Universidad Nacional De Colombia Research Articles

Public health education in Colombia: influence on public policies.

Colombia has a tradition on Public Health education since the mid years of 1950's. The first cohorts of Public Health academics and workers were trained at the National School of Public Health, which was established, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogota, but later moved to the Universidad de Antioquia in Medellin. In the current context, Colombian Public Health academics have rallied against the neoliberal Health Reform implanted in 1993 that has failed to address the country's health priorities. Most of the interactions between Public Health academic leaders with government and other decision makers, revolve around the discussion on whether a new way to conceptualize and operate the national health system should be visualized and implemented. So far, the academic sector have been unable to overthrow the main aspects of the Reform -private insurance companies operating, and profiting, on public money- but they have demonstrated how inequalities in health access have widening under the Health Reform and how it have been unable to improve the health situation of the population.

Experience of Caring as Source of Abductive Reasoning in Nursing: a Pragmatic Vision.

The aim of this reflection article consists in proposing a methodology that makes visible the epistemic practice through abductive reasoning for the generation of knowledge from an experience of caring. For such, the work describes the connections between the science of nursing and inter-modernism, develops the idea of the nursing practice as source of knowledge, and defines the components of abductive reasoning for the practice. Finally, the work presents an academic exercise developed within the framework of the assignment Evaluation of the theory for research and practice in the PhD program in nursing at Universidad Nacional de Colombia on how a theory was developed from a situation of care and its scientific usefulness upon generating in patients a sense of fullness in their health and in nursing professionals, satisfaction with their work.

Experience of Caring as Source of Abductive Reasoning in Nursing: a Pragmatic Vision

The aim of this reflection article consists in proposing a methodology that makes visible the epistemic practice through abductive reasoning for the generation of knowledge from an experience of caring. For such, the work describes the connections between the science of nursing and inter-modernism, develops the idea of the nursing practice as source of knowledge, and defines the components of abductive reasoning for the practice. Finally, the work presents an academic exercise developed within the framework of the assignment Evaluation of the theory for research and practice in the PhD program in nursing at Universidad Nacional de Colombia on how a theory was developed from a situation of care and its scientific usefulness upon generating in patients a sense of fullness in their health and in nursing professionals, satisfaction with their work.

Morphological responses of Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) plants growing in three environments at different altitudes

The Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a promising fruit crop that has gained importance in the market because of its nutritional and medicinal properties; however, there are few studies on the optimal conditions for growth and production. In this study, the vegetative growth of Andean blueberry plants was evaluated for 200 days in three sites at different altitudes in the Department of Cundinamarca (Colombia): municipality of San Francisco (1,885 m a.s.l.), Bogota (Universidad Nacional de Colombia - UNAL, 2,556 m a.s.l.), and Cruz Verde páramo (3,298 m a.s.l.). For the evaluation, 2-year-old plants were used that were propagated in vitro. The experiment had a repeated measures design, with 3 treatments (locations) and 5 data collection times, with destructive measurements at the beginning and at the end of the trial. Data for leaf area per plant, plant height, stem width, number of primary branches, branch length, and chlorophyll contents in leaves were taken. The tallest plants, with the largest leaf area and most dry matter, were found at the UNAL (2,556 m a.s.l.). Morphological and physiological variations were observed in response to each of the environments, with correlations between the growth variables and the environmental variables. The highest percentage distribution of dry matter in leaves was in the plants from the Cruz Verde páramo (3,298 m a.s.l.), while the percentage distribution of dry weight in the stem was higher in the plants from San Francisco (1,885 m a.s.l.). The percentage distribution of root dry weight was greater in the plants from San Francisco than those from other locations. The results indicated that the Andean blueberry plants had the most suitable conditions for vegetative growth at altitudes close to 2,556 m a.s.l.

Book Borrowing in the Biblioteca Nacional de los Estados Unidos de Colombia: Using a Circulation Ledger as a Window into Readers’ Interests and Practices, 1870–1874

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the oldest book circulation ledger preserved by the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, the post-independence name of the Real Biblioteca Pública de Santa Fe, the first Latin American public library. The information available in this source—compiled between 1870 and 1874—enriches traditional historiography, which commonly depicts this institution as secluded and visited mainly by newspaper readers and specialists in history. The dataset formed from the ledger’s contents offers nuances to these conclusions and helps scholars understand book circulation during Colombia’s “Golden Age of Radical Liberalism.” Quantitative methods allow us to perceive a dynamic institution attended by readers from diverse socio-professional backgrounds, mostly students at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The article delves into the most popular titles and authors and proposes a more refined study of local reading trends and practices. The study is also a call for historians and librarians in Latin America to include book-charging ledgers as primary sources when studying readers and their habits.

