Linguistic Units Research Articles

THE ROLE OF PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF SPEECH

In the article, thoughts about the role of pragmatic factors and forms of manifestation in the social character of speech are expressed through examples. Pragmatic factors in the social character of speech are first of all manifested in intercultural communication.In the multifaceted process of intercultural communication, linguistic and cultural levels of mutual understanding between representatives of different language communities are distinguished, in other words, linguistic and extralinguistic. intercultural communication is a two-way process of foreign language and foreign cultural understanding, and in this regard, the act of speech implies interlinguistic and intercultural translation, the adequacy of which is at the level of pragmatic meaning of language units. It should be noted that sThe object of study of both sociolinguistics and pragmalinguistics is speech phenomena, which cannot be separated from each other in the analysis of speech processes. Both of these areas of linguistics have their own place in the social character of speech. That is why it is impossible to sharply separate them from each other.

SIYOSIY MULOQOTNING PRAGMATIK ASPEKTLARI

In this article, we will analyze the communication process in terms of information transfer, interaction, mutual perception, deixis, linguistic units, meaning, function, pragmatics, and movement of linguistic signs in speech.

Participles as a functional-speech unit of Russian language: stylistic aspect (based on the material of lyrical and prose works by M.Yu. Lermontov)

INTRODUCTION. The work is devoted to the study of participles use in M.Yu. Lermontov’s works. The relevance and scientific novelty lies in the study of the participle in the functionalspeech aspect. The aim is to analyze different literary genres of one author within the framework of a systematic description of the functional plan of participles and the formation of a generalizing theory of functional participle studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study aims to analyze the artistic (poetic and prose) contexts in which different types of participles are used. It focuses on the functional and syntactic features of participles based on the novel “The Hero of Our Time” and the poem “Sad Demon, Spirit of Exile”. Using the selective sampling method, contexts containing participles were extracted from the Russian National Corpus. The analysis of these contexts was conducted using observation, description, and analysis methods.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The classification of participles functioning in M.Yu. Lermontov’s literary texts of different genres, which has three bases, is presented: 1) by type of units: participles-phraseological units, participles-metaphors; 2) by type of functions: predicative (with a verbal bundle, with a verbal bundle in inversion order), attributive participles; 3) by semantic nature: non-objectified, adjectivated, substantive participles. CONCLUSION. The study of M.Yu. Lermontov’s usage of different types of participles in his novel and poem aids in determining the origins of features that have since become traditional in Russian poetry and prose across various genres. This study aims to conduct a purposeful comparative analysis of functional variations within different styles, genres, and artistic trends.

The Realization of Socio-Cultural Relational Units in Uzbek and English Literary Texts

This study investigates the representation and realization of socio-cultural relationships in Uzbek and English literary texts, focusing on specific linguistic and narrative elements. The paper identifies key expressions, metaphors, and interactions that reflect social and cultural exchanges by analyzing various literary works from diverse historical and cultural contexts. The findings highlight that these linguistic and narrative units convey societal values and norms and are essential for understanding Uzbek and English literature's relational dynamics and themes. These units offer critical insights into how literature reflects, critiques, and shapes socio-cultural identities, emphasizing the role of language in constructing and negotiating social structures. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of literary texts as cultural artefacts that contribute to forming and transmitting collective identities and values. Through a comparative approach, the paper sheds light on the different ways these two literary traditions engage with and portray socio-cultural relationships, offering valuable perspectives on the intersection of language, culture, and literature.

PRESERVATION OF THE LINGUOCULTURAL CODE IN TRANSLATION OF MEMOIRS

This article explores linguistic and cultural codes as comprising symbolic meanings and procedural schemes that shape understanding and expression. These codes include fixed and variable linguistic units, forming structural and semantic patterns reflecting personal thinking. They underpin artistic and literary expressions, modeling cognitive, semiotic, and linguistic perspectives. The study discusses N. I. Zhinkina’s “subject-schematic” code, transforming thoughts into verbal expressions, and Ch. Fillmore’s frame theory, linking words to knowledge structures. It emphasizes the development of conceptual and mental spaces through language and culture, highlighting their roles in organizing knowledge and facilitating communication.

