Universal Rules Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Religious Freedom Between Indonesia-Russia and Its Limitations

. This paper is a study or comparative study between Indonesia and Russia on the regulation of one of the fundamental rights in human rights, namely the right to freedom of religion. As a constitutional state based on law, Indonesia and Russia have made arrangements for this in their constitutions, the most basic of which is contained in the 1945 Constitution (Indonesia) and The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Russia). Universal rules such as human rights play an important role as an instrument that ensures the preservation of the rights of citizens and the implementation of state functions to fulfill these rights. The right to freedom of religion is one of the rights guaranteed in Article 19 of The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Russia, and the 1945 Constitution, as well as several regulations on human rights in Indonesia. Article 19 of the Russian constitution states that The State shall guarantee the equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of sex, race, religion, and also of other circumstances. All forms of limitations of human rights shall be banned. And Article 28I paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution states that the right to religion is stated as a right that cannot be reduced under any circumstances, as well as the right to life, the right not to be tortured, the right to freedom of thought and conscience, the right not to be enslaved, the right to be recognized as a human being. person before the law, and the right not to be prosecuted on the basis of retroactive law. As one of the rights that cannot be reduced, the right to religion should apply universally and non-discriminatory.

An analytical study on optimal spectral characters of solar absorbing coating and thermal performance potential of solar power tower

The solar power tower (SPT) is one of the dominant applications of concentrating solar power technology. The tower receiver, as the core component of the SPT system, is responsible for solar absorption and conversion by virtue of the solar absorbing coating (SAC) deposited on the receiver surface. The SAC exerts a crucial role in the activity of the solar-thermal conversion process. However, the high nonuniformity of the solar flux and temperature distributions on the tower receiver, especially in the next-generation SPT systems, challenges the rationality of the SAC in terms of spectral selectivity characters. To explore the optimal spectral characters and tradeoff of radiation properties of the SAC, a spectral heat transfer model of the tower receiver is established and verified. The universal rules of the optimal cutoff wavelength of the ideal SAC varied with concentration ratios and temperatures are revealed. In addition, Dunhuang 10 MW SPT plant is selected to investigate the tradeoff mechanism between the solar absorptance and thermal emittance of the ideal SAC in practice and to evaluate its thermal performance potential. Furthermore, the impacts of solar irradiance, inlet temperature, and mass flow rate on the tower receiver are also studied. The results show that the optimal cutoff wavelength and spectral characters of the ideal SAC varied dramatically with the concentration ratio and surface temperature, revealing that the design principle for the advanced SAC used in the next-generation SPT should focus more on the thermal emittance other than the solar absorptance. The thermal efficiency of the Dunhuang tower receiver with the ideal SAC coating reaches 0.84, which is improved by 21.7 and 6.3% compared to the conventional tower receivers covered with black Pyromark paint and TaSi2 multilayer coating.

On the Distribution of Magnetic Moments in a System of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Particle size distribution carries out a substantial role in the magnetic behavior of nanostructured magnetic systems. In fact, a vast literature on superparamagnetism has been reported, suggesting that the particle size distribution in a system of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) corresponds to a lognormal probability density function, and several works have properly considered their magnetic moments following a similar distribution, as a universal rule. In this manuscript, it is demonstrated that alternative probability distribution functions, such as the gamma and Weibull ones, can be used to obtain useful parameters from the analysis of the magnetization curves, indicating there is no universal model to represent the actual magnetic moment distribution in a system of magnetic nanoparticles. Inspired by this observation, a reliable method to properly identify the actual magnetic moment distribution in a given nanostructured magnetic system is proposed and discussed.

حجّية الاستحسان عند الحنفيّة والشّافعيّة وآثاره في الحكم الشّرعيّ (دراسة مقارنة)

The study aimed to know the sayings of the Hanafi and Shafi’i scholars regarding the authority of istihsan in inference and its effects on the legal ruling. The scientific method that the researcher followed to reach the most important results of the research is the descriptive method, the inductive method, and then the deductive method. The most important results from this research: The approval that the Hanafis adhere to is the following of the best of the two evidence, either a hidden analogy in contrast to a clear analogy, or the exception of a partial issue from a general origin or a universal rule that requires that. As for the Shafi’is, they considered istihsan to be a statement of desire and desire. And when the term istihsan settled on a specific idiomatic meaning, Imam Al-Shafi’i took a positive position on it, rather he mentioned issues whose legal ruling was deduced through him and declared that he said, whether it is recommended or desirable. Here it became clear that the disagreement is a verbal dispute. And that the work with the correct approval agreed upon shows the flexibility of the tolerant Sharia and to achieve the interests of the nation and to preserve the hardship from the methods of analogy.