Assessing the carbon footprint of a Colombian University Campus using the UNE-ISO 14064–1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Standard

Higher education institutions (HEIs) transfer skills and knowledge between industries, the government, and the public, playing a vital role at educating future leaders in creating a globally sustainable system. Therein, evaluating greenhouse gas emissions from an educational institute is the first step towards the proposed reduction targets at the local, national, and international levels. In this research, we report the first approximate carbon footprint calculation of emissions corresponding to scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions for the main urban campuses of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, using the UNE-ISO 14064–1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate standard. The carbon footprint in 2019 was approximately 7250.52 tons CO2 eq, and 0.432 tons CO2 eq per person. Scope 1 emissions accounted for about 2.84% of the carbon footprint, while scope 2 and 3 emissions each contributed nearly 14% and 83%, respectively. The largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions were the transportation process (58.51%), the wastewater process (17.01%), followed by electricity consumption (14.03%), and the e-mails that are sent (6.51%). It is suggested some proposals and strategies for mitigating and reducing emissions. Colombian HEIs exhibit the lowest ton of CO2 eq. per person compared to the other HEIs. Several reasons explain this behavior across the document such as geographic location (climate and topography), cultural factors (consumption patterns and types of transportation), population size, typology (public or private), gross domestic product (GDP) of each country, and methodology implemented. Results cannot be extrapolated to the Colombian case for the differences in the local conditions; therefore, it is not possible to get solid conclusions on the CF behavior in the Colombian HEIs. In this research, we provide for the first time a carbon footprint calculation where the sociological, political, and geographic conditions not extrapolated representing a valuable contribution to the HEI’s of the country. This research can be a benchmark in the carbon footprint calculation and a methodological contribution to HEIs in the country.

Remote Learning of Biochemistry During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case of Undergraduate Students in Bogota, Colombia

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the implementation of global emergency measures based on social distancing. In Colombia, remote classes in universities have avoided the spread of the disease; however, the implementation of remote classes demands virtual pedagogical strategies that are not traditionally used for teaching basic sciences in the Colombian public education system. Currently, there are no data about possible effects of remote learning in basic sciences in Colombia. In order to assess the perception of students about remote learning of biochemistry during the COVID 19 pandemic at Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogota), a virtual survey was applied to undergraduate students at the end of one-semester course. The perception showed by the students is an overall acceptance of the remote learning, highlighting that classes facilitated the understanding of the topics, increased assessment performance, and promoted self-learning. In addition, most students stated that they would like remotely continue classes of biochemistry. This pilot study shows that remote learning is a very useful resource to strengthen Colombian public education in the post-pandemic future, which generally have problems related to student desertion and failure due to economic problems.

Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the student’s academic performance. Case at the School of Engineering - Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Campus

This paper analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the student’s academic performance in the School of Engineering at Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Bogota Campus. The impact is assessed from a quantitative approach based on (i) student’s grades, (ii) student’s progress in their curriculum and (iii) dropped courses. In addition, results from a faculty survey (qualitative approach) are presented to expand some explanatory perspectives on the main academic changes during the pandemic. Results show a significant increase in the average numerical grade as well as in the probability of a course being dropped during the pandemic conditions. Furthermore, the student’s average curriculum progress per semester grew approximately 18%. A differentiated academic impact, depending on sex and family income was observed which may be included in future post-pandemic programs. The survey reflects a new faculty’s perspective on evaluation tools and methodologies.

Effects of an intervention on adolescents with overweight / obesity

Promoting healthy lifestyles is one way to be and keep healthy. When the individual itself recognizes strengths in its self-management, this can be identified as an approach to change or improve eating behaviors and physical activity in adolescents. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of a multi-component intervention, “Promoting health in Adolescents”, in the BMI and the cognitions related to specific conducts: perception of barriers, benefits and self-efficacy, related to nutrition and physical activity in enrolled adolescents with overweight / obesity in Colombia. This is a quasi-experimental study with an intervention (n= 48) and a control group (n=50), pre-trial, post-trial and follow-up (at 2 and 4 months) measurements. The intervention “Promoting health in Adolescents” was offered to the intervention group. The control group received the annual education activity. The study has the endorsement of the ethics committee of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the school rectors, and consent and informed assent forms were signed. When comparing the groups after the intervention, there is a difference in the variables Body Mass Index (p=0,000), physical activity (p=0,042) and nutrition (p=0,010). After the intervention, the BMI decreased in the intervention group: 43,8% passed from overweight to normal and obesity decreased from 10,4% to 8,3%. The size of the effect was moderate with a value of 0,571 and were not sustained over time. These results support the approach of the healthy habit modification program in schools.

