Universal Art Research Articles

Increasing knowledge of HIV status in a country with high HIV testing coverage: Results from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project.

IntroductionAchieving widespread knowledge of HIV-positive status is a crucial step to reaching universal ART coverage, population level viral suppression, and ultimately epidemic control. We implemented a multi-modality HIV testing approach to identify 90% or greater of HIV-positive persons in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) intervention communities.MethodsBCPP is a cluster-randomized trial designed to evaluate the impact of combination prevention interventions on HIV incidence in 30 communities in Botswana. Community case finding and HIV testing that included home and targeted mobile testing were implemented in the 15 intervention communities. We described processes for identifying HIV-positive persons, uptake of HIV testing by age, gender and venue, characteristics of persons newly diagnosed through BCPP, and coverage of knowledge of status reached at the end of study.ResultsOf the 61,655 eligible adults assessed in home or mobile settings, 13,328 HIV-positive individuals, or 93% of the estimated 14,270 positive people in the communities were identified through BCPP. Knowledge of status increased by 25% over the course of the study with the greatest increases seen among men (37%) as compared to women (19%) and among youth aged 16–24 (77%) as compared to older age groups (21%). Although more men were tested through mobile than through home-based testing, higher rates of newly diagnosed HIV-positive men were found through home than mobile testing.ConclusionsEven when HIV testing coverage is high, additional gains can be made using a multi-modality HIV testing strategy to reach different sub-populations who are being missed by non-targeted program activities. Men and youth can be reached and will engage in community testing when services are brought to places they access routinely.

Linkage to Care Following an HIV Diagnosis in Three Public Sector Clinics in eThekwini (Durban), South Africa: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study.

Linkage to care following an HIV diagnosis remains an important HIV care continuum milestone, even in the era of universal ART eligibility. In an 8-month prospective cohort study among 459 (309 women, 150 men) newly-diagnosed HIV-positive individuals in three public-sector clinics in Durban metropolitan region, South Africa, from 2010 to 2013, median time to return to clinic for CD4+ results (linkage) was 10.71weeks (95% CI 8.52-12.91), with 54.1% 3-month cumulative incidence of linkage. At study completion (9.23months median follow-up), 26.2% had not linked. Holding more positive outcome-beliefs about enrolling in care was associated with more rapid linkage [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)each additional belief 1.31; 95% CI 1.05-1.64] and lower odds of never linking [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.50; 95% CI 0.33-0.75]. Holding positive ARV beliefs was strongly protective against never linking to care. Age over 30years (AHR 1.59; 95% CI 1.29-1.97) and disclosing one's HIV-positive status within 30days of diagnosis (AHR 1.52; 95% CI 1.10-2.10) were associated with higher linkage rates and lower odds of never linking. Gender was not associated with linkage and did not alter the effect of other predictors. Although expanded access to ART has reduced some linkage barriers, these findings demonstrate that people's beliefs and social relations also matter. In addition to structural interventions, consistent ART education and disclosure support, and targeting younger individuals for linkage are high priorities.

Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on HIV Incidence — HPTN 071 (PopART)

BackgroundA universal testing and treatment strategy is a potential approach to reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, yet previous trial results are inconsistent.MethodsIn the HPTN 071 (PopART) community-randomized trial conducted from 2013 through 2018, we randomly assigned 21 communities in Zambia and South Africa (total population, approximately 1 million) to group A (combination prevention intervention with universal antiretroviral therapy [ART]), group B (the prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines [universal since 2016]), or group C (standard care). The prevention intervention included home-based HIV testing delivered by community workers, who also supported linkage to HIV care and ART adherence. The primary outcome, HIV incidence between months 12 and 36, was measured in a population cohort of approximately 2000 randomly sampled adults (18 to 44 years of age) per community. Viral suppression (<400 copies of HIV RNA per milliliter) was assessed in all HIV-positive participants at 24 months.ResultsThe population cohort included 48,301 participants. Baseline HIV prevalence was 21% or 22% in each group. Between months 12 and 36, a total of 553 new HIV infections were observed during 39,702 person-years (1.4 per 100 person-years; women, 1.7; men, 0.8). The adjusted rate ratio for group A as compared with group C was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.18; P=0.51) and for group B as compared with group C was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.88; P=0.006). The percentage of HIV-positive participants with viral suppression at 24 months was 71.9% in group A, 67.5% in group B, and 60.2% in group C. The estimated percentage of HIV-positive adults in the community who were receiving ART at 36 months was 81% in group A and 80% in group B.ConclusionsA combination prevention intervention with ART provided according to local guidelines resulted in a 30% lower incidence of HIV infection than standard care. The lack of effect with universal ART was unanticipated and not consistent with the data on viral suppression. In this trial setting, universal testing and treatment reduced the population-level incidence of HIV infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 071 [PopArt] ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01900977.)

