Universal Science Research Articles

WEAVING THE HARMONY OF CULTURES INTO THE INFINITE TAPESTRY OF MATHEMATICS

This study explores Ethnomathematics as an innovative and transformative approach to teaching mathematics, highlighting its potential to promote inclusive and culturally relevant education. Ethnomathematics challenges the traditional view of mathematics as a neutral and universal science, proposing it as a cultural construct that reflects the practices, values, and needs of different social groups throughout history. By integrating students’ cultural realities into the school curriculum, this approach not only enriches mathematics education, making it more accessible and meaningful, but also serves as a catalyst for social inclusion and educational equity. Ethnomathematics promotes a dialogue between formal academic knowledge and diverse cultural practices, suggesting that mathematics education should be deeply contextualized and connected to students’ everyday experiences. This transforms mathematics education into something more relevant and engaging, while valuing and acknowledging the cultural traditions that shape students’ identities. This integration is seen as a form of social justice, as it challenges the hegemony of Western mathematical knowledge and values ​​the contributions of other cultures. To understand how Ethnomathematics can be effectively incorporated into the school curriculum, the study uses a rigorous bibliographical analysis, based on works by renowned authors such as Ubiratan D'Ambrósio, Milton Rosa, and Daniel Clark Orey. This detailed analysis allowed us to identify the main theoretical and practical contributions of Ethnomathematics, as well as highlight pedagogical strategies that value students' cultural traditions and adapt teaching materials for a more inclusive mathematics education. The study points to Ethnomathematics as a promising path for an education that respects and values ​​cultural diversity, promoting the development of critical and socially engaged citizens. This approach contributes to the construction of a more just and egalitarian society, where all forms of mathematical knowledge are recognized and celebrated.

Mathematical Concepts and Cultural Values in Sonaf Tamkesi: Ethnomathematics Study in a Traditional Village on Timor Island

Mathematics is a universal science, and it is crucial for everyone to master it, both in terms of its applications and its cognitive patterns. The purpose of this research is to explore the concepts of mathematics and cultural values found in the artifacts of Sonaf Tamkesi Manufui. The study was conducted in the traditional village of Tamkesi, south Biboki District, North Central Timor Regency, in July 2023. The subjects of this study were three community leaders. The type of data collected for this research was primary data obtained through documentation and interviews between the researcher and the respondents. Data analysis was conducted through stages of domain analysis, taxonomy, componential analysis, and cultural themes. The research findings indicate that there are concepts of plane geometry in the artifacts such as trapeziums, rectangles, squares, rhombuses, triangles, circles, cylinders, hexagons, and cubes. Meanwhile, the cultural values of the artifacts in Sonaf Tamkesi are the roof symbolizes harmony, the door symbolizes greatness and respect for ancestors, the pillars symbolize vertical relations with ancestors, the betel-nut container symbolizes service, the clay pot symbolizes a gift from ancestors to the living, the hearth symbolizes balance, and harmony in achieving goals.

Efforts to improve mathematics learning outcomes using the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model assisted by student number card media Class IV SDN-1 New Kasongan

Background: Mathematics is a universal science that underlies the development of modern technology, has an important role in various disciplines and advances human thinking. There are still many students who seem less motivated, The results of initial observations at SDN-I Kasongan Baru show that interest in learning is low and tends to do things that are beyond their obligations as students, both in the learning process in class and outside the classroom. So the researcher concluded the need to apply a realistic mathematics education learning model assisted by card media to improve student learning outcomes. Objectives: This study aims to: (1) Determine the Mathematics learning activities of students and teachers using the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model in grade IV SDN-1 Kasongan Baru, (2) find out the improvement of learning outcomes with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model. Method: This study uses the type of PTK research with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) research model. This research was carried out in grade IV of SDN-1 Kasongan Baru in the even semester of the 2023 academic year with the subjects of the study being 21 grade IV students. Data collection is carried out by Observation and Test methods. Data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative. Results and Dıscussion: The results showed that: 1) teacher and student activity after the observation results in cycle I showed that the average activity score of teachers and students was in the range of scale 2.7 and 2.9 with a fairly good category while in cycle II the observation results of teachers and students increased in the range of 3.3 and 3.3 with good category, 2) there is an improvement in Mathematics learning outcomes after applying the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model in grade IV SDN-1 Kasongan Baru. Conclusion: The realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model assisted by number card media can improve the mathematics learning outcomes of grade IV students of SDN-I Kasongan Baru.