Decoding Seven Basic Odors by Investigating Pharmacophores and Molecular Features of Odorants

Background: The odors we perceive are primarily the result of a mixture of odorants. There can be one or multiple odors associated with an odorant. Several studies have attempted to link odorant physicochemical properties to specific olfactory perception; however, no universal rule that can determine how and to what extent molecular properties affect odor perception exists. Objective: This study aims to identify important and common features of odorants with seven basic odors (floral, fruity, minty, nutty, pungent, sweet, woody) to comprehend the complex topic of odors better. Methods: We adopted an in-silico approach to study key and common odorants features with seven fundamental odors (floral, fruity, minty, nutty, pungent, sweet, and woody). A dataset of 1136 odorants having one of the odors was built and studied. Results: A set of nineteen structural features has been proposed to identify seven fundamental odors rapidly. The findings also indicated associations between odors, and specific molecular features associated with each group of odorants and shared spatial distribution of odor features. Conclusion: This study revealed olfactory associations, unique chemical properties linked with each set of odorants, and a common spatial distribution of odor features for considered odors.

Increased focus on operational resilience

A wide range of recent well-publicised risks to operational continuity, including but not limited to cyber threats, combined with seemingly more frequent natural disasters and extreme weather-related events have contributed to a broad, heightened interest in operational resilience, which features as an area of considerable focus for corporates and financial institutions, as well as the global regulatory community. This paper discusses the key principles of a strong operational risk framework that remain relevant even as technology and tools advance. These principles include a deep understanding of the businesses and activities that are of greatest operational importance and the specific resources required to execute them, the development and maintenance of business continuity and crisis management plans and the performance of robust testing that is designed to illuminate opportunities for improvement. Recent developments in the global regulatory focus and approach to operational resilience are discussed, including the important differences between regulators and the lack of a single set of universal rules. While this creates challenges for global firms, the authors discuss how the global Custody business and its related ecosystem has been demonstrating its resilience throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the interdependency of the participants on each others' resiliency.

Mechanistic Temperature-Size Rule Explanation Should Reconcile Physiological and Mortality Responses to Temperature.

AbstractThe temperature-size rule is one of the universal rules in ecology and states that ectotherms in warmer waters will grow faster as juveniles, mature at smaller sizes and younger ages, and reach smaller maximum body sizes. Many models have unsuccessfully attempted to reproduce temperature-size rule-consistent life histories by using two-term (anabolism and catabolism) Pütter-type growth models, such as the von Bertalanffy. Here, we present a physiologically structured individual growth model, which incorporates an energy budget and optimizes energy allocation to growth, reproduction, and reserves. Growth, maturation, and reproductive output emerge as a result of life-history optimization to specific physiological rates and mortality conditions. To assess which processes can lead to temperature-size rule-type life histories, we simulate 42 scenarios that differ in temperature and body size dependencies of intake, metabolism, and mortality rates. Results show that the temperature-size rule can emerge in two ways. The first way requires both intake and metabolism to increase with temperature, but the temperature-body size interaction of the two rates must lead to relatively faster intake increase in small individuals and relatively larger metabolism increase in large ones. The second way requires only higher temperature-driven natural mortality and faster intake rates in early life (no change in metabolic rates is needed). This selects for faster life histories with earlier maturation and increased reproductive output. Our model provides a novel mechanistic and evolutionary framework for identifying the conditions necessary for the temperature-size rule. It shows that the temperature-size rule is likely to reflect both physiological changes and life-history optimization and that use of von Bertalanffy-type models, which do not include reproduction processes, can hinder our ability to understand and predict ectotherm responses to climate change.

A highly efficient high-entropy metal hydroxymethylate electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

Much attention has been paid to high entropy materials in the field of electrochemical water splitting. In this research, we present a synthesis of a high-entropy metal hydroxymethylate FeCoNiMgCr(OH)(OCH3) (labeled as FeCoNiMgCr-HM) material via a one-step solvothermal method. Due to the synergistic effect of five metal cations and complete surface reconstruction induced by methoxyl group, FeCoNiMgCr-HM after electrochemical activation exhibits an outstanding performance for catalyzing lattice-oxygen-participated OER with a low overpotential of 291 mV to reach a current density of 20 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 49.1 mV dec-1. In addition, we summarize a universal ionic potential rule for guiding the synthesis of metal hydroxymethylate materials.