Criminal Justice System Involvement as a Risk Factor for Detectable Plasma HIV Viral Load in People Who Use Illicit Drugs: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in our setting, repeated periods of incarceration adversely affect ART adherence in a dose-dependent manner. However, the impact of non-custodial criminal justice involvement on HIV-related outcomes has not been previously investigated. Data were obtained from a longitudinal cohort of HIV-positive PWUD in a setting of universal no-cost ART and complete dispensation records. Multivariate generalized estimating equations were used to calculate the longitudinal odds of having a detectable HIV VL (VL) associated with custodial and non-custodial CJS exposure. Between 2005 and 2014, 716 HIV-positive ART-exposed PWUD were recruited. In multivariate analysis, both custodial [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.82] and noncustodial (AOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.99) involvement in the criminal justice system was associated with detectable HIV VL. Among HIV-positive PWUD, both custodial and non-custodial criminal justice involvement is associated with worse HIV treatment outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for increased ART adherence support across the full spectrum of the criminal justice system.

Universal Art Studies: Theory and Practice

The centuries-long tradition of disciplines connected with artistic culture has always been directed towards the differentiated perception of each of the branches of art studies. Presently there are various approaches beginning to take shape towards the formation of an overall (universal) discipline of art studies as a discipline aspiring towards an allapproaching sweep of a multiple-point areal of basic facts, names, phenomena and tendencies of world artistic culture. The formation of this meta-discipline corresponds to the processes of human consciousness, which continue to acquire greater relevance. The author asserts that the multi-disciplinary approach requires in the most emphatic way the usage of cluster technology, which in this case presumes the integration of resources of the various branches of art studies for an integrated mastery of artistic space in all its diversity. At the same time, it is necessary to make use of the method of artistic analysis with which the conception-based foundation of the musical compositions becomes pivotal. All of this leads to the perspective of transferal beyond the boundaries of a special scholarly discipline towards the horizons of a generally valid picture of the world. By perceiving the art of music as a testimony of the epoch that generated it, by evaluating it as a peculiar instrument of cognition, and by bringing to light its capabilities in the plan of modeling the image of the world and man, we acquire the most abundant albeit still little researched resources of a colorific and multidimensional historical memory making it possible to expand significantly and enrich our perceptions. In the educational milieu the formation of a renewed world-perception realized with the participation of universal art studies would make it possible to realize in the best possible way the basic subject of “world artistic culture.” For the sake of elaborating on the expounded concept, the “Center for Integrated Research” has been founded at the Saratov Conservatory, being the only such center in Russian institutions for higher education. The director of the center is Doctor of Arts, Professor Alexander Demchenko. Keywords: general art studies, a multi-disciplinary approach, the artistic picture of the world, the Saratov Conservatory, the center for integrated artistic research.

Towards 90-90: Findings after two years of the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomized trial of a universal testing-and-treatment intervention in Zambia.