Islamization of science: Ziauddin sardar's critique of the universality of science

This qualitative research explores Ziauddin Sardar's critique of Western-influenced universal science. It employs a literature study to analyze Sardar's thoughts using various methods. The findings reveal that Islamic science, rooted in ethical principles, offers an alternative to Western science, which often overlooks diverse paradigms and local knowledge systems. While Islamic science excels in addressing region-specific issues, it may struggle with complex problems. In contrast, Western science, considered global, has historically caused environmental challenges by disregarding non-conventional paradigms. Therefore, Islamic science, with its inclusive approach to knowledge, presents a potential solution to the crises stemming from the dominance of Western scientific paradigms.

Morphology of V.N. Ilyin in the Context of World Philosophical Thought

The research is devoted to the morphology that V.N. Ilyin developed in the work Static and Dynamics of Pure Form and other archival texts. Morphology is central to the philosophy of V.N. Ilyin, but it remains an unexplored subject. The article’s author explores the morphology of the philosopher from a historical and philosophical point of view. In addition to apparent influences (G.W. Leibniz, E. Husserl, N. Lossky), the article’s author revealed the connection of V.N. Ilyin’s ideas with the history of Western European philosophy and his attitude to medieval thinkers. The author considered how V.N. Ilyin understood and assessed his modern philosophy and its results by the middle of the twentieth century. V.N. Ilyin especially paid attention to phenomenology and its connection with morphology, analyzing phenomenology's influence on existential philosophy. In addition to phenomenology, V.N. Ilyin highly appreciated the intuitism of H. Bergson and N. Lossky. The third main philosophical direction in the twentieth century for V.N. Ilyin was religious philosophy (Neo-Thomists and followers of H. Bergson), which aimed at creating axiology, a new system of values. V.N. Ilyin sought to combine various philosophical ideas in the project of morphology based on logic and scientific methodology. He stated the need to reform formal logic and create “metalogic” that would be more consistent with the philosophical tasks of the twentieth century. The morphology of V.N. Ilyin is based on the idea of synthesis and focuses on creating universal science. The comparison of various philosophical ideas of the twentieth century with morphology makes it possible to understand better his philosophical worldview, the course of his reflections, and the meaning of the morphological project.

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE MATHEMATICS COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH BRUNER'S LEARNING THEORY APPROACH FOR CLASS II STUDENTS OF CITAMIANG LAKBOK CIAMIS MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH

Mathematics subjects are given since Elementary School/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah at the formal school level. Based on the 2013 Elementary School Content Standards, Mathematics is considered a universal science that will be used as the basis for the development of other sciences. Therefore, for a solid mastery of this knowledge is given early. This research is classroom action research. This research is intended to improve the learning process so that it can improve the cognitive learning outcomes of Mathematics for second graders of MI Citamiang Lakbok. According to Suharsimi Arikunto (2006: 96) classroom action research, namely research conducted by the teacher to the class where he teaches with an emphasis on improving learning processes and practices. Research activities carried out in two cycles. Each cycle is carried out in two meetings. Before carrying out the cycle, the researcher carried out pre-action activities. The process of learning mathematics in class II MI Citamiang Lakbok has increased from only presenting counting techniques to being preceded by concepts. In addition, students are more active in learning activities. The cognitive learning outcomes of MI Citamiang Lakbok class II students also increased. In pre-action only 43% reached KKM. Furthermore, in cycle one it increased to 52% and in cycle two it increased again to 76%. Teachers must better understand how to convey material to students according to the level of student development. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmad Susanto. (2014). Teori Belajar dan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Jakarta: Kencana BSNP. 2006. Standar Isi SD/MI. Jakarta: BSNP. Purwanto. (2010). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Ritta Eka Izaty. 2012. Perkembangan Peserta Didik. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Sudrajat. 2008. Peranan Matematika dalam Perkembangan IPTEK. Artikel disampaikan dalam seminar The Power of Mathematics in All Application. Suharsimi Arikunto. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Sugihartono. 2012. Psikologi Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Zulkifar Ali Buto. 2010. Implikasi Teori Belajar Jerome Bruner Dalam Nuansa Pendidikan Modern. Jurnal Millah Edisi Khusus Desember 2010 halaman 55-69.