Is IQWiG's 15% Threshold Universally Applicable in Assessing the Clinical Relevance of Patient-Reported Outcomes Changes? An ISPOR Special Interest Group Report

This article discusses a recent methodological change to assess the additional benefit of drug intervention by the German Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss), a key stakeholder in EUnetHTA21 (European Network for Health Technology Assessment joint consortium for future EU HTA regulation), methodological workstream. The German Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) set a universal individual response threshold at ≥ 15% of the scale range of the measurement instrument, for all patient-reported outcomes, to achieve an additional benefit rating for a given pharmaceutical intervention. This approach is originally based on a corresponding recommendation from the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.The merits of this approach are reviewed from various perspectives, including the evidence basis, statistical and psychometric considerations, and regulatory perspectives by the ISPOR Clinical Outcomes Assessment Special Interest Group’s multistakeholder group of authors (academia, contract research organizations, and industry). Particular focus is placed on the patient perspective within the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care approach.The article development incorporated feedback from ISPOR members during well-attended ISPOR US and European conference presentations and 2 formal rounds of written review. The authors concluded that the ≥ 15% response threshold is incongruent with previously defined and scientifically established thresholds and is not well-suited for universal implementation. Further scientific evidence and discussion among all stakeholders are needed, especially should this universal rule be considered in the context of future joint clinical assessments of health technologies in the European Union scheduled from 2025 onward.

Binary oppositions, algebraic holography and stochastic rules in genetic informatics

The article is devoted to the author's results of the algebraic analysis of molecular genetic systems, including a set of structured DNA alphabets and long nucleotide sequences in single-stranded DNA of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. A connection of the system of DNA n-plets alphabets with principles of algebraic holography is shown, which concerns a popular theme of holography principles in genetically inherited physiology. In addition, a relation between DNA n-plets alphabets and the Poincaré disk model of Lobachevski hyperbolic geometry is revealed. This relation can explain known facts of the relationship of physiological phenomena with hyperbolic geometry. Considering long DNA sequences as a bunch of many parallel texts written in different n-plets alphabets led to the discovery of some universal rules of the stochastic organization of genomic DNAs. These rules are discussed concerning the general problem of the biological dualism “probability-vs-determinism”. In general, the presented results give pieces of evidence in favor of the efficiency of a model approach to living organisms as quantum-informational algebraic-harmonic essences.

Book review: The limits of universal rule: Eurasian empires compared

Book review: The limits of universal rule: Eurasian empires compared

Reproducing size distributions of swarms of barchan dunes on Mars and Earth using a mean-field model

We apply a mean-field model of interactions between migrating barchan dunes, the CAFE model, which includes spontaneous calving, aggregation, fragmentation, and mass-exchange, yielding a steady-state size distribution that can be resolved for different choices of interaction parameters. The CAFE model is applied to empirically measured distributions of dune sizes in two barchan swarms in the north circumpolar region of Mars, three swarms in Morocco, and one in Mauritania, each containing more than 1000 bedforms. When the sizes of bedforms are rescaled by the mean size in each zone two attractor states appear, with the Tarfaya zones all displaying a common distribution and the Martian and Mauritanian zones sharing a different distribution. Comparison of these attractor states with the outputs of the CAFE model reveals that the Tarfaya-type distribution results from a preference for aggregation and fragmentation interactions whereas the Mars–Mauritania distribution is more likely a result of exchange–dominated interactions. We observe that there appears to be a greater number of collisions happening in Tarfaya than in the other areas which is consistent with a greater rate of aggregation–fragmentation processes as suggested by our model. Our comparison with the CAFE model also predicts a universal rule for the outputs of the different types of interactions with exchange interactions favouring the production of two dunes roughly equal in size. Fragmentation interactions often result in three bedforms with volumes approximately in the ratio 1:1:2. Finally, we find that spontaneous calving of dunes does not play an important role in shaping the size distributions in barchan swarms.