BackgroundHPTN071(PopART) is a 3-arm community-randomised study in 21 peri-urban/urban communities in Zambia and the Western Cape of South Africa, with high HIV prevalence and high mobility especially among young adults. In Arm A communities, from November 2013 community HIV care providers (CHiPs) have delivered the “PopART” universal-test-and-treat (UTT) package in annual rounds, during which they visit all households and offer HIV testing. CHiPs refer HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals to routine HIV clinic services, where universal ART (irrespective of CD4 count) is offered, with re-visits to support linkage to care. The overall goal is to reduce population-level adult HIV incidence, through achieving high HIV testing and treatment coverage.Methods and findingsThe second annual round was June 2015-October 2016. Included in analysis are all individuals aged ≥15 years who consented to participate, with extrapolation to the total population. Our three main outcomes are (1) knowledge of HIV+ status (2) ART coverage, by the end of Round 2 (R2) and compared with the start of R2, and (3) retention on ART on the day of consenting to participate in R2. We used “time-to-event” methods to estimate the median time to start ART after referral to care. CHiPs visited 45,631 households during R2, ~98% of the estimated total across the four communities, and for 94% (43,022/45,631) consent was given for all household members to be listed on the CHiPs’ electronic register; 120,272 individuals aged ≥15 years were listed, among whom 64% of men (37,265/57,901) and 86% (53,516/62,371) of women consented to participate in R2. We estimated there were 6,521 HIV+ men and 10,690 HIV+ women in the total population of visited households; and that ~80% and ~90% of HIV+ men and women respectively knew their HIV+ status by the end of R2, fairly similar across age groups but lower among those who did not participate in Round 1 (R1). Among those who knew their HIV+ status, ~80% of both men and women were on ART by the end of R2, close to 90% among men aged ≥45 and women aged ≥35 years, but lower among younger adults, those who were resident in R1 but did not participate in R1, and those who were newly resident in the area of the community in which they were living in R2. Overall ART coverage was ~65% among HIV+ men and ~75% among HIV+ women, compared with the cumulative 90–90 target of 81%. Among those who reported ever taking ART, 93% of men and 95% of women self-reported they were on ART and missed 0 pills in the last 3 days. The median time to start ART after referral to care was ~6 months in R2, similar across the age range 25–54 years, compared with ~9.5 months in R1. The two main limitations to our findings were that a comparison with control-arm communities cannot be made until the end of the study; and that to extrapolate to the total population, assumptions were required about individuals who were resident, but did not participate, in R2.ConclusionsOverall coverage against the 90–90 targets was high after two years of intervention, but was lower among men, individuals aged 18–34 years, and those who did not participate in R1. Our findings reflect the relative difficulties for CHiPs to contact men at home, compared with women, and that it is challenging to reach high levels of testing and treatment coverage in communities with substantial mobility and in-migration. The shortened time to start ART after referral to care in R2, compared with R1, was likely attributable to multiple factors including an increased focus of the CHiPs on linkage to care; increasing community acceptance and understanding of the CHiPs, and of ART and UTT, with time; increased coordination with the clinics to facilitate linkage; and clinic improvements.

Violencia, memoria y mito. Espectacularización de la muerte en la fotografía de Isidro Velázquez (Argentina)

***Violência, memória e mito. Espetacularização da morte na fotografia de Isidro Velázquez (Argentina)***Isidro Velázquez é conhecido como o último “gaúcho rebelde” do nordeste da Argentina. Ele foi morto a tiros pela polícia em 1967 no estado do Chaco. Seu corpo mutilado e o do seu companheiro Vicente Gauna foram exibidas em público em várias cidades e reproduzidas em fotografias que circularam na mídia estadual e nacional. Este artigo analisa a construção de dispositivos de espetacularização da morte e da violência estabelecido pelo Estado. O texto também explora como fotografias do cadáver de Velázquez são baseadas em formas de ver o corpo morto resultante de representações paradigmáticas da história da arte ocidental e cultura visual da América Latina. Além disso, o trabalho reflete sobre o papel que tinha essas imagens públicas e recreações fotográficas no processo de mitificação e santificação popular de Isidro Velázquez. A análise é interdisciplinar e recupera ferramentas da história da arte, história cultural e estudos visuais.