Review of the source base of the study of neural network modeling of linguistic units

Review of the source base of the study of neural network modeling of linguistic units

VOCABULARY OF THE LEXICAL MINIMUM WHEN LEARNING UKRAINIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (LEVEL A1) (A review of the textbook by Ksenia Borodin and Oksana Turkevych “1000 and 1 Words. Lexical minimum in Ukrainian (A1)” – Slavic Language Education 3 (LANGUAGE-LAB), 2023. – 58 p.)

The review characterizes the first edition of the lexical minimum for Ukrainian as a foreign language at the A1 level in accordance with the “Standardized Requirements: Levels of Proficiency in Ukrainian as a Foreign Language A1-C2” (Kyiv, 2020). The structure, grammatical description, and examples of the use of language units contained in the textbook are analyzed. The author explains the criteria used to form the content of the A1 lexical minimum. The lexical material is organized and described with grammatical comments on the alternation of vowels or consonants, the formation of plural forms from other bases, the use of dative and accusative forms of personal pronouns, personal or imperative verb forms, etc. The authors also see this as an element of self-testing for knowledge of the relevant word forms, as well as in the case of forming a context for each vocabulary unit, which demonstrates to users – both students and teachers and scholars in the field of linguistics – the practical application of the lexical minimum. Also noteworthy are the didactic tips on how to work with this educational material (translation tasks, making word cards by topic group, creating tests to check the acquired knowledge at A1 level, etc.) The textbook is an extremely important and relevant work that has been prepared in accordance with modern requirements, didactic achievements and scientific research in the study and teaching of Ukrainian as a foreign language. Undoubtedly, this work will help beginner students, teachers, and all those interested in mastering the Ukrainian language to develop the lexical skills necessary for the realization of communicative activities as soon as possible and in a structured way. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, lexical minimum, beginner level A1, Standardized requirements for levels of proficiency in Ukrainian as a foreign language.

Examining How Semantics Influences Communication in the Classroom

This study explored how students’ cognition is shaped by their cultural background and the function of semantics in classroom communication. To examine open-ended questions, the researcher employed a qualitative technique called thematic analysis. Fifty participants from level 4, English Language Unit, Preparatory Studies Centre, the University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, the Sultanate of Oman involved in the study. Some important conclusions emerged from the analysis. Students first stressed the need for semantics in maintaining comprehension and preventing misconceptions. Second, students’ interpretations of meaning were impacted by their cultural origins, underscoring the importance of culturally sensitive instruction. Third, when it came to understanding semantic ideas, students favored interactive learning techniques like role-plays and conversations. Fourth, teaching semantics was not like teaching other language issues; to close the theory-practice gap, additional real-world examples were needed. Lastly, students thought that adding exercises to enhance semantic awareness would help them communicate more effectively. These results imply that using participatory, culturally aware teaching strategies might enhance students’ communication and semantic awareness in heterogeneous classrooms.

UNIVERSAL AND SPECIFIC IN THE FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF COMPOUND ABBREVIATED WORDS IN THE INDO-EUROPEAN AND CHINESE LANGUAGES

The purpose of the proposed study is to determine universal and specific features in the systems of compound abbreviated words of some Indo-European languages (Ukrainian, Polish, English, French, Italian, German), which are inflectional in their morphological nature and have letter graphics, and the Chinese language, which is the root language and has hieroglyphic graphics. The object of study is the abbreviations of the above-mentioned languages and trends in the functioning of these language units. The subject of research is the relationship between the derivatives of compound abbreviated units and those language units that act as creative for them. The material of the study was taken from several dictionaries of abbreviations, and many lists and realities available for review. In total, more than 4500 language units were considered, of which almost 1150 (in total from different languages) were analyzed. It should be noted that only those units that are formed from word combinations, i.e. compound abbreviated words, were studied; Abbreviations of one word were not considered as an object of analysis. The main methods of research are general methods of analysis and synthesis, procedures of methods of comparative, word-forming, syntactic, graphic analysis and descriptive method. The result of the analysis is presented in a number of conclusions. The formation and functioning of compound abbreviated words is a linguistic universal at the present stage of language development. Representatives of the linguistic schools formed on the basis of the Indo-European languages consider the law of economy of speech means to be the “driving force” of the abbreviation process. In Chinese linguistics, there is an opinion that the phenomenon of contraction is natural for the Chinese language, because it reflects the ancient monosyllabicity of Chinese words. In different languages, the set of ways to form compound abbreviated words depends on their typological features, the rules of the order of words in combinations, graphic features of written speech, pronunciation features, and methods of word formation.