Bermuda Triangle in Chemistry

It is believed that the place called Bermuda triangle is able to hide of human seeing objects entered its area. A Bermuda triangle in chemistry is able to hide (mask) atoms or planar molecular fragments cut by their mirror plane of symmetry, not of human eyes but, of polarized light. A triangular skeleton (frame) has been imagined, possessing the ability to cover many hundreds of molecular formulae, providing the latter refer to aliphatic, or partially aliphatic, compounds, and with a low degree of oxidation. This skeleton (frame) is based on a very general and strong principle, valid in meso entities. The idea is advanced that isomers coming up from a molecular formula could be of four types (groups): meso, C2 symmetrical (CTS), irrechi (from irregular chiral) and constitutional (constit.). The following universal rule is revealed: all CTS and irrechi can be converted to meso ones, but the reverse is not true, at least for the same skeleton. At the same time, an impressive number of constitutional natural or synthetic combinations are characterized by at least one real or envisaged meso isomer. Thus, from a structural point of view, meso isomers are justified as reference compounds. The above mentioned principles have been applied to numerous natural compounds: amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, vitamins, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons. A mathematical equation sustaining the triangular representation has been proposed. One raises the question which of the four types is the upper. A tentative answer is given to this question.

Contingent Power in the 21st Century Against the Backdrop of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right – Trump and Twitter as Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Abstract The Owl of Minerva only spreads its wings at dusk. This Hegelian realization might also apply to the last days of Donald Trump in office which brought about many a precedent in the relationship not only between the then President of the United States and its constitution but also between him and his main means of communication: Twitter. The president’s tumultuous communication surrounding the transition of power climaxed in an angry mob storming the Capitol in a vain attempt to – dependent on whose narrative one credits – either restore or abolish democracy. Twitter’s subsequent decision to ban Trump from using its services for arguably inciting or at least condoning the insurrection quickly led to heated discussions rooted in the issue of the allocation of power within contemporary societies. At the core of these discussions lie two central elements: freedom and the (legitimate) power to restrict it. One side argued that the platform operators had infringed Trump’s freedom of speech. In contrast, the other side claimed that abridging Trump’s ability to communicate whatever came to his mind was an inevitable step to protect the American constitutional order and thus liberal democracy. Meanwhile, attention has gradually been focused on the larger underlying issues. One common aspect is that both positions seem to presuppose a concept of freedom that is all too formalistic. On a more abstract level, the events also boil down to a clash of two separate claims to power: Social media operators opposing the head of state’s claim to do as he wishes. Thus, the paper aspires to analyze the sources of legitimacy for the actions taken by platform operators and their respective counterparts. The analysis is based on Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. In particular, Hegel’s understanding of freedom, the ideal state and of possible legitimate sources for universal rules shall be put to use. The first point of contact in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right is his view of the head of state, his relation to the law, especially to the constitution, and to his constituents. Against this backdrop, it shall be determined how power is distributed in Hegel’s state. Then, an attempt shall be made to transfer the underlying ideas and considerations to the power structure and the legitimizing factors as they are laid down in the US Constitution. Furthermore, the paper examines the state’s possibilities to react to possibly problematic behavior of the head of state. The focus will be placed on the possibility of holding them accountable for actions directed against the state itself or its constitutional order. Particularly against the backdrop of the questionable efficacy of impeachment procedures in deeply divided nations, the question arises as to whether private actors can legitimately intervene. Concretely, whether social media operators may legitimately bar heads of state from using their platforms in order to protect the state, the legal system or democracy.

AC Conductivity and dielectric relaxation in Li2O-PbO-As2O3-B2O3 glasses

New Li2O-based oxide glasses containing heavy metal oxide as in the PbO–As2O3–B2O3-Li2O quaternary system were prepared using a melt-quenching method. An impedance spectroscopy technique is used and the Cole – Cole impedance reaction method is used to analyze data. The action of the AC conductivity of these glasses has been studied in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, and the recorded AC results are analysed as a function of temperature using the universal power rule of Jonscher to describe the dispersive conduct of the electric conductivity observed. The frequency reaction of a dielectric constant ε′and a dielectric loss tanδ are investigated according to the temperature. The tanδ is modified to a higher frequency at increasing temperatures, suggesting that dielectric loss in the present glasses is a dipolar relief feature. The presence of PbO results in a decrease in direct current conductivity and a boost in theenergy of activation. It is possibly because of a decreased fraction of charges on the oxygen atoms and a lonely pair existence in the lead atom, both of which obstruct the passage of lithium ion. This assumption is supported by the acconductivity and dielectricity of these glasses.