The cost-effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women at high risk of HIV infection in Brazil.

IntroductionMen who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in Brazil experience high rates of HIV infection. We examined the clinical and economic outcomes of implementing a pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) programme in these populations.MethodsWe used the Cost‐Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)‐International model of HIV prevention and treatment to evaluate two strategies: the current standard of care (SOC) in Brazil, including universal ART access (No PrEP strategy); and the current SOC plus daily tenofovir/emtracitabine PrEP (PrEP strategy) until age 50. Mean age (31 years, SD 8.4 years), age‐stratified annual HIV incidence (age ≤ 40 years: 4.3/100 PY; age > 40 years: 1.0/100 PY), PrEP effectiveness (43% HIV incidence reduction) and PrEP drug costs ($23/month) were from Brazil‐based sources. The analysis focused on direct medical costs of HIV care. We measured the comparative value of PrEP in 2015 United States dollars (USD) per year of life saved (YLS). Willingness‐to‐pay threshold was based on Brazil's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP; 2015: $8540 USD).ResultsLifetime HIV infection risk among high‐risk MSM and TGW was 50.5% with No PrEP and decreased to 40.1% with PrEP. PrEP increased per‐person undiscounted (discounted) life expectancy from 36.8 (20.7) years to 41.0 (22.4) years and lifetime discounted HIV‐related medical costs from $4100 to $8420, which led to an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $2530/YLS. PrEP remained cost‐effective (<1x GDP) under plausible variation in key parameters, including PrEP effectiveness and cost, initial cohort age and HIV testing frequency on/off PrEP.ConclusionDaily tenofovir/emtracitabine PrEP among MSM and TGW at high risk of HIV infection in Brazil would increase life expectancy and be highly cost‐effective.

Petruţa Măniuţ-Coroiu – A Philocalic History of Music

Abstract The volume titled O istorie filocalică a muzicii [A Philocalic History of Music] by the musicologist Petruța Măniuț-Coroiu offers an unusual approach to the relationship between music and religion. At the core of its demonstration lie the possible relations between the texts in the Ladder of the Divine Ascent from the Philokalia of Saint John Climacus and the masterpieces of Romanian and universal art music. In this volume, the author presents, step by step, the 30 “words of wisdom” without straying from the original text, using direct quotes from Saint John Climacus’ work, putting forward topics such as the renunciation of the world, repentance, obedience, humility, etc. The steps, representing the ladder of spiritual fulfilment, should be climbed so as to leave a mark on the souls of those who ascend. It is worth remembering than once a step is reached the others should not be forgotten, but furthered for the rest of one’s life. Each of the 30 chapters is preceded by quotes from the Old and the New Testament, or from the writings of great representatives of the Orthodox faith (Saint John Chrysostom, Maximus the Confessor, Dumitru Stăniloae). Besides the semantic dimension specific to this kind of approach, the book may also be linked to the field of art therapy. It is worth noting the author’s easiness in identifying the most representative religious texts and their matching musical pieces, as this fusion produces numerous opportunities to acquire apophatic knowledge and intense spiritual experiences.

Plataforma desmaterializada en la casa Farnsworth. Operación moderna estereotómica

Decomposing the Farnsworth house through its absolute elements reveals the essence of the architecture of Mies van der Rohe, showing that each device has its own universe, which, when arranged in a complete entity, achieves the compactness of a piece of universal art. Here the house is analyzed through one of its most innovative devices, which evidences the lightness conferred to it by being separated from the natural floor. This is an operation that emphasizes the abstraction of a fairly recurrent device in his architecture, creating a new floor plan by erecting his buildings on podiums or platforms. This analysis deepens the study of the elements that make up this dematerialized podium based on Mies’ Baukunst, a look that has found answers in a panorama of primary sources that reveal Mies’ method of “building with art.”

