Universal Science Research Articles

Students Creative Thinking Ability with Reflective Cognitive Style on The Phytagoras Theorem

Mathematics is a universal science that cannot be separated from human life. Mathematics has an important role in supporting the development of science and technology. In learning mathematics, students' creativity is needed because in mathematics students are expected to be able to come up with new creative ideas in analyzing and solving problems. The way students solve problems will be different according to their cognitive style. So that differences in cognitive styles can trigger differences in students' creative thinking. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The subjects in this study were students of class VIII K at SMP Negeri 2 Balaraja who had received the Pythagorean theorem material. Subject selection was done by purposive sampling technique. The instruments used in this study were test and non-test instruments. The test instrument used is the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) test sheet and the creative thinking ability. While the non-test instrument used in this study was an interview guide. The data analysis of this research used the constant comparative method. Data analysis in this study was carried out through three stages, namely: 1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, (3) drawing conclusions.Based on the results of the data analysis and discussion that has been presented, it can be concluded that based on the reflective cognitive style, students' mathematical creative thinking abilities can be grouped into 2 groups in each indicator with different creative thinking abilities.

Relationship Between Scientific Literacy and the Attitude Towards Reading Scientific Texts: A Study on Primary School Teacher Candidates

The current study sought to determine the association between primary school teacher candidates’ levels of scientific literacy and their attitudes about reading scientific texts. The study used a correlational survey technique. The sample population consisted of 287 primary school teacher candidates who were enrolled in a public university in South-Eastern Anatolia's education faculty for the 2020–2021 academic year. The "Personal Information Form," "Universal Science Literacy Scale," and "Attitude Scale towards Reading Scientific Texts" were used to gather the data. During the data analysis stage, frequency and percentage values for the variables were determined. Correlation, simple regression, and multiple regression analyses were then performed. The results revealed that although teacher candidates' reading and scientific text reading rates were insufficient, their attitudes toward scientific literacy and scientific text reading were "good." The attitude toward reading scientific materials and the sub-dimensions of scientific literacy were found to be positively and statistically correlated. Along with the "habits of mind" and "meta-cognition and self-direction" sub-dimensions, it was also noted that scientific literacy is a statistically significant predictor of attitude toward reading scientific materials. Based on their findings, the researcher came up with several recommendations.

Up to Five Books of God: The Metaphorical and Theological Background of Herborn Encyclopaedism

ABSTRACT Early modern encyclopaedism is generally known as a pedagogical endeavour striving to achieve not only universal access to scientific information and universal education, but also universal science and knowledge. Its intellectual-historical genealogy and historical-theological background, however, deserve much more scholarly attention than they have received hitherto. This paper illuminates the intellectual sources of Herborn encyclopaedism in terms of some key cognitive metaphors from the field of Christian theology. I not only show some traces of Bonaventuran and Cusan philosophical theology in Herborn encyclopedism, but I also argue that this encyclopaedism must be contextualised according to theological loci, i.e. generation, incarnation of the Word, and deification (generatio, incarnatio Verbi, theosis).

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI SD INPRES OEBUFU, KOTA KUPANG

Mathematics is a universal science that has an important role in various disciplines and develops the human mind, and underlies the development of modern technology. Therefore, mathematics subjects need to be given to all students from elementary school to high school levels to equip students with the ability to think logically, analytically, systematically, critically, and creatively, and be able to solve the problems they face in everyday life. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibiting factors of teachers in learning mathematics and the efforts made to overcome the inhibiting factors of teachers in learning mathematics at elementary school Inpres Oebufu, Kupang City. The results of this study indicate that the inhibiting factors for teachers in learning mathematics are the lack of interest and motivation of students in learning, there is insufficient infrastructure and must be made by the teacher, and the family environment and residence that do not support students' interest and motivation to learn. at home. Efforts are being made to overcome the inhibiting factors of teachers in learning mathematics, namely every time the teacher starts a lesson the teacher gives enthusiasm and motivates students to focus on learning, provides stabilization in the study of material, and provides sufficient media.

