Universalism Research Articles

Redefinición de lo educativo en el cibercontexto: a propósito de las TIC como herramienta de inclusión

La explosión cibernética cumple al menos dos profecías aparentemente antitéticas: la de la universalización del conocimiento y la del Gran Hermano. El aprendizaje digital o electrónico expresa la última tendencia no ya en los formatos didácticos-instructivos (un nuevo recurso educativo) sino principalmente otro reto a añadir a las ya cargadas espaldas de lo escolar (el medio se convierte en fin). Se supone que con las nuevas tecnologías de acceso y gestión de la información lo que está en juego es una concepción distinta del mismo concepto de escuela y de lo que debe ser la educación, más allá del acceso al conocimiento.

El movimiento agroecológico en la lupa. Nuevas miradas y acciones para viejos recorridos

The debate on novelties within the social movements examines the theories built underneath, as well as its composition, accounts, itineraries and sets of protest, that is, it also covers the practical dimensions of the references. In this theory-practice game, the agro-ecological social movement is a reference, among others, which empowers to discuss, to examine and to question the relationship of subordination that have existed between these two fields (theory and practice). What is new here is, if one can say so, to reproduce an exercise in order to reverse the link relationship and raise questions and creative spaces starting from the practice. This implies a series of epistemological considerations aiming to recreate a space of political production from the bottom, by transforming the conventional logic of universalism into a pluriversalism based logic. Within it, there is the quest for a new epistemological reference and situated knowledge construction where the social subject is the main focus of the created scenary. According to this relationship, the agro-ecological movement is examined as a holder of experiences and practices which allow to build link relationships between a theory under permanent construction and a practice based on the creative externality of the subjects in action.

Buddhism, Unitarianism, and the Meiji Competition for Universality by Michel Mohr (review)

Buddhism, Unitarianism, and the Meiji Competition for Universality by Michel Mohr (review)

“A Law to Themselves”: Limited Universalism in Philo and Paul

Abstract: Philo von Alexandria bringt in seiner Beschreibung der Schöpfung und der Erzväter das Naturgesetz ins Spiel. Er behauptet, Mose habe seiner Darstellung des Gesetzes einen Bericht über die Schöpfung vorangestellt, um damit die Harmonie von Tora und Naturgesetz zu demonstrieren (Opif 3). Die Erzväter verkörperten dieses Gesetz, bevor der schriftliche Pentateuch gegeben wurde (Abr 1–6). Philo meint, dass Heiden, die Gott sahen, „Israeliten“ sind und dass unter diese auch diejenigen fallen, die sich der Philosophie widmen (Virt 65). Paulus scheint ebenfalls die Ansicht zu kennen, dass Menschen aus den Völkern das Naturgesetz halten können (Röm 2,12–16) und damit zeigen, dass sie am Herzen beschnitten sind (Röm 2,25–29). Philo und Paulus haben in diesen Erörterungen vier Hauptanliegen gemeinsam: Beide glauben, dass Menschen aus den Völkern das Gesetz halten können; beide verbinden das Naturgesetz mit dem Gesetz des Mose; die zwei gehören zu den frühesten Zeugen für die Vorstellung des „Gewissens“, obwohl sie den Begriff unterschiedlich nutzen; und beide verstehen die „Beschneidung“ als Beschneidung des Herzens, auch wenn sie sich darüber uneins sind, ob die physische Beschneidung wichtig ist. Diese Ähnlichkeiten legen nahe, dass Paulus die Art universalisierender Argumente, die Philo verwendet, kannte und sie aus rhetorischen Gründen in Röm 2 nutzte.