What is adaptive radiation? Many manifestations of the phenomenon in an iconic lineage of Hawaiian spiders

Adaptive radiation provides the ideal context for identifying and testing the processes that drive evolutionary diversification. However, different adaptive radiations show a variety of different patterns, making it difficult to come up with universal rules that characterize all such systems. Diversification may occur via several mechanisms including non-adaptive divergence, adaptation to novel environments, or character displacement driven by competition. Here, we characterize the ways these different drivers contribute to present-day diversity patterns, using the exemplary adaptive radiation of Hawaiian long-jawed orbweaver (Tetragnatha) spiders. We present the most taxonomically comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis to date for this group, using 10 molecular markers and representatives from every known species across the archipelago. Among the lineages that make up this remarkable radiation, we find evidence for multiple diversification modalities. Several clades appear to have diversified in allopatry under a narrow range of ecological conditions, highlighting the role of niche conservatism in speciation. Others have shifted into new environments and evolved traits that appear to be adaptive in those environments. Still others show evidence for character displacement by close relatives, often resulting in convergent evolution of stereotyped ecomorphs. All of the above mechanisms seem to have played a role in giving rise to the exceptional diversity of morphological, ecological and behavioral traits represented among the many species of Hawaiian Tetragnatha. Taking all these processes into account, and testing how they operate in different systems, may allow us to identify universal principles underlying adaptive radiation.

From ʾAlfiyya to Berlitz: modernising Arabic language pedagogy in protectorate-era Morocco

ABSTRACT It is often assumed that colonial administrators across North Africa were involved, explicitly or implicitly, in the suppression of fuṣḥā (classical Arabic). This paper adds nuance to such generalisations by examining debates over Arabic language pedagogy during the French protectorate in Morocco. Drawing on official correspondence and internal notes exchanged between the Direction de l’instruction publique (DIP) and local school administrators, this article shows that, far from disregarding Arabic as a school subject, French colonial administrators actively attempted to reform and modernise Arabic language pedagogy by drawing on European pedagogical methodologies and new trends in foreign language teaching. I argue that these overlooked pedagogical reforms radically, if unintentionally, reframed classical Arabic from a divinely privileged language offering unique access to knowledge about the world, to merely one language amongst others, a token of a type, in need of being taught according to the universal rules of language pedagogy. In doing so, I suggest that protectorate-era Arabic classes in DIP-run schools helped lay the foundation for postcolonial debates over Arabisation and the status of Arabic dialects.

P-345 A Universalist Approach to the Registration of the Information of Gamete/Embryo Donners: an Experience from Avicenna Infertility Clinic

Abstract Study question Legal systems justify registering information of donners on the basis of protecting identity and health of resulting children. Is this a universal rule? Summary answer Apparently, mentioned registration of information of gamete/embryo donners is not justifiable under all legal systems. What is known already In countries like Iran, there is a partial legal approach, due to religious reasons, to donation, while legal status of resulting children is not clear. For instance, as for the filiation of these children, should they be considered as filius nullius? In Iran, following the famous Shī‘ī religious opinion, the donner is considered as the parent while the receiver is at most the step one. Under such a system, many receivers prefer to keep the donation information strictly confidential. Even donners take such a stance so as to safeguard themselves against likely legal liabilities in future. Confidentiality is justified here. Study design, size, duration In order for us to put forward a justifiable position, first, we examine the existing relevant Iranian laws, such as the Embryo Donation Act (2003). Secondly, certain empirical data in this regard shall be brought in. The aforesaid position shall be attempted to be based on these two steps. Participants/materials, setting, methods Apart from the positive legal materials, some questionnaires filled out by a number of patients using Avicenna Infertility Clinic services and also a few judicial cases as decided by Iranian courts shall be taken into account for this study. As for the questionnaire, it contained ten sentences which were scored on the basis of 5-point Likert Scale. The answers were finally evaluated based on the Cronbach alpha calculation. Main results and the role of chance Even if one embraces the justification of the information due to protecting identity and health of resulting children, this does not work well as long as the issue of filiation is not legally determined in a crystal clear way. In this case, registration of donners’ information just adds another claimant to the group of filiation claimants which makes the situation worse. This is why both donners and receivers wish to keep the donation information completely confidential so that themselves and the children may live a normal life in the country. Otherwise, demand for this method of fertility treatment would seriously fall. The analysis of the statistic results also confirms the claim that neither of donners and receivers groups do not agree with the registration and disclosure of the data. On this basis, we do not believe that a universalist legal approach to the issue of data registration in this area is a defendable stance. Therefore, we are inclined to see the issue in the light of other crucial aspects of the donation method, e.g. that of filiation. The guiding principle seems to be the well being of the receiving couples and the resulting children. Limitations, reasons for caution We do not see a particular problem (limitation or caution) in the way of our research. Wider implications of the findings It seems that not only is this study beneficial to the Iranian health policy makers, it will also be useful in a comparative context. Trial registration number not applicable