Franz Oppenheimer (1926), Die soziologische Staatsidee. (Die Eroberung) [The Sociological Idea of the State (The Conquest)

AbstractF. Oppenheimer's System der Soziologie is a multivolume publication that contains a general sociology as a common basis for all social sciences; a theory of development; as well as specialized sociologies: sociology of the economy, of law, of the state, etc. Oppenheimer conceived sociology as a historically grounded universal science. Ibn Khaldun came into play in relationship with Oppenheimer's state theory. His approach directly built on Gumplowicz's “sociological state theory”. An overview on Oppenheimer's works shows that Ibn Khaldun was by no means the starting point of theorization on the state. We do not find any reference to him in an earlier publication, Der Staat (1912), that already contained the full elaboration of Oppenheimer's theory. Nevertheless, his reception of Ibn Khaldun is important: Ibn Khaldun was mobilized within the framework of a scholarly debate that was ongoing amongst European sociologists at the time, and whose key representative, Ludwig Gumplowicz, contributed significantly to his reception in the concerned period. In this context, Oppenheimer did not merely mention Ibn Khaldun in an encyclopaedic endeavor to present a complete overview on “precursors” of sociology, but as a representative and contributor to a theoretical approach which, Oppenheimer believed, they both shared.

ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS III SDN 3 TERONG TAWAH TAHUN AJARAN 2020/2021

Mathematics is a universal science that underlies the development of modern technology. In the reality, mathematics learning activities have a higher level of learning difficulty compared to other subjects, especially in fractional operations. This can be seen when the learning process takes place, the lack of interest and attention of students towards learning mathematics, students passive interaction with the teacher and the use of conventional methods as learning methods. This study aims to determine the types of learning difficulties in mathematics on the material of fractional arithmetic operations and the improvement efforts made by teacher in class III SDN 3 Terong Tawah in overcoming students' learning difficulties. This research is a qualitative research that apply descriptive method. The research was conducted at SDN 3 Terong Tawah with the research subjects with the research subjects being 6 third grade students who had difficulty learning mathematics and who scored below the KKM. Data collection techniques using diagnostic tests, interviews and documentation. Data analysis of Interactive Analysis Method. The results of the study showed that students had difficulty learning the material for fractional arithmetic operations. The types of mathematical difficulties experienced by students are difficulties in reading and understanding the meaning of the questions, difficulties in understanding mathematical concepts in fractional counting operations material, and students having difficulty in processing skills in working on fractional arithmetic operations. The improvement efforts used by the third grade teacher of SDN 3 Terong Tawah are by holding special tutoring, repeating material that has not been understood by students and making improvements or remedial to students who get scores below the KKM.

State Ideology, Science, and Pseudoscience in Russia

This paper recounts the entangled histories of three distinctly Russian movements, namely: Soviet state ideology, Russian cosmism, and Eurasianism. Despite harboring pseudoscientific and mystical ideas specific to Russia, all three intellectual movements have been propagated by their followers as “universal sciences,” and all three have vied for scientific supremacy and universal acceptance. Suppressed by the Bolsheviks and their state ideology as “unscientific” in the 1920s, Russian cosmism and Eurasianism led an esoteric underground existence during the Soviet period and re-emerged during perestroika, seeking not only to reclaim their “scientific” status but also to potentially fill the perplexing vacuum left by the ensuing demise of Soviet state ideology.

Development and Validation of a Universal Science Writing Rubric That is Applicable to Diverse Genres of Science Writing.

