370 SEER, 87, 2, APRIL 2OOg Maurer, Trude (ed.). Kollegen - Kommilitonen K ämpfer. Europäische Universitäten imErsten Weltkrieg. PallasAthene,18.FranzSteiner, Stuttgart, 2006. 376 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes.Glossary. Index.€47.00. This substantial and impressive volumeis a thought-provoking collection of papers,extending to wellover300 pages.All thepaperswerepresented by twenty-one historians ofhigher educationat an international conference held in Göttingen between22 and 24 September 2005.The conference tookplace within theframework ofa majorresearch project financed bytheVolkswagen Foundationand conductedunder the title 'The German and Russian University during theFirst WorldWar: Comparative StudiesConcerning the Relationship between Society, ScienceandPolities'. The authors ofthepapers represent seven countriesand all have producedpapers of high quality, descriptive and analytical and in each case welldocumented. The majority oftheauthorshave producedtheircontributions in German,butsixare in English. The volumeis thusreadily accessibleto thereaderswho speakand read bothlanguagesand are interested in the subject.They shouldmake every effort to study itwithdue careand attention. The contributors are scholarswho,in mostinstances, have alreadybeen exploring thefieldforseveralyears,so thattheycan drawon theresults of theirearlierresearchand are,therefore, wellqualifiedto passjudgmenton thekeyaspectsoftheexperience ofeach country underscrutiny. In thefocusofattention are,first ofall,thehighereducationalestablishmentsin Germanyand Russia,but thereare also paperson Englandand France.In fact, thetitle ofthepublication maycreatetheimpression thatthe universities ofall thecountries involved in theFirstWorldWar are studied. That, however,is not the case. The HabsburgEmpirewithitsnumerous universities, ItalyandBelgium arenotincluded, though thisisunderstandable, as thatwouldhavemade theconference difficult to organizeon sucha scale and thepublication resulting from ittoobulky and muchtoo complex. Clearly, examining theroleoftheuniversities during one ofEurope'smost calamitous tragedies, thefratricidal conflict of1914to 1918,in a comparative perspective iswithout doubtofgreatimportance. The universities werethen, as theyare today,institutions ofgreatrenownand unchallengeable reputation ,centresof researchand learning,profoundly influencing the public opinionand the intellectual climatein the respective countries. They are concentrations ofthemostinfluential thinkers and scholars remaining in the forefront ofthescientific elite.In peacetimetheybase their workupon close international cooperationand collaborationas well as regularscholarly exchanges withothercountries and thereby tendtobecomepowerful positive forces whichhelpto forgeand promotethefundamental unity ofmankind. How drastically thiscan all changein a timeofwaris therealthemeofthis publication. To be precise,thewriters scrutinize in detailexactly whatwas done and howitwas doneinthedifferent countries intheparticular university milieux underthe impactof intensifying ferocity of warfare.The contents of the volumearenotsubdivided intodifferent sections, butthree kindsofconsiderationsare identifiable. Firstofall, theconsequencesofthewar in termsof thenationalsystems ofuniversities takenas a whole.AndreaWettman writes on theGermanReich,Aleksandr Dmitriev on Russiaand ThomasWeberon REVIEWS 371 Britain. Secondly, in terms oftheindividual universities, ElizabethFordham dealswiththeUniversity ofParis,AndreiAndreevwithMoscow'suniversity staff, EvgeniiRostovtsev withSt Petersburg University, IskanderGilyazov withtheUniversity ofKazan' and itsstudents, SirjeTamul writes aboutthe University of Dorpat,ArkadiuszStempindeals withthe reopeningof the University ofWarsawundertheGermanrulein 1915, FrancoisCondette with theUniversity ofLilleunderGermanoccupationand Susan Morrissey with thestudents in Petrograd, whileDetlefBussedescribes research workdirectly linkedto the Germanwar effort in the University of Göttingen. Finally, several contributors survey theimportant forms oflinks between warpressures and the different kindsof facultiesor concentratetheirattentionupon individual thinkers and scholarsor theprevailing viewsof themembersof academiccommunities ingeneralinRussiaand Germany. The editor, Trude Maurer,in additiontotheintroductory chapteron theuniversities at timeof war,analyses theconceptofuniversitas militans withparticular reference to the lateGermanKaiserreich. In each case thespecialcircumstances applying to a particular university are wellbrought to thefore. In thelightoftheevidencepresented here,thequestions ofhow theuniversities inall thecountries underscrutiny responded tothecalltoarms,how speedily, solidly and willingly theygavetheirfullsupport to thewarand the efforts todefeat theenemy and exactly bywhatmeasures they tried toachieve itare fully and convincingly answered. All thosewho carefully read thedifferent paperswilleasilydiscover towhatextent and inwhatrespect thiswas truein each case. Thisleavesthequestion whythiswasthecase,butitisa very different kind of question,dealingwithnationalpsychewhich,nonetheless, affected all thebilligerents. In a way,mostcontributors havekeptitwellin theirminds butrefer toitimplicitly. This question, and all relatedissuesare,however, of enormous consequence.Was nationalprideinevitably so easilydegenerating intofanaticalchauvinism and boundlesshatredof the enemya forcethat nothingcould contain?Is it a permanent featureof the nationalpsyche, demonstrably present intheeighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a cursenothing couldeliminate? Has thebeginning ofthis century really brought new raysof hope? In termsof the role of highereducationin societyin timesofcrisis and openconflict thecontents ofthisvolumecontainthoughtprovoking conclusions whichfarexceedthecourseofthetragic yearsof1914 to 1918. London J.J. Tomiak Ablonczy, Balázs. Pal Teleki(1874-1941): The Lifeofa Controversial Hungarian Politician. CHSP HungarianStudiesSeries,10. East European Monographs , 697. Social ScienceMonographs, CenterforHungarianStudies andPublications andInstitute ofHabsburgHistory, Boulder, CO, Wayne, NJand Budapest, 2006.ix + 338pp. Notes.Bibliography. Map. Indexes. $40.00. Count Pal Teleki was one of inter-war Hungary'sforemost politicians. He servedtwenty-five yearsas an MP and was twicePrimeMinister from ...