Contributors

Previous article FreeContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreIngrid Anzelín ([email protected]) is professor at the Faculty of Education at the Universidad de la Sabana, Colombia. She is interested in the analysis of public policy.Francesca Borgonovi ([email protected]) is British Academy Global Professor at the UCL Social Research Institute and Head of Skills analysis at the OECD’s Centre for Skills. Her research interests include the analysis of gender and socioeconomic differences in academic achievement, attitudes, and self-beliefs using international large-scale assessments.Jorge Celis ([email protected]) is a member of the research group in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), School of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota. His research interests include doctoral education, the job market for PhD graduates, and intellectual property management.Samira Chatila ([email protected], [email protected]) is a double doctoral student in comparative and international development education (University of Minnesota, Twin Cities) and sociology (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam). She is also an interdisciplinary fellow at the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Her research interests are interdisciplinary, focusing on the global south, and are guided by and committed to promoting social justice.Tao Chen ([email protected]) is a PhD candidate in sociology at Fudan University. His research concerns fertility decline, social gerontology, and causal inference. He has published in journals such as Chinese Sociological Review, Jiangsu Social Science, and Population & Economics.Kathleen Fincham ([email protected]) is director of the Centre for Research into the Education of Marginalised Children and Young Adults at St. Mary’s University (London). Kathleen’s work is situated at the nexus of development and humanitarian scholarship, policy, and practice. Specific areas of research interest include identities, inequalities, social exclusion, social cohesion, social mobility, and citizenship.Brian C. H. Fong ([email protected]) is research associate, SOAS China Institute, SOAS University of London. Specializing in great power politics, democratization, and identity politics, he is also the founding editor of Hong Kong Studies Reader Series, associate editor of Social Transformation in Chinese Societies, and lead editor of several comparative politics books, including China’s Influence and the Centre-Periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific and the Routledge Handbook of Comparative Territorial Autonomies.Jared Furuta ([email protected]) received his PhD in sociology from Stanford University, where he conducted research on global changes in national education systems over the postwar period. He has also studied the rise of test-optional college admissions policies in the United States. His prior research has appeared in Sociology of Education and Social Forces.Meseret F. Hailu ([email protected]) is an assistant professor of higher and postsecondary education at Arizona State University. She studies the retention of minoritized women in STEM higher education. Hailu’s work has been funded by the Fulbright Program, the United States Agency for International Development, and the National Science Foundation.Anning Hu ([email protected]) is professor of sociology at Fudan University. He is interested in culture and religion, social inequality and stratification, and social research methods. His work has appeared in British Journal of Sociology, Sociology, Journal of Marriage and Family, and China Quarterly, to name a few.Jihyun Lee ([email protected]) is a professor of educational assessment at the School of Education, UNSW. She conducts research on the role and processes of psychological, social, and family factors associated with student achievement. Her research is often based on large-scale international data such as PISA and TIMSS.Dongyu Li ([email protected]) is a PhD candidate in sociology at Fudan University. His research interests include the sociology of culture, sociology of education, and computational sociology. His work has appeared in Population Research and Policy Review, Sociological Review of China (in Chinese), and Fudan Education Forum (in Chinese).Pedro Pineda ([email protected]), Dr. Phil., Humboldt University of Berlin, is associate professor (senior lecturer) at the Department of Education, University of Bath. He specializes in the fields of comparative education, higher education, the sociology of education, and organizational studies.Aga Rehamo ([email protected]) is associate professor at Sichuan Normal University. She has published book on the modernization of ethnic minority education. She has for many years conducted research on education quality improvement in rural areas and is currently engaged in research on rural revitalization and rural education revitalization in China.Xiaogang Wu ([email protected]) is Yufeng Global Professor of Social Science and director of the Center for Applied Social and Economic Research (CASER) at NYU Shanghai and professor of sociology at New York University. He is interested in education, inequality and social stratification, political sociology, and urban sociology. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 66, Number 2May 2022 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/719186 Views: 410Total views on this site © 2022 Comparative and International Education Society. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Analysis of Asset Management Models for a Transformer Fleet in the National Laboratory of Smart Grids (LAB+i)

The study of the degradation of power transformers in the electrical network has become a subject of relevant analysis by network operators and companies, associated with the probability of failures and operation quality. For this reason this paper firstly presents the classification of a set of 12 Asset Management models related to power transformers monitoring and, then, the application of three of them in three substations of the National Laboratory of Smart Grids (LAB+i) located at Bogot´a Campus of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. As a result, the main challenges were identified concerning the Asset Management application in transformer fleets related to data availability and precision. Finally, it was identified that the development of an Asset Management model that uses non-invasive real-time measurements is needed for continuous monitoring of power systems and diagnosis.