ТЕОРІЯ ПОВІДОМЛЕНЬ ТА ЇХ ТИПОЛОГІЯ

The general scientific, interdisciplinary problem of building the concept of message theory is solved. Accordingly, the object of research is all possible types of messages that function in the real world both within any cybernetic systems and between them. The subject of research is axioms, laws, structure, attributes, characteristics, typology, as well as operations on messages. The purpose of the article is to develop the concept of the theory of messages as a component of such universal sciences as the theory of mass communication, information science and cybernetics. Analysis, synthesis, idealization, logical method, and generalization were used among research methods. In addition to methods, the research also used techniques such as systematization and typology (typologization). The article is written in the style of a review, theoretical genre. The literature review analyzed 22 sources, including the world's most famous encyclopedic editions and dictionaries in the fields of journalism, mass communication theory, and cybernetics. In the obtained results, it is determined that a message is a fragment (a part that has a beginning and an end) of data of a cybernetic system, which (a) is a tuple, (b) is located in time or space, and (c) is intended to transmit information from the sender (source ) to its recipient (recipient). Features of creation, meaning and meaning of messages are determined. The structure of messages and types of their context are considered. It is noted that any kind of messages can be represented in an idealized digital form as a chain of 0 and 1. Six axioms are considered as the basis of the concept of message theory. Within this concept, six laws are distinguished. Five attributes of messages, as well as seven of their main characteristics, are considered. Among the types of messages, informative (9 types) and non-informative (also 9 types) are highlighted. In addition, formal (non-meaningful, 13 items) and informal (meaningful, 9 items) operations performed on messages are indicated.

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

Mathesis Universalis and the Cartesian Unification of Philosophy, Science, and Religion

In this paper we present the manner in which René Descartes discovered the principle of the autonomy of the spirit as a Mathesis Universalis, as a universal science, his perception being much different from the medieval scholastic one, where the intellect corresponded with the sensible reality. Descartes reversed this suitability, considering that the intellect should not be guided by things and build judgments according to them, but, on the contrary, things are analyzed according to the intellect's abilities to give them meanings and sense, to make them intelligible. Firstly, we will demonstrate that, for Descartes, the very existence, the reality of a thing depends on this light of the intellect that unifies all knowledge through Mathesis Universalis. For the French philosopher, order and measure, captured by Mathesis Universalis, become the qualities by which God, the only perfect Being, created the Universe that obeys a coherent mathematical model. Secondly, we will highlight the fact that the starting point of this new metaphysics could be found in Descartes’s view that God cannot be considered deceptive, that the world is not the creation of an evil and cunning Genius. In conclusion, knowledge through Mathesis Universalis leads the spirit to that place where the reasons of universal peace can be founded, whose purpose is to overcome those structures of the imaginary that wing the irrational drives dressed in the clothes of war and death.

Application of The student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) Type Cooperative Method on Algebraic Function Limit Material to Improve Learning Outcomes and Student Motivation

