University Of Lahore Research Articles

ASSOCIATION OF GREEN TEA WITH PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME —AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN YOUNG GIRLS

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a health problem worldwide and involves both physical and psychological/behavioural symptoms. The objective of this study was to find out any association between green tea intake and physical symptoms of PMS among young medical and dental female students. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at University College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lahore. The study included 100 female medical and dental students, selected with convenience non-probability sampling technique, aged 18–26 years; 78 of them had premenstrual physical symptoms. Data were collected on a self-administered and preformed proforma. All participants were advised to take green tea (3 cups/day) for 3 months. The data were entered and analysed using SPSS-24. Results: Mean age of females suffering from physical symptoms of PMS was 22±1.6 years and the mean weight was 60.5±7.7 Kg. Abdominal bloating was the most common symptom affecting 48.7% of the PMS sufferers. The second most common symptom was acne in 32.1% of the subjects. After three months of green tea intake, the study participants were re-evaluated. There was a significant improvement in all physical symptoms of PMS (p=0.001). Conclusion: Consumption of green tea was associated with a decrease in the physical symptoms of PMS. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(4):3?6

Adverse Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Synthetic Human Insulin in Diabetic Type-2 Patients, A Comparative Clinical Study

Background: The use of Synthetic human insulin in diabetic individuals may develop number of serious medical complications in population like Hypoglycemia, Weight gain, Little Skin Depression and Dementia. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objects of current study were to provide awareness about the recent Biochemical and Physiological side effects of Artificial Insulin Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to the people. Study Design: A comparative clinical study. Place and Duration: Present study was conducted in Lahore Medical & Dental College Lahore, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Suleman Roshan medical college Tando Adam Sindh and Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Pakistan from March 2021 June 2022. Methodology: Total 450 diabetic type- 2 patients of age 40-60 years were selected for present study and they were divided into three different groups regarding injected units of synthetic insulin. In Group-A 100 male and 50 female were taking 20 units twice a day, whereas 100 male and 50 female individuals with diabetes type-2 of Group-B were injected 30 units twice a day while 80 male and 40 female of Group-C were taking 45 units twice a day respectively. Fasting and Random glucose levels, Body mass index (BMI), levels of Dementia and Skin Depression parameters of each individual were measured and compared group wise. Results: A remarkable significant changes (P≤0.05) in Fasting glucose levels, Random glucose levels after 2 hour of meal, Random glucose levels after 3 hour of meal, Random glucose levels after 4 hour of meal, Body mass index, body mass index after 6 month, body mass index after 12 month, Incidence of severe hypoglycemia of male and female were concluded in group-B and group-C as compared with group-A, because 20 units of insulin created less hypoglycemic effects as compared with 30 and 45 units which were injected in Group-B and Group-C comparatively. Practical implication: Awareness about side effects of artificial Insulin therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to the people is so important and helpful for quality of life and safety. Conclusion: The findings of present study were indicated that long term insulin therapy develop hypoglycemia and significant changes (P≤0.05) in BMI in patients with diabetes type-2. It was concluded that a significant (P≤0.05) weight gain in regular user of synthetic insulin diabetic type-2 patients was very common. Keywords: Hypoglycemia, Synthetic insulin, Body mass index, Diabetes Mellitus

Relationship between Students’ Self-Construal and Decision Making Styles at University Level

Present study aimed to investigate relationship between students’ self-construal and decision making styles at university level. Correlational research design was used to investigate the relationship between the variables. Population of the study was consisted on all university students in Lahore. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Sample of the study was 200 male and female students from public and private universities in Lahore. Self-construal scale and decision-making scale were used for data collection. Reliability of the instruments were .869 and .756 respectively. Findings of the study revealed that there was significant positive moderate correlation existed between students’ self-construal and decision-making styles at university level. Findings further concluded that there was significant mean difference existed between university students’ perceptions about self-construal and decision-making based on their gender, university type, qualification and age. There is an emerging group of students hold an interdependent self-construal. Therefore, findings of this study suggested that different decision-making styles should be used according to the students having different behavior to improve their performance and interpersonal relationships at university level.