Metagraphics of Oleksandr Aksinin as a «space for escape»: the epistemological aspect

Interest to the works of O. Aksinin usually is accompanied by arguments about the epistemological perspectives of his works. The unique embodiment of artistic and metaphysical searches in the artistic practice is characterized by the notion of metagraphics. Metagraphics is a form of thinking, self-awareness of internal experience and reflection of one’s own vision — in one holistic artistic act. There are various, characteristics of his work, including opposite ones: from «graphic Esperanto» with the connotations of «universal art» of V. Khlebnykov, to «individual artistic language», understandable only to the artist himself. To denote the special peculiarities of O. Aksinin’s pieces of art, the category of anesthetics is involved, according to which only art can testify the truth and express, what the philosophy points out indirectly. Textuality, multidimensionality of structures and the constant generation of short-lived meanings in the mind of the viewer by his works, determines the perception of O. Aksinin’s art, as an intellectual «space for escape». This «space» provides flexibility for the plasticity of content at all semantic levels, due to several factors, in particular — the internal experience of the recipient. Therefore, the achievement of the «bottom of the rabbit hole» — or the final deciphering of the artistic work — is not expected.

Peirce’s “Ideas, stray or stolen, about scientific writing” and the relationship between methodeutic, speculative rhetoric, and the universal art of rhetoric

Abstract This paper is a reading of Peirce’s manuscript “Ideas, stray or stolen, about scientific writing.” The latter text has been considered to be a key for understanding the relationship between speculative rhetoric and methodeutic. While I agree that it includes essential reflections on the third branch of Peirce’s logic, I will argue that the classification of rhetoric studies that it contains cannot be used to clarify the way in which methodeutic and speculative rhetoric are related to one another. I will first introduce the classification as it is presented by Peirce in “Ideas, stray or stolen, about scientific writing” and list some problems that immediately arise when we identify methodeutic with the rhetoric of science. Then, I will elucidate Peirce’s distinction between the universal art of rhetoric, speculative rhetoric, and ordinary rhetoric. I will argue that the classification of rhetoric studies in “Ideas, stray or stolen, about scientific writing” should be seen as a classification of the ways in which we can obtain different ordinary rhetorics specifying the contents of speculative rhetoric for different contexts of sign use. To finish, I will propose a different approach to support the claim that methodeutic is a subdivision of speculative rhetoric.

Time from HIV diagnosis to commencement of antiretroviral therapy as an indicator to supplement the HIV cascade: Dramatic fall from 2011 to 2015.

IntroductionThe HIV care cascade is increasingly used to evaluate HIV treatment programs at the population level. However, the cascade indicators lack the ability to show changes over time, which reduces their utility to guide health policy. Alternatives have been proposed but are complex or result in a delay in results. We propose a new indicator of ART uptake, the time from HIV diagnosis to commencement of ART, and compare it to the existing cascade indicator of proportion of patients on treatment and the WHO proposed cohort cascade indicator of proportion of patients on treatment within one year of diagnosis.Methods and materialsRecords from patients from the two largest HIV treatment centres in the state of Victoria, Australia (Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and The Alfred Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases) from 2011 to 2015 were extracted. The intervals between date of diagnosis, entry into care and initiation of ART were compared.Results and discussionFrom 2011 to 2015 the proportion of in-care patients who were on ART rose from 87% to 93% (p<0.0001). From 2011 to 2014, the proportion of patients in care and on ART within one year of diagnosis increased from 43.4% to 78.9% (p = 0.001). The median time from diagnosis to ART fell from 418 days (IQR: 91–1176) to 77 days (IQR: 39–290)(p<0.001) by calendar year in which ART was commenced.ConclusionsFrom 2011 to 2015 there were substantial and clinically important falls in the median time from diagnosis to commencing ART in those that commenced ART. The size of this dramatic change was not apparent when only reporting the proportion of patients on ART. Time to ART is a useful indicator and can be used to supplement existing cascade indicators in measuring progress toward universal ART coverage.