Mathematics is a universal science that will continue to develop along with the times, a science that is obtained carefully, clearly, and accurately. Learning and understanding math is difficult, complicated and scary because it requires students to think logically, carefully, diligently, systematically, and must have learning motivation. Learning motivation is a description that is often used to explain the success of students' learning tasks, the time and effort they devote to them, so that the desired learning goals are achieved. The higher the child's motivation, the higher the learning outcomes obtained by students. To increase students' motivation and learning outcomes in this study using the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative type. The purpose of this study was to determine the learning motivation and mathematics learning outcomes of students in classes that used Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative type. The population in this study was the learning motivation and mathematics learning outcomes of grade XI students of MA Negri 1 Indramayu. The sample was selected randomly. The instruments used were a test of description questions and observation sheets of student motivation. The results of data processing obtained the average in cycle 1 for learning outcomes is 78.75 and the average motivation in cycle 1 is 2.86 with a sufficient category of 19 students and a less category of 7 students. The results of data processing in cycle 2 obtained an average for learning outcomes of 80.00 and an average motivation in cycle 2 of 3.36 with a sufficient category of 23 students and a good category of 3 students. And the results of data processing in cycle 3 obtained an average for learning outcomes of 86.92 and an average motivation in cycle 3 of 3.86 with a good category of 25 students and a very good category of 1 student. So it can be concluded that cooperative learning type Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) can increase students' motivation and math learning outcomes. For further research, other methods can be developed to improve student learning outcomes.

The principle underlying all evolution, biological, geophysical, social and technological.

This article addresses the main research areas identified in the call for contributions to this special issue. With examples from published articles and books, the present article shows that all the identified areas are already covered by the universal principle underlying all evolution: the constructal law (1996), i.e. the physics law of design evolution in nature (free morphing, flowing, moving systems). The universal principle of evolution belongs in thermodynamics because thermodynamics is a universal science and evolution is a universal phenomenon. The principle unites the natural sciences with the social sciences, and the living with the non-living. It unifies the world of science and its languages (energy, economy, evolution, sustainability, etc.), and brings together the natural and artificial flow architectures, the human made and the not human made. The principle establishes firmly in physics the reality that humans are part of nature. With the principle, physics extends its coverage over phenomena that were previously considered out of reach: social organization, economics and human perceptions. Such phenomena are physical, i.e. facts. The entire world depends on the science of useful things, and benefits greatly from a physics discipline with freedom, life, wealth, time, beauty and future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thermodynamics 2.0: bridging the natural and social sciences (Part 1)'.

Thermodynamics 2.0: Bridging the natural and social sciences.

Thermodynamics is a universal science. The language of thermodynamics is energy and its derivatives such as entropy and power. The physical theory of thermodynamics reigns across a full spectrum of non-living objects as well as living beings. In the traditions of the past, the dichotomy between matter and life resulted in the natural sciences studying matter while the social sciences focused on living beings. As the state of human knowledge continues to evolve, anticipating the sciences of matter (natural science) and of life (social science) becoming unified under a single overarching theory is not unnatural. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thermodynamics 2.0: Bridging the natural and social sciences (Part 1)'.

Rationalism in Islam and its Role in the Development of Science in Muslim Civilization

Today, within the framework of the Islamic religion, one can often find statements that the problem of faith and reason is opposed, and priority in their interplay is given only to faith. This conclusion is supported by the phenomena of conservatism and bare populism, which are widespread in the vast majority of Muslim countries today, calling for a return to the values and traditions of medieval society. In the history of Science and philosophy, medieval Islamic philosophy and science have a particularly great place in the spiritual search of mankind on the path of truth and, due to their depth and consistency, have also had a great influence on subsequent philosophical (European) searches. However, the dominance of a europocentric approach in the history of philosophy and science reduced this issue, considering medieval Muslim thinkers only as commentators of ancient Greek philosophy and science. The article discusses the relationship between reason and faith in medieval Muslim civilization, the role of rationalism in the development of religious and scientific knowledge. In addition, the historical, social and political factors that contributed to the formation and development of scientific traditions in Islam are analyzed, and the contribution and place of Muslim scientists in the development of universal science is evaluated.

Al-Fārābī’s Conception of Music Theory as the Universal Science of Melody

Abstract Al-Fārābī conceived of music theory as a universal science of melody whose task is to determine the whole range of what is musically possible. It does not restrict itself to codifying the conventions of any particular musical idiom. In this, it is akin to logic – the universal science of all things thinkable, which does not reduce to the grammar of any given natural language.