EXPLORING THE PROBLEMS IN TEACHER EVALUATION PROCESS AND ITS PERCEIVED IMPACT ON TEACHER PERFORMANCE

The primary goal of the current study was to investigate how teachers' performance was thought to be impacted by the teacher evaluation process at Lahore's public and private universities. The research examined current issues or difficulties with the teacher evaluation system. Nature of this research was quantitative and survey method was applied to conduct this research and university teachers from all the HEC recognized “general category” public and private universities of Lahore, were target population. Sample was collected from three public and three private general category universities of Lahore through convenient sampling technique. A structured 4-point Likert-type questionnaire was designed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS version 25. The structural equation modeling was performed using the Analysis of Moment Structures version 20.0. (SEM). Findings revealed more issues with public institutions' teacher evaluation processes, tools and methodologies, student perceptions of the teacher evaluation, and evaluation results. Due to its poor execution, lack of teacher evaluation approaches, and failure to provide timely feedback, teacher evaluation has little impact on teachers' performance at the public sector universities.

Comparison of Dietary Habits and Psychological Outcomes in Hostelites and Day Scholars

A student's transition to college is marked by a new phase of independence, joyous activities, lifestyle changes, and behavior that includes eating habits. Eating habits have a long-term effect on a person health. Objective: To assess and compare dietary habits among day scholar and hostelites and their psychological outcomes. Methods: Using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (GSAQ), a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 100 students was carried out at the University of Lahore over a period of four months. Results: Frequency of normal BMI was more in hostelites as compared to Day scholars. The comparison of day scholars and students living in hostels also revealed that hostelites have more psychological distress, their sleeping quality is worse and they have bad eating habits. Several aspects were assessed by questionnaires in the study which find out that Lifestyle and dietary habits have an effect on the psychological health among university students. Conclusions: This study highlighted the difficulties college students have in leading nutritionally healthy lives, particularly when they reside in dorms. The current findings point to a worryingly high incidence of psychological discomfort, as well as unhealthy eating, sleeping, and lifestyle choices that need o0to be targeted and changed.

Youth And Youtube Advertisements: A Critical Analysis of Purchasing Behaviour of University Students in Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of celebrity endorsement, music and slogans in YouTube ads on the purchasing intention of the university students of Lahore. The huge competition has leaded the YouTube to spend massive budget on the YouTube ads; from having endorsement by the celebrities to catchy slogans music to melodious music.
 Methodology: A questionnaire was designed to get the data regarding this consideration topic; consisted on convenience sampling. The data was gathered from 120 students of four main universities in Lahore. The ages of the respondents were 18 to 30. The targeted students were registered in different undergraduate programs in the private sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan. The AIDA model was used to analyze the collected data.
 Findings: The findings suggest that in spite of the celebrity endorsed YouTube advertisements, use of catchy music and slogans, the respondents don’t purchase the products on behalf of these aspects. Furthermore, the YouTube ads are failed to play a favorable part to influence the consumers towards purchase intention after watching the YouTube ads.
 Implications: The study highlighted the influence of youtube ads on purchasing behavior, beneficial for policy makers and practitioners to extend further efforts towards Youtube ads to get desired output.