Selection criteria for tomato lines with defined growth habit

Introduction: The selection of genotypes with determinate growth habit in tomato should contemplate adequate selection criteria to increase the efficiency of the breeding program. Objective: The objective of this work was to estimate selection criteria for “chonto” type tomato lines with determined growth habit. Materials and methods: This work was carried out at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Palmira Campus), in 2016, with seven lines with determinate growth habit and a control with indeterminate growth. Heritability in a broad sense (h2 g), coefficient of environmental variation, coefficient of genetic variation, selection efficiency and genetic gain were determined in parameters of morphological, phonological, fruit quality, fruit shape and production, using the RELM/BLUP procedure of the SELEGEN software. Results: There were three ranges of h2 g, the first with values of h2 g greater than 0.76, the second between 0.53 and 0.38, and the third with a value less than 0.38. The highest values of h2 g were for final plant height with 0.92, plant height at harvest with 0.88, yield per plant with 0.83, days to flowering with 0.83, number of fruits per plant with 0.82, and days to harvest with 0.82. For genetic gain it was found that the control had the highest values for final plant height, plant height at harvest, internode length, days to harvest, harvest duration, soluble solids content, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and yield per plant; however, in some parameters such as height and phenology for selection by determined growth habit, the lowest values were better. Conclusion: There was evidence of genetic parameters that could be considered as selection criteria for “chonto” type tomato lines with determinate growth habit.

Standardised packs and larger health warnings: visual attention and perceptions among Colombian smokers and non-smokers.

AimsTo measure how cigarette packaging (standardised packaging and branded packaging) and health warning size affect visual attention and pack preferences among Colombian smokers and non‐smokers.DesignTo explore visual attention, we used an eye‐tracking experiment where non‐smokers, weekly smokers and daily smokers were shown cigarette packs varying in warning size (30%‐pictorial on top of the text, 30%‐pictorial and text side‐by‐side, 50%, 70%) and packaging (standardised packaging, branded packaging). We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to examine the impact of warning size, packaging and brand name on preferences to try, taste perceptions and perceptions of harm.SettingEye‐tracking laboratory, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.ParticipantsParticipants (n = 175) were 18 to 40 years old.MeasurementsFor the eye‐tracking experiment, our primary outcome measure was the number of fixations toward the health warning compared with the branding. For the DCE, outcome measures were preferences to try, taste perceptions and harm perceptions.FindingsWe observed greater visual attention to warning labels on standardised versus branded packages (F[3,167] = 22.87, P < 0.001) and when warnings were larger (F[9,161] = 147.17, P < 0.001); as warning size increased, the difference in visual attention to warnings between standardised and branded packaging decreased (F[9,161] = 4.44, P < 0.001). Non‐smokers visually attended toward the warnings more than smokers, but as warning size increased these differences decreased (F[6,334] = 2.92, P = 0.009). For the DCE, conditional trials showed that increasing the warning size from 30% to 70% reduced preferences to try (odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% CI = [0.42,0.54], P < 0.001), taste perceptions (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.54,0.68], P < 0.001); and increased harm perceptions (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = [0.76,0.80], P < 0.001). Compared with branded packaging, standardised packaging reduced our DCE outcome measures with ORs ranging from OR = 0.25 (95% CI = [0.17,0.38], P < 0.001) to OR = 0.79 (95% CI = [0.67,0.93], P < 0.001) across two brands. These effects were more pronounced among non‐smokers, males and younger participants. Unconditional trials showed similar results.ConclusionsStandardised cigarette packaging and larger health warnings appear to decrease positive pack perceptions and have the potential to reduce the demand for cigarette products in Colombia.