ABSTRACTIt is critical for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students to develop competencies in science communication, including science writing. However, it can be difficult for instructors and departments to assess the quality of their students’ science writing. Many published science writing rubrics are specific to certain genres like lab reports. We thus developed a Universal Science Writing Rubric (USWR) that is usable regardless of the genre or audience of science writing. This tool enables students, instructors, and departments to assess science writing written to lay or scientific audiences, focusing on important rhetorical concerns like science content and interpretation rather than simply surface features like grammar. We demonstrate the use of our USWR on various life science lab reports, scientific review articles, grant proposals, and news articles, showing that the USWR is sensitive enough to highlight statistically significant differences between groups of student writing samples and valid enough to produce results that echo published and anecdotal observations of STEM student science writing skills. Thus, the USWR is a useful tool for assessment of STEM student science writing that is widely applicable in the classroom and laboratory.

Striving for Synthesis in General Psychology: Lessons from India

The importance of the life-long contributions of Professor Sinha is in his search for new perspectives in psychology that would respect Indian cultural history. In that spirit, I will outline themes that are prominent in Indian cultural traditions from which universal science of human psychology could learn. All human beings relate to water and fertility, creating meaningful rituals of handling this valuable commodity. Likewise, it is deeply human to generate borders and social conditions for their crossings, and to participate collective rituals of symbolic processions. Psychology in the Occident has looked towards India as if it were an esoteric collection of local practices that would fit the empirical interests of cross-cultural psychology. I would claim that the psychological riches of India are of primary importance for general psychology.

Studi Etnomatematika pada Candi Cangkuang Leles Garut Jawa Barat

Mathematics is a universal science that underlies the development of modern technology in various scientific disciplines and it can develop human thinking. Many people do not realize that the development of times, mathematics is always used as a tool in the application of all fields of science and development of mathematics so that this is what makes mathematics difficult to understand, it is necessary to have a cultural approach or commonly called ethnomathematics. One form of ethnomathematics that is interesting to explore is the Cangkuang temple. Cangkuang temple has potential that can be exploited because it has historical values that are inherent in society, contextual, and can be used to facilitate understanding of mathematics. Especially in the shape of the relief and stupa of the Cangkuang temple which is closely related to mathematics learning. The results of this study indicate that through ethnomathematics in this Cangkuang temple, mathematical concepts can be found, especially in geometric material.

Is the Science of Reading Just the Science of Reading English?

ABSTRACTThe science of reading has made genuine progress in understanding reading and the teaching of reading, but is the science of reading just the science of reading English? Worldwide, a majority of students learn to read and write in non‐European, nonalphabetic orthographies such as abjads (e.g., Arabic), abugidas/alphasyllabaries (e.g., Hindi), or morphosyllabaries (e.g., Chinese). Over a decade ago, I argued that the extreme inconsistency of English spelling–sound correspondence had confined the science of reading to an insular, Anglocentric research agenda addressing theoretical and applied issues with limited relevance for a universal science of reading. Here, I ask if the science of reading has moved forward. Acknowledging some limited progress over the past decade, it is evident that even today, mainstream reading research remains entrenched in Anglocentrism, Eurocentrism, and another form of ethnocentrism that I call alphabetism. Even the two dominant theoretical frameworks for describing cross‐script diversity, orthographic depth and psycholinguistic grain size theory, give little or no consideration to non‐European alphabets or nonalphabetic scripts, promoting a one‐dimensional view of script variation (i.e., spelling–sound consistency). Consideration of the full spectrum of the world’s languages and writing systems reveals multiple dimensions of writing system complexity, each liable to create obstacles for the developing reader. If the science of reading is to contribute meaningfully to assessment, diagnosis, instruction, and intervention for all readers around the world, then we must extricate our field from entrenched ethnocentrism and embrace global diversity.

FOCAL DEPENDENCE, LOGICAL PRIORITY AND THE UNITY OF ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS

ABSTRACT A long-standing problem in Aristotelian scholarship concerns the question of how to reconcile Aristotle’s twofold description of metaphysics as ontology (the universal science of being qua being) and theology (the science of the changeless and separate substance). An important attempt to answer this question (advanced first by G. Patzig) consists in saying that the changeless and separate substance is focally prior to (or the focal meaning of) substance and therefore to being in general (since substance is focally prior to being in general). This article aims to refute this kind of approach to the problem of the unity of Aristotle’s metaphysics by arguing that (i) relations of focal meaning entail the logical (definitional) priority of the prior items over the dependent items standing in such relations; (ii) the changeless and separate substance is not logically prior to the other types of substances distinguished by Aristotle; and, therefore, (iii) the changeless and separate substance is not focally prior to (the focal meaning of) substance.