COLOUR TYPES AND ANALYSIS: SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC

The concept of holistic perception of a speech or literary work does not exclude paying attentive attention to its individual elements. Because words are the fundamental unit of language, it is critical to consider their notion and meaning. A word in a language is a polysemantic rule, which implies that it contains several lexicosemantic variants via which it may be understood in one of its meanings. Each individual lexico-semantic variant's lexical meaning is a complex unity.

Mechanisms of Concept Verbalization in the Ethnolinguistic Context.

This article investigates the verbalization mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the Kazakh, Russian, and English linguistic cultures. The research aims to examine the verbal representation mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the linguistic worldviews of the aforementioned cultures. The research material comprises dictionary definitions of the primary lexemes as presented in explanatory dictionaries and synonym dictionaries, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, and data derived from an associative experiment. The employed analysis methods include component analysis, the descriptive method, the experimental method (psycholinguistic experiment), and the statistical method. This article furnishes a thorough analysis of the linguistic representation methods of the 'family' concept, illuminating its intricate and multidimensional nature. The authors endeavored to identify the concept's structure and describe linguistic units via the interpretation of semantic components. Based on the data procured from the psycholinguistic experiment, the components and layers of the 'family' concept, identified during the analysis, substantiate the theory that this concept plays a fundamental role in the shaping of society and individuals.

New Political Phraseology in Bulgarian Public Speech

This text explores the potential for updating the phraseological fund of the Bulgarian language in the Bulgarian public discourse and examines the influence of different types of updates on the specifics of the functioning of the given phraseological units in public speech. The most visible updates are those that clearly introduce new elements into the meaning of the original sustained phrase, but at the same time retain the obvious connection to the original language unit. Phraseological units, which are generally distinguished by semantic indivisibility, stability of their lexical composition, invariable structure, imagery, emotionality and expressiveness, are subject to dynamic changes occurring in Bulgarian language in recent years. We direct our interest to stable expressions, in the composition of which a new component appears as a manifestation of lexical dynamics, which replaces an already established one, or an additional element appears in the structure of a phraseology, i.e. our attention will be directed mainly to the so-called lexical updates of the phraseological fund. In the text, we trace the change (structural and semantic) in a number of phraseological units in the Bulgarian language, in which the entry of the lexical component kopeyka is observed. The excerpted material is from two corpora – CLASSLA-web.bg (Bulgarian web) and the corpus of parliamentary speech ParlaMint corpus: https://www.clarin.si/ske/#concordance. The examples extracted from the corpora are relevant for tracking the changes we are interested in in the phraseological fund of the modern Bulgarian language.

Концепт «степь» в романе-хронике А. М. Амур-Санана «Мудрешкин сын»

Introduction. The article is devoted to the concept of “steppe”, which is important for the Kalmyks' worldview. The purpose of the article is to study the implementation of the concept of “steppe” in a literary text. Tasks: a) identification and comparison of the meanings of the verbalizers of the concept “steppe” in the Russian and Kalmyk languages; b) analysis of the representation of the concept «steppe» in the text of the novel-chronicle by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”. Material: the text of the novel-chronicle by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”, written in Russian in 1925. Research methods: lexical and semantic analysis of linguistic units, comparative analysis of the linguistic data obtained. Results. The verbalizers of the concept of “steppe” in Russian are the lexemes “steppe” and “field”, in Kalmyk — teg, köödä, keer. Common semes of the concept actualizers in the Russian and Kalmyk languages are ‘vastness’ and ‘desolation’. Conclusions. The text of the chronicle novel uses a variety of visual and expressive means of the Russian language, revealing the characteristic features of the concept “steppe”. “Steppe” is described as a type of terrain characterized by vastness, desolation and monotony. Such a deserted, boundless, uninhabited space contributes to the formation of a feeling of loneliness, uselessness, abandonment in the hero's mind, affects his psychological state. This gives reason to believe that in the chronicle novel by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”, “steppe”, artistically meaningful, becomes a topos that affects the psychological state of the hero.