Integrative Dialogue as a Path to Universalism: The Case of Buber and Zhuangzi

Integrative Dialogue as a Path to Universalism: The Case of Buber and Zhuangzi

不空羂索観音の表現とその普遍性

不空羂索観音の表現とその普遍性

Феномен универсальности в этике

В докладе Р.Г. Апресяна и полемике вокруг него феномен моральной универсальности предстает в различных образах – как характеристика наиболее общего ценностно-императивного содержания различных моральных форм, противопоставляемого партикулярности обстоятельств и конкретных ситуаций, как особенное качество ценностей, обращенных посредством выражающих их требований к каждому, как особенное свойство суждений быть универсализуемыми, т. е. высказываться в предположении, что любой морально вменяемый человек в аналогичных обстоятельствах высказал бы аналогичное суждение. В разных контекстах и в разных интерпретациях универсальность может ассоциироваться с абсолютностью, объективностью, беспристрастностью, даже униформизмом, что, с одной стороны, вытекает из того или иного понимания морали, а с другой – становиться условием отношения к морали. Участники обсуждения стремятся к достижению большей терминологической точности в дискурсе универсальности и в более строгом определении границ понятий, используемых для отображения спектра значений проблемы универсальности. Их точная предметная фокусировка и концептуальная, в рамках этики (т. е. в соответствии с определенным пониманием морали) контекстуализация непременны, поскольку без соотнесения с понятием морали понятие универсальности не может обрести содержательно определенный вид. Как неоднородна мораль в своих проявлениях, так неоднородна и универсальность, по-разному проявляющаяся в разных сферах морали; в различных коннотациях универсальности отражается реальная разнородность и множественность самого этого феномена. Предлагаемые материалы круглого стола могут способствовать актуализирующему переосмыслению проблематики универсальности и ее специальному освоению в исследованиях морали и преподавании этики.

Routes et sens postcoloniaux de la transnationalisation religieuse (Relitrans)

EnglishWe propose in this article to conduct a critical revision of the distinction between North and South: or, to put it another way, to compare the institutional and epistemological positions that provided a framework for our research. The project, Religious Transnationalization of the Souths: Between Ethnicizing and Universalizing (Transnacionalizacion religiosa de los Sures: entre la etnizacion y la universalizacion, Relitrans), which brought together 22 researchers from seven countries, aimed to test a methodology which included various innovative elements, such as the production of multi-situated ethnographies, in which students of “the Souths” could counduct their field work operations in the “North”, thus following a trajectory in the opposite direction to that taken by the colonization and Christianizing of African and American populations; to establish the dynamics of working together in an attempt to break with polarizations of the North and different types of South, and thematic and national specializations, preferring to emphasize transversal processes rather than specific objects; and finally, to direct attention towards the consequences of transnationalization on the decentralizing of production, and on the circulation and validation of religious practices. However, during our research we came up against difficulties deriving from the historical direction taken by colonialism, which, like the religions focused on, still produces effects on the “opposite directions” of transnationalization, and these difficulities now lead us to ask the following questions: to what extent does the distinction between the North and various Souths still permeate the conceptual categories and epistemological positions of our researchers ? Is academic discourse capable of overcoming or recomposing these interpretations ? And how are we to find a common language, a “multicentrism” in the production of knowledge, according to the example set by the actors we have observed ? francaisCe texte propose une revision critique de la distinction Nord / Suds, c’est-a-dire des postures institutionnelles et epistemologiques qui ont servi de cadre a notre recherche. Le projet Transnationalisation religieuse des Suds : entre ethnicisation et universalisation (Relitrans), qui a reuni 22 chercheurs de 7 nationalites differentes, s’etait donne pour objectif de mettre a l’epreuve une methodologie qui comportait plusieurs elements novateurs : la realisation d’ethnographies multisituees, ou les chercheurs des « Suds » ont pu mener des terrains au « Nord », suivant en cela une trajectoire opposee a celle de la colonisation et de la christianisation des populations africaines et americaines ; l’etablissement d’une dynamique collaborative tentant de rompre avec la polarisation Nord / Suds et les specialisations thematiques et nationales, en privilegiant les processus transversaux et non les objets specifiques ; enfin, l’attention portee aux consequences de la transnationalisation sur le decentrement de la production, de la circulation et de la validation des pratiques religieuses. Cependant, au cours de la recherche, nous nous sommes heurtes a des difficultes qui nous amenent aujourd’hui a formuler les questionnements suivants : de meme que le sens colonial de l’histoire des religions continue de produire des effets sur les « sens contraires » de la transnationalisation religieuse contemporaine, dans quelle mesure la distinction Nord / Suds traverse-t-elle encore les categories conceptuelles et les postures epistemologiques des chercheurs ? Le dialogue academique est-il capable de depasser ou de recomposer ces signifies ? Comment alors trouver un langage commun, un « polycentrisme » dans la production des connaissances, a l’instar des acteurs que nous avons observes ?