Ecology – all-planetary and universal science

The article dedicated to the environmental exhibition and scientific conference in Ufa emphasizes the high relevance of the problem under consideration and calls for a transition from political confrontation, which is full of the historical development of the world, to peaceful coexistence that unites all countries and peoples of the world. The danger that has been hanging over humanity in recent years in the form of a global pandemic threat brings to the fore issues not of political confrontation and military confrontation between countries, but the problems of human survival in the conditions of a catastrophic accumulation of sources of environmental problems that lead to the pollution of vast territories and the impossibility of continuing life on them. To solve these issues, it is necessary to form an ecological worldview in people, which should begin from an early age, so that in all subsequent life the individual not only observes the conditions of environmentally sound behavior and life, but also is intolerant of various manifestations and situations of violation of harmonious existence with the surrounding natural environment.

Формирование онтологического понятия «статуса вещей» в метафизике и теологии иезуитов конца XVI – первой половины XVII вв.

This article is a study of a new type of metaphysics that arose within the tradition of scholastic philosophy and theology of the Jesuits by the middle of the 17th century. The article describes the opposition of the traditional and new understanding of scholastic metaphysics on the example of Fr. Suárez and S. Izquierdo. The formation of the ontological concept of "status of things" is identified as one of the key conditions and signs of this transformation of metaphysics. First, the formation of this concept is explored in the scholastic tradition preceding Izquierdo, namely in Fonseca, Suárez, Hurtado de Mendoza and Fabri, as a history of shifts in meaning and of the emergence of new contexts in which the term "status" was used. Second, we describe the systematic context of the doctrine of the status rerum in the universal theory of objects of human thought in Izquierdo's Pharus scientiarum (1659). Thirdly, we explicate the very concept of the status of a thing in the first philosophy of Izquierdo, its necessary connection with the concept of the objective truth of a thing, and also show the special significance of the first "quidditative status of things" as a whole set of objective truths underlying all demonstrative human sciences. Finally, the article points out that one of the essential features of Izquierdo's new metaphysics is the strengthening of the methodological nature of the universal science recorded in his treatise in comparison with the traditional Jesuit prototype in Suárez.

The problem of understanding and interpretation of African philosophy

This article is devoted to the problem of interpretation and understanding of African philosophy as a phenomenon of intercultural communication. It is a question of the presence of stereotypes in perception and assessments of African philosophy: from the assertion of its interiority and non-philosophical character to the propaganda of its primacy in the whole of world philosophy as the theorized core of spiritual life. The author also indentified the significant obstacle in the study of African philosophy and understanding of its status in the history of world philosophy. Also the article touched the importance of African revival, and the key factors to its revival, the idea of Afrocentrism was also been mentioned as the key solution for the African revival. In this work, ethnophilosophy is further considered as the source of the whole philosophy of Africa. Attention is also paid to the problem of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of African philosophy and culture in the framework of world or universal philosophy and science. Also in the article, issue of searching for African identity is being raised, the ideas and impacts of some African thinkers, also socio-political concepts such as Pan-Africanism, Negritude, African socialism, African humanism, Afrocentrism and others, which had a serious impact on African socio-political life were also identified. The diversity of ethnic cultures, and its roles in the black continent were mentioned, and as well, emphasis on ethical issues, religions representations and superstitions.