Knowledge and Experience of Teledentistry among urban population of Lahore - A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The specialty of dentistry was being reassembled in its response to Covid-19 pandemic. Teledentistry proved to be a promising way to reach the marginalized population, therefore providing effective substitute of physical dentist-patient interaction with minimal risk of cross infection. Aim: To assess the level of knowledge regarding teledentistry among urban population of Lahore. Moreover it was also focused to analyze the experience and satisfaction of patients regarding the use of virtual dental platforms. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2022 to June 2022 among 125 general dental patients visiting University Dental Hospital, University of Lahore who have used the virtual dental platforms. The sampling was done with non-probability convenience sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire with 21 close ended questions was used. Questionnaire was divided into two sections. The first section consisted of 5 questions regarding patient’s demographic data, how did they get to know about teledentistry and for who didthey used teledentistry platform. Results: A total of 125 patients participated in the study, out of which 38(30.4%) were male and 87(69.6%) were female. A large majority 120(96%) of patients were in the age category of 20-40 years. In reference to education, majority of the participants were graduates 107(85.6%). According to our study 14(11.2%) participants wereextremely familiar with the term teledentistry compared to 42(33.6%) who were slightly familiar and only 12(9.6%) were extremely unfamiliar. Regarding familiarity about different platforms of teledentistry (e.g., Marham, Oladoc etc. 30(24%) were moderately familiar 13(10.4%) were extremely familiar and 30(24%) were extremely unfamiliar. About satisfaction, majority 62(49.6%) of people were satisfied with the increasing trend of teledentistry. Conclusion: The majority of the survey participants expressed positive responses towards teledentistry in all domains. This study found high levels of patient satisfaction with virtual consultation.There is a further need to improve the knowledge and promote teledentistry. Keywords: Teledentistry, Telecommunication, Oral healthcare, knowledge, experience

Relationship of Oral Health Literacy with Decision-making in Dental Treatment Planning among Urban Population of Lahore

In clinical settings, dentists frequently come across patients with variable oral health literacy, and they are not always able to tell which patients might comprehend with health-related explanations and instructions. Objective: To calculate oral health literacy level of patients reporting for dental treatment and correlation of the aforementioned with patients’ decision-making capacity regarding dental treatment. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with a pilot study on 60 patients in University Dental Hospital, University of Lahore through non-probability purposive sampling technique. Sample of 200 patients was collected over a period of five months (June 2022-October 2022). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Study was divided into two phases; in Phase I, REALD-30 scale was used. Phase-II involved individuals scoring 11-30 points on REALD-30 scale and who had to complete a self-administered 5-point Likert scale questionnaire with eleven closed-ended items in order to determine their level of decision-making. Results: Study revealed that there was significant association between Oral Health Literacy Level with getting prior information concerning dental issue (p=0.032), ability to appraise the decided treatment plan (p=0.033) and opinion regarding follow up visits (p=0.026). Conclusions: The results of the current study revealed a tenuous link between education, employment position, oral health literacy, and decision-making regarding dental treatment strategy. Effective patient-dentist communication generates strong link between the two leading to compliance of patients with treatment plan suggested by experts

The Relationship between Social Media Usage and Mental Well-Being among Young Adults

Background: The use of social media has grown rapidly over the past decennium and a half, however, not much research is conducted on it to identify its correlation with mental well-being and its effects. Aim: To determine the correlation between social media usage and mental well-being in young adults. Study design: Cross Sectional study. Methodology: Data was collected using convenient sampling. This study includes a sample size of 215 young adults, 108 men, and 107 women, from two universities in Lahore, Pakistan, aged between 18 -25 years. Two instruments were used in this study to measure the variables, the Social Networking Usage questionnaire, and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 24. Pearson’s correlation and independent sample t-test were applied with p-value < 0.05 as significant. Results: Findings indicated a significant positive relationship between all dimensions of social media usage including academic, socialization, entertainment, and information. High mean scores indicated that research participants mostly use social media for academic purposes. There was not a statistically significant relationship that could be seen between social media usage and mental well-being. Gender differences were found only related to mental well-being where men scored high as compared to women with a significance of 0.01 level. Practical Implication: Present study results raised the idea of examining other mediating or moderating factors between the connection between social media platforms usage and mental well-being. Not only the time but the content and purpose of social media should also be considered while establishing the direction of the relationship. Conclusion: It was concluded that young adults’ use of social media has not an inverse connection with mental health, and they mostly use it for academic purposes. However, men and women are different on the mental well-being scale, and men with high well-being reported for the present sample. Key words: Social Media, Correlation, Mental Well-Being, Depression and Self-Esteem.