Book Review: Buddhism, Unitarianism, and the Meiji Competition for Universality

Book Review: Buddhism, Unitarianism, and the Meiji Competition for Universality

1793: The Neglected Legacy of Insurgent Universality

1793: The Neglected Legacy of Insurgent Universality

Financing options to sustain Medicare: are we committed to universalism?

Financing options to sustain Medicare: are we committed to universalism?

IDENTIDADE E TERRITÓRIO: SAGA, CONSTRUÇÃO E SITUAÇÃO DE ETNICIDADE ENTRE AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES (PA BELO HORIZONTE – PARÁ – BRASIL)

This article reflects on the endeavor of family farmers Settlement Project Belo Horizonte (BH PA), located in southeast Para, to "keep" their collective identity and build of the territory of living from 30 years. The productive trajectories chosen by families, the height of productive systems, their decline, as well as the implementation of alternative production activities, show the dynamics of construction of the identity and the territory by family farmers. The build of diversified productive system, of the territoriality and the corresponding identity, make us reflect about the ethnicity situation of the group for to fight the appreciation and recognition of difference against universalizing public policies, socio-cultural diversity in the Territory Southeastern Para-Brazil. The analysis is based on direct intervention experiences with the group, interviews with key people (events of the protagonists), direct observation and the notion of ethnodevelopment.

The Dual Process of Xenophobia and Transnational Identity Formation in Turkey

This study analyzes the contradictory and simultaneous embrace of the transnational identity of world citizenship and rejection of individual countries and societies in Turkey. In the process, it assesses the impact of economic privilege and religion in this phenomenon. The results of the data analyses revealed that both privilege and religion played a role in shaping this contradictory process; however, their impact was limited and did not always have a clear direction. Overall, this study joins the scholars in the globalization literature who claim that globalization has been a contradictory process which reveals both universalizing and particularizing tendencies as it integrates economies and societies around the world while pitting them against one another.

FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS: O FORMAL E O REAL NAS LICENCIATURAS

O presente estudo busca contribuir para o debate sobre o lugar que a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) ocupa na formação inicial de professores promovida nos cursos de licenciatura, destacando especificidades e lacunas observadas. Assinalando que o direito e a identidade própria da EJA estão garantidos desde a promulgação da atual Constituição Federal, retomam-se a legislação referente à formação de professores e, ainda, as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de áreas selecionadas, nas quais se omitiu a especificidade da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Por fim, avalia-se que o silêncio em relação à EJA nas licenciaturas se confunde com a situação dessa própria modalidade de ensino no Brasil. Alvo de metas modestas, políticas descontinuadas e fragmentadas, iniciativas focais e aligeiradas, a EJA traduz um projeto societário no qual a universalização da educação básica de qualidade para todos vem sendo assunto menor.