SSOP Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Tibia and Fibula for Applications in Biomechanical Fracture Models

Context: Non-fatal injuries represent a public health issue. Among them, lower limb fractures have a large impact on the costs related to orthopedic treatments. In this work, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the tibia and fibula was performed for biomechanical applications with the purpose of defining the 3D reconstruction parameters that allow reducing patients’ radiation exposure and computational costs. Method: For the 3D reconstruction, a computerized tomography taken from a volunteer was used, as well as two software applications specialized in DICOM image reconstruction (Mimics Research and 3DSlicer). The number of images included in the volume was modified, and the results were compared. The quality of the reconstructed volumes was verified by comparing the reference volume reconstructed with the total number of images/slices vs. the modified volumes. The MeshLab software was used for this purpose. The analyzed parameters were the distance differences between the reference and the alternative models, as well as the qualitative curvature analysis. Results: The ANOVA results for the Max (maximum distance between meshes) response shows that software and slices are significant factors. However, the software-slices interaction did not have a significant influence. As for the RMS (root mean square) distance response, software, slices, and the software-slices interaction are not significant. For the Mean distance response, slices and the software-slices interaction are not significant. Nevertheless, software significantly influences the response. These results suggest a potential way to reduce the computational cost and the patient’s radiation exposure in future biomechanical and preoperatory analyses, since the same quality can be obtained by including fewer 2D images in the reconstruction. Conclusions: The reconstructed surfaces are smoother when Mimics is used, even though the same smoothness factor was employed in both software applications during the reconstruction. When 16 slices are used (retained every 16 images from the complete original model), the distance differences increased for both bones (tibia and fibula). For the RMS, reducing the number of slices and using either one of the two applications analyzed would not show any significant differences in the reconstruction, thus allowing the potential reduction of radiation exposure of the patient. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Universidad Nacional de Colombia for funding the project “Estado de esfuerzos en un elemento de osteosíntesis en la consolidación de una fractura de miembro inferior”.

Yield of cocoa under different agroforestry systems in a dry tropical forest in western Colombia

The expansion and modernization of the cocoa area under new strategies, such as the use of adapted genetic material and the establishment of Agroforestry Systems with cocoa, under criteria of competitiveness and sustainability, require selecting sites with adequate biophysical conditions, which facilitate the optimization of resources for production. In this sense, we conducted a study in the Estación Agraria Cotové, of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in a tropical dry forest life zone (TDF), at 540 meters of elevation, with an average temperature of 27 ºC, average annual precipitation annual of 1,031 mm and relative humidity less than 70 %. The yield components and productive potential of four cocoa clones, ICS 95, TSH565, CCN 51, and ICS 60, were evaluated. The cocoa clones were planted under two controlled sunlight habitats, generated by the timber species Gmelina arborea Roxb. (single-row and double-row arrangement), and two different canopy management of the cocoa plants (plagiotropic and orthotropic growth stimulus). The clones TSH 565 and CCN 51 showed the highest yields in the two harvest years. ICS 95 showed the lowest bean index. Regarding the pod index, no differences were observed between the cocoa clones. Clones TSH 565 and CCN 51 stood out as the earliest and most productive clones.

Health and working conditions of waste pickers: scoping review

This scoping review article seeks to describe the health and work conditions of waste pickers worldwide from the working conditions model of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, through a review of scientific articles published between the years 1999 to 2019. The bibliographic search was carried out manually in PubMed, Taylor and Francis, ScienceDirect, and SAGE. For the article screening process, the Mendeley bibliographic manager was used. The methodological quality was based on a rigorous and serious process respecting the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. 857 records were obtained, of which 88 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies analyzed had a qualitative approach, based on the application of questionnaires, interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions. The intra-work conditions of the waste picker population are mainly related to situations that affect their work environment, while the non-work conditions that most influence the work performance of waste pickers are associated with their economic and family situation, place of residence, and relationship with the environment. The individual conditions that most affect the health and work of waste pickers are associated with sex, age, and education. From the approach to the working conditions model, this literature review identified and explained the different risk agents and effects on the health of waste pickers around the world as a consequence of their exposure to unsafe and dangerous work environments.