Traditional and Recent Approaches for the Development of Animal Vaccines. A Review

Objective: To show new trends in the field of vaccinology and spread awareness among population regarding vaccination of animals and successfully controlling spread of diseases Study Design: This is a review study for the development of animal vaccines and was conducted from September, 2021 to June, 2022 at IMBB Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. Review of Literature was collected on traditional and recent approaches for the development of veterinary vaccines and gathered for the awareness among the field of veterinary vaccinology. Methodology: Animals provide food and clothing in addition to other value-added products. Changes in diet and lifestyle have increased the consumption and the use of animal products. Infectious diseases in animals are a major threat to global animal health and its welfare; their effective control is crucial for agronomic health, for safeguarding food security and also alleviating rural poverty. Development of vaccines has led to increased production of healthy poultry, livestock, and fish. Animal production increases have alleviated food insecurity. Before year 2000, most veterinary vaccines were from inactivated organisms that were formulated with an oil-based adjuvant or live attenuated vaccines. Results: The discovery of antigen/gene delivery systems has facilitated the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic veterinary vaccines. Uses several bioinformatics algorithms to predict antigen localization and it has been successfully applied to immunize against many veterinary diseases. Vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. An area of veterinary vaccination that needs more research and discussion is vaccine interference. The phrase itself is ambiguous and might mean either a condition in which immunization against one disease may weaken the protective immunity established by immunization against another, or a circumstance in which the presence of maternally derived antibodies prevent immunization in newborn animals. Practical implication: This study will provide awareness among community about veterinary vaccines and will develop a disease-free state for pets.Vetrinary vaccines not only prevent diseases in animals but also stops their spread among humans. Conclusion: This review examines some of the main topics that have emerged in the veterinary vaccine field with the use of modern biotechnology techniques. In addition, development of effective vaccines has led to healthier companion animals. However, challenges remain including climate change that has led to enhancement in vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. Keywords: Vaccines, Toxin, Immunization, Antibodies, Antigen, Host.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Caused Pharyngitis in Local Population A Comparative Clinical Study

Objective: In gastroesophageal reflux disease gastric contents caused erosive action in esophagus as well as in upper respiratory chamber which is a very common and painful medical complication in our population. Therefore investigation of GERD related risk factors are very important for health awareness. Study Design: A comparative clinical study. Population Sampling: In this study 2000 male and female individuals were selected with gastroesophageal reflux diseases from urban, suburban areas and rural areas. Sample Size: 2000 individuals collectively participated in present study, including 900 from urban areas, 853 from suburban areas, and 1010 from rural areas. Place and Duration: Current study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry Lahore Medical & Dental College Lahore, Indus Medical College Tando Muhammad khan Sindh and Institute of molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan from February 2022 to July 2022. Methodology: In current study total 2000 individuals were selected and their interviewee conducted for the completion of questionnaire. The questionnaire was created based on lifestyle factors such as obesity, smoking, drinking, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) frequency and severity in previous years, and history of respiratory and laryngopharyngeal disorders in the previous year. Results: The prevalence of heartburn, Regurgitation, Epigastric pain, Dyspepsia, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, GRED Frequency, Smoking, Drinking alcohol and BMI among male and female individuals has significant (P > 0.05) with laryngopharyngeal, respiratory illnesses. The Correlation between percentage association of gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal illness showed in table-3. The findings of this study were indicated a directly proportional significant (P>0.05) correlation of Pharyngitis and Laryngitis with GRED Frequency of individuals. Practical implication: Through current study health awareness can be delivered in the local population. Conclusion: In conclusion, gastroesophageal reflux disease is a substantial public health issue that affects a large portion of the adult population. The pathophysiology and etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease are likely linked to a number of laryngopharyngeal, respiratory illnesses. Keywords: Esophagus, Gastroesophageal reflux diseases, Heartburn, Regurgitation and Retrosternal pain