Una mirada de y desde la antropología:

Los estudios de antropología de la ciencia surgen en los ‘90 con una profunda inquietud por ahondar, desde una mirada antropológica, en la comprensión de la ciencia y la tecnología occidentales. En este trabajo nos proponemos recuperar algunos aportes significativos de la tradición antropológica que evidencian la riqueza de concebir una ciencia multiperspectivizada, en contraposición al modelo de ciencia único y universal. En este sentido, asumimos que ciertos cuestionamientos y las “crisis” al interior de la propia disciplina antropológica, han permitido que se posicionara con cierto distanciamiento y relativas “ventajas” para analizar las modalidades de producción de conocimiento y los canones de la ciencia occidental.

Epistemic logic: All knowledge is based on our experience, and epistemic logic is the cognitive representation of our experiential confrontation in reality

Abstract Epistemic Logic is our basic universal science, the method of our cognitive confrontation in reality to prove the truth of our basic cognitions and theories. Hence, by proving their true representation of reality we can self-control ourselves in it, and thus refuting the Berkeleyian solipsism and Kantian a priorism. The conception of epistemic logic is that only by proving our true representation of reality we achieve our knowledge of it, and thus we can prove our cognitions to be either true or rather false, and otherwise they are doubtful. Therefore, truth cannot be separated from being proved and we cannot hold anymore the principle of excluded middle, as it is with formal semantics of metaphysical realism. In distinction, the intuitionistic logic is based on subjective intellectual feeling of correctness in constructing proofs, and thus it is epistemologically encapsulated in the metaphysical subject. However, epistemic logic is our basic science which enable us to prove the truth of our cognitions, including the epistemic logic itself.

Formation, propagation and detection of gravitational waves

Gravitational waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of gravitational waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of gravitational waves, propagation of gravitational waves, its effect on objects on earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faceses massive limitations. Detection of gravitational waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history.

Psychology as a Historical Science.

Psychology has traditionally seen itself as the science of universal human cognition, but it has only recently begun seriously grappling with cross-cultural variation. Here we argue that the roots of cross-cultural variation often lie in the past. Therefore, to understand not only how but also why psychology varies, we need to grapple with cross-temporal variation. The traces of past human cognition accessible through historical texts and artifacts can serve as a valuable, and almost completely unutilized, source of psychological data. These data from dead minds open up an untapped and highly diverse subject pool. We review examples of research that may be classified as historical psychology, introduce sources of historical data and methods for analyzing them, explain the critical role of theory, and discuss how psychologists can add historical depth and nuance to their work. Psychology needs to become a historical science if it wants to be a genuinely universal science of human cognition and behavior.

Ebû Sehl Îsâ b. Yahyâ el-Mesîhî ve Kitâb fî esnâfi’l-ulûmi’l-hikmiyye’si

Abū Sahl ʽĪsā ibn Yaḥyā al-Masīḥī (d. after 416/1025) is a neglected figure within the philosophical tradition in Islam. The very limited information about his life shows that he was under the patronage of the Ma’mūnid ruler Ma’mūn ibn Ma’mūn, and his vizier Abū al-Ḥasan al-Sahlī together with a group of famous scholars, such as Ibn Sīnā, al-Bīrūnī, Ibn al-Ḫammār, and Ibn ʽIrāq. He wrote many works on different fields of philosophy, particularly on medicine. Among them, Kitāb fī aṣnāf al-ʽulūm al-ḥikmiyya is a relatively early example of the genre that falls under the classification of the philosophical/ intellectual sciences. Abū Sahl’s work is explicitly based on the Aristotelian corpus arranged in Alexandria in late antiquity, and he introduces each science by referring to its basic text(s), using the commentary tradition found both in late antiquity and in the Islamic period. In addition to the general importance of the wide literature that Abū Sahl provides us with, what is yet a more remarkable and exceptional feature of his work is his argument about the nature of “universal science”. As distinct from the positions of al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, Abū Sahl sees both metaphysics and natural science as “universal sciences”. In this article, I first introduce Abū Sahl’s life and works, then analyze the content of Kitāb fī aṣnāf al-ʽulūm al-ḥikmiyya, focusing on his distinction between universal and particular sciences, and finally present the revised edition and Turkish translation of the work.