Population levels and geographical distribution of HIV RNA in rural Ugandan and Kenyan communities, including serodiscordant couples: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundAs Sub-Saharan Africa transitions to a new era of universal ART, up-to-date assessments of HIV RNA (viral load, VL) suppression at a population level are needed to understand demographic and geographic sources of ongoing viremia and to inform interventions to optimize ART delivery. We sought to measure population viral load (VL) metrics to assess current viral suppression levels and characterize demographic groups and geographic locations with high-level detectable viremia in East Africa.MethodsIn the SEARCH HIV test-and-treat study (NCT01864683), we conducted baseline HIV testing (89% uptake) and HIV RNA assessments in 32 rural communities in 2013–2014 in Uganda and Kenya (N=303,461). We measured VL in 8,828 HIV+ adults, and defined viral suppression as VL<500 copies/mL. To assess geographic sources of transmission risk, we determined the proportion of all adults (both HIV-positive and HIV-negative) with detectable VL (termed ‘local prevalence of viremia’). Transmission risk ‘hotspots’ were defined as geopolitical subunits within communities with >5.0% local prevalence of viremia. We also assessed sero-discordant couples, measuring the proportion in which the HIV+ partner had detectable viremia.FindingsViral suppression was 82% (3,427/4,202) among adults on ART, and 51% (4,490/8,828) among all HIV+ adults. Regional viral suppression among HIV+ adults was 48% (West Uganda), 45% (East Uganda) and 53% (Western Kenya). Transmission risk ‘hotspots’ included 1/21 W.Uganda, 0/18 E.Uganda, and 16/26 Kenya geopolitical subunits. In Uganda, sero-discordancy was 3.1% (492 discordant/16,023 total couples). In 58% of discordant couples, the HIV+ partner was viremic (14% had VL>100,000). In Kenya, sero-discordancy was 10.0% (859/8,616 total couples). In 53%, the HIV+ partner was viremic (15% with VL>100,000).InterpretationPrior to the 2013–2014 start of the SEARCH trial, 51% of East African HIV+ adults had viral suppression, reflecting ART scale-up efforts to date. However, geographic ‘hotspots’ of potential HIV transmission risk as well as detectable viremia among sero-discordant couples warrant intensified interventions.FundingUS National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance.

Dance is a universal art form practiced by all human societies and has many functions including sexual attraction, social cohesion, and the therapeutic release of energy. Dance also has been reported in a small number of non-human primate species, in particular apes. However, its function has not been systematically evaluated. We observed 357 intentional, rhythmic, and nonverbal dance displays performed by four adult female cao vit gibbons (Nomascus nasutus) residing in four polygynous groups during 3000 h of observation in Bangliang, Guangxi, China. Females used dance to solicit copulations, as well as to promote a social bond with the group’s lone adult male. In addition, this display appears to represent a form of non-aggressive competition among adult females living in the same group. We found that a female who had a weaker social relationship with the breeding male increased her social and sexual access to the male by an increase in dancing frequency. Given that gibbons dance in various behavioral contexts, and appears to serve several important social and sexual functions, a greater understanding of this form of gestural communication offers an instructive model for examining the origin and evolution of dance in humans and other apes.

The General Exhibition of Pictures of 1851: National Schools and International Trade in the Mid-Victorian Art Market

This article examines a little-known but important moment in the history of the London art market and exhibition scene, namely, the organization of the General Exhibition of Pictures by the Living Artists of the Schools of All Countries, which was set up in London by Ossian Verdeau and Henry Mogford in 1851, concurrently with the Great Exhibition. It argues that the General Exhibition was not only the first universal art exhibition, but also constituted a major step towards the development of the London art district as a vast universal exhibition in its own right, featuring art from all countries and based on a logic of ‘national branding’ and cosmopolitanism.