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 VACCINATION AND CHANGES IN MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF YOUNG FEMALES IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Although public concern about COVID-19 vaccinations causing menstrual cycle disruptions is growing, there is presently insufficient research to assess the impact of immunization on menstrual health. The present study enrolled 455 young females and effect of COVID 19 immunization on normal menstruation and minor post-vaccine side effects were observed. This study was held through online google forms which were circulated in different universities of Lahore. The majority of participants (81%) were in the 18–23 age group, and (58%) of them were at their ideal weight. Sinopharm was the most prominent administrative vaccine (54%). In this region, the least frequent use of administrative vaccine was AstraZeneca (2%). Majority of females (74%) had mild post-vaccination symptoms. Irregular menstrual cycle was noted in 23% of females while 17% were unsure whether this irregularity was brought on by the Covid-19 vaccine or by some other medical condition. Unusual cramps were reported by 42% of females, while early onset with menstrual bleeding and delayed period with minimal flow were reported by 28% and 18% of females, respectively.

Perceived Threat of Terrorism, Stress Appraisal and Psychological Distress in College and University Students

The study aims to investigate the relationship of perceived threat of terrorism, stress appraisal and psychological distress in College and University students. Four hundred students of ages 19 to 22 years (M = 20.01, SD = 1.05) were recruited from different Colleges and Universities of Lahore. The research protocol consisted of Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (Sinclair & LoCicero, 2007), Stress Appraisal Measure (Peacock & Wong, 1990) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Horowitz et al., 1979). The data was analyzed by using Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that threat challenge, centrality, uncontrollable and stressfulness(subscales of stress appraisal) had significant positive relationship with helplessness, rumination, psychological distress, intrusion, avoidance and arousal (subscales of psychological distress), negative relationship of perceived threat of terrorism with appraisal of challenge, controllability by self and controllability by other. Moreover, the results showed that threat, centrality and rumination were significant positive predictors of psychological distress. Findings of the study will help in developing interventions for students who feel high level of psychological distress because of perceived threat of terrorism.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS OF DIETARY PATTERNS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS

This study aimed to investigate the role sociodemographic variables as predictors of dietary patterns. It was hypothesized that demographic variables (gender, body mass index (BMI), cumulative grade point average, parents' Education, family type and family size) would strongly predict food preference categories (vegetables, fruits, meat/fish, dairy, snacks, starches). A purposive sample of 400 undergraduate students (200 males, 200 females) with an age range of 19-25 years was selected from public universities in Lahore. All research participants were requested to fill out the demographic form along with a Food Preferences questionnaire developed by (Smith, 2016) for young adults to measure the food preferences of adults. Results indicated that BMI significantly predicts three categories of food preferences scale (meat, dairy, and starches) CGPA significantly predicted vegetables, whereas it negatively predicted starches categories. Family size positively predicted vegetables, snacks, and starches categories. The family system positively predicted snack categories. Conclusively these findings might help develop food-based dietary guidelines in young adults. Keywords: Dietary patterns, Sociodemographic Variables, Gender, Young Adults

Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Defining Components of Research Process among Dental Graduates

Modern breakthroughs significantly improve life span and quality. Conducting research should be viewed as crucial to medical education. Critical thinking and reasoning abilities must be developed if dental practitioners are to embrace a positive viewpoint of scientific study. Therefore, efforts are being made for graduate dentists to bridge gap between understanding research process and its components. Objectives: To determine how well dental graduates understood key elements of research process. Decisions and curriculum changes for bettering knowledge and conducting research could be made using study's findings. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed and conducted among house officers of University Dental Hospital, University of Lahore. Self-administered questionnaire was designed and circulated among various dental schools in area. For data analysis, SPSS Version 25.0 was used. Results: Total of 161 participants took part in current study out of which majority (n=107, 66.4%) were females and minority (n=54, 44.6%) were males with the age group lying between 23-25 years. Bulk of study participants (n= 53, 32.9%) rarely had any experience in research. Participants indicated that they were knowledgeable about research and its components, scoring 48% fair, 16% good, and 6% excellent, although 30% of them showed inadequate understanding. Conclusions: The majority of dental graduates believed they had poor to fair knowledge of how to plan, carry out, and write a research project

The Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium Induced Ovarian Cancer in Albino Rats with Emblica Officinalis. A Comparative Study

Background: Ovarian cancer may be treated with medicinal herbs like extract from Emblica officinalis Phytochemicals of this herb have antioxidant efficacy against oxidants and reduce cellular as well as genotoxicity. Aims and objectives: In current study hexavalent chromium induced ovarian cancer in albino rats were treated with emblica officinalis extract through a piolet project and measured its efficacy with the passage of time. Research Design: A comparative study of medicinal herbs, Emblica officinalis against ovarian cancer. Population Sampling: In this study female albino rates of about 100 gram body weight were selected comparatively. Sample Size: 15 female albino rates about equal weight were selected and divided them into different groups. Place and Duration: Present study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 at animal house of IMBB the University of Lahore and Biochemistry Department of Lahore Medical & Dental College Lahore Pakistan. Methodology: Total 15 female albino rates were selected in this study and divided them into different groups. In Group-A which is control all individuals were normal and not treated with anything. In Group-B and Group-C there were 5 rates in each group and they were treated with different strength of Emblica officinalis extract in distil water. Results: It has seen that the blood serum levels of CA-125, Alpha-fetoprotein and Lactate dehydrogenase in both group-B and group-C presented in table-2, table-3, table-4 and table-5 showed a remarkable significant changes (P≤0.05) after intervals of time. The significant changes in blood serum levels of CA-125, Alpha-fetoprotein and Lactate dehydrogenase (37±0.01, 42±0.01, 341±0.01) were noted in group-C individuals how were treated with 10mg/body weight ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis for two month as compared to the control group-A. Practical implication Conclusion: The significant changes in blood serum levels of CA-125, Alpha-fetoprotein and Lactate dehydrogenase (37±0.01, 42±0.01, 341±0.01) were noted in group-C individuals how were treated with 10mg/body weight ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis for two month as compared to the control group-A. Keywords: Alpha-fetoprotein, Lactate dehydrogenase, Emblica officinalis, Hexavalent Chromium

IMPACT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON JOB SATISFACTION: A SEQUENTIAL MEDIATION

Current study investigates importance of POS and its related benefits on JS with sequential medication. Data is collected from three government universities of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Total respondents were 429 from three public sector universities. Results of study demonstrated constructive and significant impact on JS (job satisfaction). Sequential mediation of IM and EM has also been tested. Results showed positive and significant impact of IM & EM in the relationship. Time horizon which was used is cross sectional, with sampling technique of stratified random sampling. To collect data, questionnaire survey (self-administrated) was used among the employees of three public sector universities. To analyses data, SPSS & Process by Hayes was used. In analysis descriptive tests like reliability, frequencies, mean, SD, correlation, and statistical technique for hypothesis testing, mediation analysis used. This study contributed to existing literature of POS and adds value to existing practices by examining theoretical model of sequential mediation that not used in any sector in Pakistan. This also explored that POS is an important indicator for job satisfaction through sequential mediation of IM and EM.