Animal health

According to some definitions health is the absence of disease, thus it can be said that disease is the lack of health. However, it is difficult to agree with such a simplified approach, as health is not just a synonym for health status. The term health status has a much wider implication and it implies not only the state of health i.e. if the animals are healthy or not, but also is the herd is free from infectious diseases, and the implementation of biotechnological measures for the maintenance of productivity. It is possible that the animals have a poor health status (presence of latent infections) but are clinically healthy and productive. Similarly, it is possible that the animals are in a good health status, but the management, housing, care and diet are not adequate, resulting in the manifestation of clinical signs of disease. A disease is essentially the absence of health, i.e. a deviation from the harmonious functioning of some organs or organisms, which can then be clearly manifested through certain symptoms or signs, which is also called the clinical form of the disease. However, very often some diseases are present in a subclinical or latent form, when they can only be detected by one of the methods of serodiagnosis, but the best and safest way is by identifying the cause or by considering some parameters that indicate a decline in production. Health is a prerequisite for the profitability of keeping and raising animals. A healthy animal produces a healthy product that, after processing, becomes food for humans. In this way, human health is also protected. Animal proteins are an indispensable nutrient in the diet of the population. Unfortunately, animal health does not depend only on measures implemented in an area, country, or even a continent, but on a wider, global space and mode of transmission, most often of the causative agents of infectious diseases, which cause enormous damage to the economies of countries relaying on animal husbandry. Under the patronage of world organizations, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), of which almost all countries are members, universal rules and guidelines are being prepared and adopted for monitoring, detection, prevention of spreading, and control and eradication animal diseases. Each country adopts health care programs according to its potentials and accepts the obligation to report to world organizations, primarily to OIE, in the event of certain diseases of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Veterinary services have the greatest responsibility for animal health and food of animal origin, they have the role of public service in the protection of public health. Some countries have declared veterinary activity a common good, and the initiative is to define this service on a global scale. It is known that there are 1415 pathogens that cause infectious diseases in humans. Over 60% of human infectious diseases are of a zoonotic nature. At least 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of animal origin. Every year, five new infectious diseases in humans appear, and most of them are of animal origin. Out of the pathogens with potential use for bioterrorist purposes, 80% of them are zoonotic pathogens. Disease prevention (preventive health care) will be a priority for veterinary and health systems and services in the future. In addition to the immunological measures that are being implemented (vaccination), epidemiological services have a wide range of options at their disposal that will become more important. Veterinary medicine works very effectively on the protection of farm breeding of various species of animals by prescribing the consistent application of health, zoohygiene and biosafety measures and procedures. In that way, the contact of the causative agent of the disease with the animal is prevented, which has proven to be the key factor in preventing the occurrence of mass diseases (epidemics, pandemics and other forms of infectious diseases).

Front Cover: The Dynamic Range of Acidity: Tracking Rules for the Unidirectional Penetration of Cellular Compartments (ChemBioChem 15/2022)

Changing color like lobsters during cooking, flipper probes with cationic acids are introduced to elucidate the mechanics of early endocytosis, and to reveal universal tracking rules for unidirectional penetration along transmembrane pH gradients. Consistent with a dynamic range of ΔpKa=3.5 for temporary deprotonation, cationic acids with pKa=9.8 stay only within more acidic early endosomes (pH ∼6.3), while those with pKa=10.6 track also the less acidic ones (pH ∼6.5). For these early endosomes, cationic acids with pKa=7.4 are too acidic for retention, those with pKa=13.5 are too basic for penetration. More information can be found in the Research Article by S. Matile et al.