A Comprehensive Review of Sustainability in Isolated Colombian Microgrids

Context: The increase in rural electrification projects has led to the emergence of technologies that allow operating local distribution networks such as isolated microgrids. However, the successful implementation of these isolated microgrids requires that their planning, operation, monitoring, and control consider a framework that allows maintaining technical, economic, and environmental sustainability over an extended time horizon. Therefore, this paper proposes a model that allows identifying the main technical, economic, regulatory, and environmental variables that should be considered for the successful planning of Colombian rural electrification solutions. Methodology: This paper proposes the use of System Dynamics to create a model that allows describing the causal relationships between the different variables essential for the design and operation of isolated microgrids. To this effect, the identification of the related variables and their corresponding classification are presented, together with a model of theoretical expectations about their relationships. Results: A model that integrates and describes the behavior of the main variables involved in the operation of microgrids was formulated to analyze the possible implementation of policies that guarantee the sustainability of these solutions and enhance the use of renewable energy resources while improving the continuity of the electric energy supply. Conclusions: It was possible to show that operation by means of isolated microgrids with the integration of Distributed Energy Resources is a sustainable solution for rural electrification in Colombia, given that it enhances the use of generation resources with a reduced carbon footprint that are present in the territories under study. These microgrids have the potential to improve the living conditions of users by reducing unsatisfied basic needs. Funding: Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales.

Historical memory of the geology of Antioquia: Emil Grosse and The Carboniferous Tertiary of Antioquia

The Carboniferous Tertiary of Antioquia (TCA), published by Dr. Jakob Emil Grosse in 1926, is one of the most influential scien­tific results of the Ordinance 16 of 1918 of the Honorable Departmental Assembly of Antioquia. The work began with the main objective of quantifying the coal reserves of Antioquia, and showing their surface extension on a scale of 1:50 000, in a region that includes the Arma river to the Puente de Occidente and from the western side of the Cauca River to the Romeral lineament and the plains of Ovejas. As a result, extensive work comprising petrological, structural, and economic geology studies was published in a manuscript published in Spanish and German, plus four attached maps, including coal, gold, silver, kaolin, and carbonate mines, among others. In the present work, the four TCA maps were digitized at a scale of 1:50 000 with Bessel 1841 datum and created a unified file in .kml format, which can be used directly in field trips, via Google Earth on cell phones, tablets, or computers. The metadata associates the information in the TCA with the Servicio Geológico Colombiano for the year 2015. In addition, 480 thin sections were scanned, which were donated by Dr. Grosse to the Escuela Nacional de Minas and today are in the Museum of Geosciences of the Faculty of Mines of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The geospatial information contained in each thin section was interpreted and georeferenced, obtaining, as a result, a list with north and west geographic coordinates, in degrees, minutes, and seconds. This unpublished information is available in the supplementary material of this article. Finally, nine field trips were made to the places referenced in 23 photographs of the TCA between 1920 and 1923 to take their current equivalent and thus carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the TCA.

Remendar lo nuevo

opinion Remendar lo nuevo: (mending the new) Author: Tania Pérez-Bustos Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad Nacional de ColombiaView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 28Issue 5September - October 2021 pp 6–9https://doi.org/10.1145/3477105Published:31 August 2021Publication History 0citation405DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads405Last 12 Months114Last 6 weeks12 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access

Understanding How Socioeconomic Inequalities Drive Inequalities in COVID-19 Infections

Background: Across the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected economically disadvantaged groups. This differential impact has numerous possible explanations, each with significantly different policy implications. We examine, for the first time in a low- or middle-income country, which mechanisms best explain the disproportionate impact of the virus on the poor.Methods: We use primary data from the CoVIDA project, including the results of 59,770 RT-PCR tests in Bogota´, targeted on a mostly asymptomatic adult population June 2020 to March 3rd, 2021. This is combined with administrative data that covers all reported cases in Bogota´. We estimate a number of parameters that are likely to drive inequality in COVID-19 infection rates across socioeconomic groups, then use these estimates in an individual-level branching process model of the epidemic. We use counterfactual scenarios to estimate the relative importance of different channels for explaining inequality in infection rates.Findings: Total infections and inequalities in infections are largely driven by inequalities in the ability to work remotely and in within-home secondary attack rates. Inequalities in isolation behavior are less important but non-negligible, while access to testing and contract-tracing plays practically no role. Interventions that mitigate transmission are found to be more effective when targeted on socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.Interpretation: Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 infections, and this appears to be driven by the need to work out of home, and higher transmission within home. Policies that can successfully reduce these channels of transmission among the poor are likely to have large benefits.Funding: The authors acknowledge generous support from the Interamerican Development Bank, the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF), the University of Los Andes and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Duncan Webb gratefully acknowledges support from the ED 465 at University Paris 1, and the EUR project ANR-17-EURE-0001.Declaration of Interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare.Ethical Approval: Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Universidad de los Andes (Act number 1278 of 2020). The ethics committee approved that the participants would receive the information via telephone and give their verbal consent, in order to comply with physical distancing and limit the restriction for a study is part of a public health surveillance strategy implemented jointly with the Health Secretary of Bogota.