Improving Communicative Competence through CLT Approach in Second Language Learning at the Undergraduate Level

This study aimed to find the teachers' and students' beliefs about communicative language competence skills and their uses in undergraduate programs to improve educational careers. This study used a random sampling approach where 300 students from 6 departments (50 X 6) and 24 teachers from Superior University and the University of Lahore participated. The survey method was used to collect data for this study, and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were used to analyse the data. Universities help students develop their communication skills to meet workplace requirements, equally important for graduates' academic success. According to the study's results, teachers and students comprehend the idea of communicative competence and feel it is essential for academic and professional success. Student's potential to improve their communication skills is most inhibited by teachers' lack of language and disinterest in speaking English in the classroom. CLT's poor performance results from an outmoded curriculum, antiquated teaching methods, and a lack of teacher training. For the improvement of communication skills, innovative methods are necessary. CLT is important in Pakistan because it enables students to communicate effectively in social and cultural settings. In addition, CLT can help students develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of their own culture and society. Furthermore, CLT aligns with the more pragmatic and communicative global approach to language teaching. It makes language learning for students more interactive, engaging, and meaningful. This can result in greater learning motivation and engagement. In addition, it can prepare students for success in academic and professional settings, where effective interpersonal ability is essential.

Neuroticism and Psychosocial Stressors of Trauma in University Students: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Appraisal of Trauma

The current study aimed to find out the mediating role of anxious self-esteem and self-appraisal of trauma in the relationship of neuroticism and psycho-social stressors of trauma in a sample of 213 (men =31%, women = 68%) between the ages of 18 to 26 (M = 20.78, SD = 2.46). Participants were selected by using a purposive sampling strategy studying in private and government universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability Scale (John et al., 1991), Anxious/ Withdrawn Self-esteem Scale for University Population (Zafar et al., 2012), Psychosocial Stressors of Trauma scale (PSST) (Rani et al., 2021), and Self-Appraisal Scale (Rani et al., 2021) were used to assess the neuroticism vs. emotional stability, anxious self-esteem, self-appraisal of trauma and psycho-social stressors of trauma in university students. Findings of correlation analysis depicted the interrelatedness of neuroticism, anxious self-esteem, self-appraisal of trauma, and psycho-social stressors. Mediation analysis suggested the serial mediating role of anxious self-esteem and self-appraisal of trauma in the association of neuroticism vs. emotional stability and PSST in university students. These findings might be used to overcome the adverse outcomes of trauma in University students.

A NEXUS BETWEEN RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE With special reference to “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam”

Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) (Iqbal, D. J. 1979) is a well-known Muslim theologian, philosopher, mystic, political theorist, politician, and wisdom poet of the 20th century. He is also known as the architect of Pakistan. He contributed in both the mediums of prose and poetry. His poetry is in both the languages Urdu and Persian. Similarly, he wrote and delivered lectures in both Urdu and English. His major philosophical work is in English. The magnum opus of his philosophical work is ‘The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’. This book consists of seven lectures. In the beginning, in 1924, he wrote an article on the concept of Ijtihad. He delivered it as a lecture on 13th December 1924 in Habibia Hall, Islamia College Lahore. Sheikh Abdul Qadir presided over the address. This lecture was warmly welcomed by Muslim intellectuals all over the subcontinent. The representative of the Madras Muslim Association Saith Jamal Ahmad invited Iqbal to deliver a series of lectures under the above-said title. He wrote and delivered six lectures in Madras in January 1929 and later at Hyderabad and Aligarh University. The 1st edition of this book was published in 1930 with six lectures. In 1932/1933 he visited England to participate in the second round table conference. During his stay in England at the request of Aristotelian Society London, he delivered a lecture under the title ‘Is Religion Possible?’ Later on, he included the above-mentioned lecture in the second edition of this book. The 2nd edition was published in 1934 by Oxford University Press. The problem of the relationship between religion, philosophy, and science was a subject of special interest to him. Although he discussed this issue in his wisdom poetry also but he systematically addressed it in this book which is his major philosophical contribution. This article is an effort to critically appreciate Allama Iqbal’s views on religion, philosophy, and science from the perspective of his philosophical discourse. Key Words: Religion, Philosophy, Science, Civilization, Reconstruction, Revelation, Reason