Clinical outcomes of HIV-exposed, HIV-uninfected children in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV-exposed but HIV-uninfected (HEU) children are widely considered at increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Recent advances in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) strategies, incorporating life-long universal maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART, "Option B+") with extended breastfeeding, may improve HEU child health substantially. We critically reviewed reports of mortality/morbidity among HEU and HIV-unexposed (HU) children in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Global Health & Psychosocial Instruments databases, conference abstracts, and reference lists for longitudinal studies from sub-Saharan Africa reporting mortality and clinical morbidity among HIV-uninfected children aged ≤10 years, by maternal HIV status. Studies were appraised by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and ACROBAT-NRSI. Due to substantial heterogeneity of study designs, populations and results (I(2) = 75%), data were not synthesised. We included 37 reports (28 studies, 11 164 HEU children); methodological and reporting quality were variable. Most reports came from settings without universal access to maternal ART (n = 35). Results were conflicting, with some studies indicating increased risk of mortality, hospitalisation and/or under-nutrition among HEU children, while others found no evidence of increased risk. In subanalyses, improved maternal health, ART use and breastfeeding were strongly protective for all outcomes. Only 39% (11/28) of studies adjusted for major confounders. Reports from settings using universal maternal ART with breastfeeding (n = 2) found no differences in growth or development but did not report mortality or infectious morbidity. The existing literature provides little insight into HEU child health under recently adopted PMTCT strategies. There is a need for robust comparative data on HEU and HIV-unexposed child health outcomes under Option B+; optimising breastfeeding practices and increasing maternal use of ART should be urgent public health priorities.

THE DECORATIVE DESIGN IN BRANCOVENIAN PAINTING (THE PAINTING DURING THE REIGN OF CONSTANTIN BRANCOVEANU)

The Brancovenian style characterizes the art, the architecture and the plastic arts from Wallachia, during the reign of Constantin Brancoveanu (1688-1714). The Brancovenian art is a type of art that has an eclectic spirit. In the Moldavian architecture, it adds Gothic influences over the Romanian and Byzantine structures, at which it has been added Oriental and Reinaissance elements, especially Baroque ones. Out of this complex combination, it emerges a Romanian and unitary style, known as the Romanian Baroque. In Brancovenian art, the decorative design or the ornament has a crucial importance, first of all, due to its journey to the easiest visible architectonic land, and, second of all, due to its enrichment and diversity. The ornament is now adapted to the architectural space through the settlement of the fitomorphus decorations in the exterior painting, and, in the interior painting through filling empty spaces with combined friezes from vegetal elements. A new direction in the evolution of the ornament is its shift from merely decorating architectural buildings to decorating the background of the paintings. Afterwards, the ornament is highly encountered on background objects, especially on thrones where holly persons were put and in the decoration of the clothes belonging to saints or founders (henefactor). During this period, the ornament has a crucial importance in painting. The space of the elements that, until recently, was filled only by the shaping light or colour, is now receiving decorations. Thus, the clothes of the characters inspired from the paintings originating in Crete, are enriched by ornaments with vegetal elements, and influenced by the Western Baroque. By studying the plastic and stylistic analysis, we can observe the fact that the ornament has the role of decorating the background surfaces, phenomenon encountered in the tradition of Byzantine painting, and it is introduced in the pictural field, establishing a certain relationship with the inner pattern of the respective elements. Thus, Brancovenian painting manages to create a synthesis between East and West, becoming unique and imposing itself as a personal style of the Romanian-Byzantine painting to universal art. Keywords: art, Brancovenian painting, ornament, decorative element

The influence of art education on jewelry design

Principally, theory and practice should be in harmony. In Jewelry Design Programmes, the knowledge of light, colour and design should be thought on basis of theories and causations besides visuality and practice. The education of design provides the students an independent aspect and encourages researching and questioning when supported by theoretical knowledge as art history, aesthetics, sociology of art, arts policy and analyzation of works of arts. The fundamental thing in art education is an accurate definition of art and a correct specification of coordinates of art education in accordance with this definition. If universal art coordinates are not included in Jewelry Design Education’s scope, it is possible to train craftsmen but not artists. It is a recognized truth that if a work of art has gained a universal value and protected it in time, then it is likely to talk about an artist and artistic values. Unique art works have their own creation laws and prove themselves in time.

Making the economic case for universal ART access

Making the economic case for universal ART access