Saneamento básico e direito à saúde: considerações a partir do princípio da universalização dos serviços públicos

A partir de uma analise da disciplina legal do servico publico de saneamento basico – com base na Constituicao Federal e na Lei n. 11.445/2007 –, do principio da universalidade dos servicos publicos (considerando a modicidade tarifaria e os custos para implementacao da estrutura necessaria) e de sua oferta a populacao no Brasil, entende-se que o referido servico ainda nao e ofertado a todas as pessoas e seu principal marco regulatorio ainda e muito recente. Tendo em vista as caracteristicas do saneamento basico como o tratamento de agua potavel, esgotamento sanitario e destinacao final de residuos solidos, considera-se que ele e de extrema importância para evitar danos ambientais e nao prejudicar a saude das pessoas. Somente a partir de sua universalizacao e que o direito fundamental a saude podera ser efetivado.Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento, direitos sociais, saneamento basico, infraestrutura, saude.

"Counting on the 'universality' of the surgeon is less and less justified": A.N. Bakulev's letter to N.S. Khrushchev. September 1955

"Counting on the 'universality' of the surgeon is less and less justified": A.N. Bakulev's letter to N.S. Khrushchev. September 1955

«Ставка на "универсализм" хирурга все меньше и меньше себя оправдывает»: записка А.Н. Бакулева Н.С. Хрущёву. Сентябрь 1955 г.

«Ставка на "универсализм" хирурга все меньше и меньше себя оправдывает»: записка А.Н. Бакулева Н.С. Хрущёву. Сентябрь 1955 г.

THE NEOLIBERAL TURN IN AMERICAN HEALTH CARE.

Leaving millions both uninsured and underinsured, the Affordable Care Act does not create a system of universal health care in the United States. To understand its shortcomings, we have to understand it as part of a historic shift in the political economy of American health care. This "neoliberal turn" began as a reaction against the welfare state as it expanded during the New Deal and post-World War II period. What began as a movement associated with philosophers like Friedrich Hayek ultimately had a powerful impact via the attraction of powerful corporate sponsors and political supporters, and it was to historically transform American health care thought and organization. In health policy circles, for example, it can be seen in a rising emphasis on "moral hazard," overuse, and cost sharing above a concern with universalism and equity. It was likewise manifested by the corporatization of the health maintenance organization and the rise of the "consumer-driven" health care movement. By the time of the health care reform debate, the influence of corporate "stakeholders" was to prove predominant. These developments, however, must be construed as connected parts of a much larger political transformation, reflected in rising inequality and privatization, occurring both domestically and internationally.

Lots of Pleasure but Little Happiness

This essay makes several related claims: (a) that most of the extant texts from early China sharply distinguish le 樂 (secure “pleasure” derived from relational activities in which a repeated investment of time, energy, and imagination generally pays off) from xi 喜 (short-term “delight” in objects, things, and people); (b) that, quite significantly, the antonym for “pleasure” is not “pain” but “insecurity,” which invites a thorough rethinking of a host of Western presumptions and categories; (c) that no word in classical Chinese precisely corresponds to the Anglo-American words “happiness” and “joy,” since “happiness” to no small degree retains its old idea of “favored by fortune,” and “joy” that of disembodied religious ecstasy; (d) that the physiology of pleasure in early China depends far more on resonance theories than on more mechanical constructions of cause-and-effect, and for that reason does not favor asceticism or “purity”; and (e) that the early texts evince little interest in the “isought” question, with the grammatical structures of most of their propositions indicating situational claims rather than universalized abstractions.

The Idea of Europe between Utopia and Rootedness. A European Canon for the Education of a New Generation of Citizens

Historically, Europe has always dealt with its problems through the use of terminology and the Greco-Roman classical model. Such was the case of not only the Italian humanists that created a new world through the renaissance of antiquity but also the philosophers of the enlightenement whose ideas sprouted from the basic model of the classics, consequently resulting in the fall of the ancien regime. This tradition of humanism and universalism was once again used in the 20th century by the founding fathers of a New Europe post the Second World War. Today this very idea of Europe has been put into question. As a result, there is the necessity to rethink a New European Canon that could serve as a starting point for a New Humanism of which education could constitute as an essential vehicle.