Educational Research in Universal Sciences

Educational Research in Universal Sciences

Uncertain Cures: The Medical Marketplace in Pahlavi Iran

AbstractHistorians of Pahlavi Iran have demonstrated that physicians, pharmacists, dentists, and nurses were encouraged by early nation-builders to civilize patients and shepherd the masses into modernity. Medicine, however, was not only a top-down affair. Medical professionals maintained a dialogue with their patients, cognizant of the cultural mores of local communities and the threat of medical malpractice lawsuits. In fact, medicine, far from a universal science, was highly localized, inflected by traditional curatives (like herbs and spices), shortages of medical equipment and drugs, and local policing to safeguard patient rights. Through social history, scholars may examine the dialectic between patient and provider, which proved fundamental to the practice of modern medicine in Pahlavi Iran.

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over an hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR, browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters. Finally we briefly discuss on the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, and touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation, and finally on the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. (abridged).

Universal concepts and national realities: the organisation of the ISI and the implementation of national income statistics in Germany

ABSTRACT Struggles over the degree of the scientific autonomy of statistics led to the demise of one of the first international scientific congresses in European history. But in the 1880s, only a decade after the collapse of that congress, the International Statistical Institute (ISI) was founded as its immediate successor to overcome the nationalist disputes that hindered the idealistic visions of a universal science breakthrough. The connection between universal scientific concepts and state reform processes is examined by the case study of the implementation of national income statistics according to internationally comparable standards in the German Reich. Thereby, the organizational history of the ISI, the role models of the participants and national realities are set in relation. The article argues that the semi-official character of international statistics implies a tension between scientific autonomy and dependence on national administrations. Equally, it offers the possibility of promoting national reform processes with reference to international integration, as the institutional responsibility for the German national income calculation in the 1930s demonstrates.

The creative heritage of Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov (on the 150th anniversary of his birth). Review of scientific conference

This article is a review of a scientific conference held on November 7, 2023 at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The event was dedicated to the creative heritage of Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov (1873–1928) and dedicated to the 150th anniversary of his birth. The conference examined various aspects of his creative heritage. A.A. Bogdanov owns the philosophical concept of empiriomonism, which is a development of the ideas of positivism, continuing the empirio-criticism of E. Mach and R. Avenarius, on the one hand, and the Marxist approach in the social sciences, on the other. In addition, Bogdanov substantiated the concept of proletarian culture: in a narrow sense, this concept was organizationally formalized as “Proletkult”, but in a broad sense it can be considered as a new stage in the development of culture, based on the idea of collective labor. It is noted that the most famous achievement of A.A. Bogdanov is his tectology - a universal science of management, which was ahead of its time and became, in a certain sense, the forerunner of such scientific directions as the general theory of systems by L. von Bertalanffy, cybernetics by N. Wiener and synergetics by G. Haken. It is shown that Bogdanov's ideas remain relevant for modern science and culture, as they offer important concepts for understanding complex systems, social development and interdisciplinary research. Leading researchers from Russian scientific and educational organizations took part in the conference. A wide range of topics related to the philosopher’s scientific and literary creativity were discussed at the conference. The conference demonstrated the importance and relevance of research into the creative heritage of A.A. Bogdanov.

Legal knowledge through the prism of a new metho-dological horizon

In this article, the author highlights the importance of legal methodology in the research process, because the writings about law must comprise almost all theoretical concerns, centered on the exegesis of positive law, of jurisprudence, especially in the area of interpretation, of legal hermeneutics. This work is also significant from the standpoint of transdisciplinarity, as the necessity for legal knowledge to contribute to the contemplation of law, constituted in other domains such as philosophical, theological, or artistic, has become increasingly apparent. In this sense, we consider the defining quality of law as a cultural product, as a creation of the integral human spirit. The research of the legal phenomenon must necessarily take into account the investigations carried out equally in other fields of universal science. Thus, the scientific approach of the present research aims at the ignored or blurred existence of some important legal meanings in the cultural, historical, artistic, literary, religious creation and which are extremely beneficial for the theory and practice of law. The research methodology involves traditional methods such as the historical, logical, comparative, systemic method, but also current methods such as the informational - communicational ones, as well as the integrative strategy, without affecting the specificity of the legal phenomenon.