared to X-ray, CT, MRI, clinical and laboratory examination for the evaluation of bone erosion, synovitis, and synovial hypervascularity.

Prevalence And Risk Factors of Fear of Fall Among Old Age Population of Lahore, Pakistan

Falls are one of the most common problems that older people face, and they are a major contributor to their higher morbidity and mortality rates. Anxiety over falling, whether actual or perceived, is the most common description of this condition. Objective: To assess prevalence and risk factors of fear of falling among old population in Lahore, Pakistan Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 139 old age population. The data was collected on the spot from the University of Lahore teaching hospital and doctor hospital. Data was collected using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Fall efficacy scale 1 and self-administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: 64% of the 139 participants were female, while 39.6% were male; 19 (13.7%) were over 80 years old, while 36 (24.9%) were 60 to 69 years old; BMI of 71 (51%) was below normal; and 62 (44.6%) had a history of falling. Fear of falling was expressed by 62.6% of the older population, and it was linked to all risk factors. Conclusion: Fear of falling is very common in the old population of Lahore, Pakistan Furthermore age, BMI, and past fall experience were all connected to fear of falling.

Association Of Decreased Daily Physical Activities, Disturbed Sleep Pattern with Cervical Pain Among Young Adults

There is broad variety in the manner in which neck pain is defined. While examination when providing details for neck pain there are five key points which apparently represented: 1. the origin of issue and information; 2. the situation or testing outline; 3. the neck pain seriousness, also the outcomes; 4. the neck pain extent; 5. the example after some moments. Other evidence showed there is lacking in amount and quality of sleep results in musculoskeletal displacement by patho-physiologically. The pain occurrence and the progression include many environmental and social causes which is widespread. Objective: The purpose of this study was to find the association of decreased daily physical activities, disturbed sleep pattern with cervical pain among young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 90 persons presenting with cervical pain. Data was collected from students of University of Lahore. Non-probability Convenient Sampling Technique was used. Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire and The Sleep Revolution Sleep Quality Questionnaire by Arianna Huffington were used to collect data. Results: The total population was 90, which includes 33 males and 57 females with percentage 36.7% and 63.3% respectively. On pain scale to assess the cervical pain there were 43 (47.8%) persons with Mild pain, 37 (41.1%) having Moderate pain and 10 (11.1%) with severe pain. There were 58 (64.4%) persons are physically active even after cervical pain and 32(35.6%) physically not active. There were 3(3.3%) who have severed sleep problems, 16(17.8%) were with some sleep problems, 43(47.8%) having good sleep and 28(31.1%) sleep is in great shape. In this Study there was no association occurs between daily activities, sleep disturbance with cervical pain in overall results. Conclusion: In this study overall, there was no association occurred in persons who were having any sort of cervical pain with daily physical activities and sleep patterns disturbance. As some of the individual activities like daily working, house hold activities, driving is affected in some of the cases with cervical pain.

Questionnaires based evaluation of teaching and learning methods among MBBS, BDS and Nursing students.

Objective: To compare the conventional ways of teaching to new teaching methodologies thus finding their efficacy. It also highlights the significance of incorporating technology into teaching thereby creating a rich learning experience for students. Study Design: Cross-sectional Survey. Setting: Different Medical and Nursing Colleges and Universities of Punjab, Pakistan; Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad, University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad, Ameer-ud-din Medical College Lahore, Nishtar Medical and Dental College Multan, Shareef Medical and Dental College, Continental Medical College Lahore. Period: June 2020 to August 2020. Material & Methods: Was conducted amongst 1600 medical, dental and nursing students from various medical and dental colleges across Pakistan. A questionnaire was circulated among students after briefing them about the objective of the study. Result: Out of 1600, 816 were MBBS students, 715 were BDS and 69 were nursing students. About various teaching methods, 53% in MBBS, 56.78% in BDS and 30.43% of nursing students were aware about new teaching methodologies. Tutorials were least known by MBBS students, online classes for BDS students whereas both methods of teaching were least popular amongst nursing students. A significant percentage of students were more in favor of group discussion as an effective method of teaching. Conclusion: This study concluded that student-centered learning should be focused on and new technologies should be incorporated in order to make medical education more interactive and interesting.

Exploring the Ethical Constructs of Dental Patients to Guide Dental Ethics Teaching

Objective: To explore the ethical constructs of dental patients to guide dental ethical teaching. Methodology: A grounded theory approach, inspired by the socio-constructivist paradigm was used for data collection. The duration of the study was six months and non-probability, purposive, convenience was used. Dental patients, visiting the various departments of dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan, were interviewed to explore their ethical constructs and thematic analysis was done. Results: Nineteen dental patients were interviewed. Three themes were derived from four hundred and sixty-two codes. Three themes were: dental patient ethical constructs, dental ethics teaching, and ethical context. Honesty, good communication ethics and respect for patients were the main ethical constructs of dental patients. Dental patients also emphasized effective ethics teaching and assessment. Finally, for dental patients, religion and economic condition were two main contextual factors affecting ethical constructs. Conclusion: Dental patients desire honesty, good communication ethics, and respect for patient from dental students. The patients defined ethical context and ethical constructs may help curriculum developers to contextualize and emphasize dental ethics teaching. Religion and the financial aspect are the two contextual factors effecting ethical construct that play key roles. Keywords: Dental ethics, dental patients, dental ethics teaching, dental curriculum, ethical context, dental patients’ ethical constructs.