Аксиологические особенности концептов ШIУ (ДОБРО) и БЗЭДЖАГЪ (ЗЛО) в адыгской лингвокультуре

The aim of the research is to define the axiological features of the objectification of the concepts ШIУ (GOOD) and БЗЭДЖАГЪ (EVIL) in the Adyghe linguoculture. The paper considers the peculiarities of the linguistic representation of moral and ethical categories of good and evil in the Adyghe linguistic picture of the world through the prism of the value conceptosphere. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that it reveals for the first time the linguocultural specifics of the actualization of the value characteristics of the concepts ШIУ (GOOD) and БЗЭДЖАГЪ (EVIL) in the Adyghe linguistic picture of the world. The analysis of the peculiarities of lexical and phraseological-paremiological objectification of the concepts ШIУ (GOOD) and БЗЭДЖАГЪ (EVIL) in the Adyghe linguoculture is carried out. As a result of the research, it was established that the concepts ШIУ (GOOD) and БЗЭДЖАГЪ (EVIL), being an ethical opposition, are objectified implicitly and explicitly by various linguistic units, reflect the moral values of the Adyghe and determine the value dominants of the national linguistic consciousness. The opposition ШIУ/БЗЭДЖАГЪ is connected with both material and spiritual values of the Adyghe linguocultural community.

Преобразования заимствований: основной понятийно-терминологический аппарат

At the present stage of development of Russian linguistics, the number of works devoted to the study of various aspects of borrowing of lexical units has increased. However, there is a lack of stable, generally accepted terminology to describe the processes of borrowing linguistic units and their transformations. The aim of the research is to clarify the conceptual and terminological apparatus which is used to describe the processes of transformation of borrowed units in the recipient language. The generally accepted paradigm of the terms “assimilation”, “naturalization”, “integration” and “adaptation” is taken as a basis in this work. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the etymology of the presented terminological units is used to clarify the terminological apparatus, the semantics of these terms in other areas of scientific knowledge is specified, and the possibilities of their application in linguistics are considered. The results of the analysis carried out allow us to justify the use of the term “assimilation” as the most optimal one, denoting various changes occurring in the process of integration or naturalization of borrowed words into the system of the recipient language. The article examines the main types of quantitative and qualitative assimilation. The terminological aspects of the description of each type are specified. As a result of the conducted research, the basic conceptual and terminological apparatus for describing the process of borrowing lexical units and their transformations in the recipient language has been formulated.

THE FORMATION OF COLOR ASSOCIATIONS THROUGH STABLE UNITS FORMED WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF WORDS EXPRESSING COLOR

This research investigates the formation of color associations through stable units formed with the participation of words expressing color. Language plays a significant role in shaping our perception of colors, and the formation of stable units—linguistic constructs involving color words—provides a framework for understanding how these associations are established and maintained. Through a combination of linguistic analysis and experimental methods, this study explores how stable units influence color perception, categorization, and conceptualization. By uncovering the cognitive mechanisms underlying the formation of color associations through stable linguistic units, this research contributes to our understanding of the intricate interplay between language and cognition.

Kilka pytań o samotną matkę i samodzielną matkę i ich opis leksykograficzny

A FEW QUESTIONS ABOUT SAMOTNA MATKA AND SAMODZIELNA MATKA, AND THEIR LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION The author raises questions about how the terms samotna matka [single mother] and samodzielna matka [independent mother] are accounted for in a lexicographic description, whether they are considered discontinuous units, and what relationships exist between them. The author of the article presents corpus data that allows dating the appearance of the term samotna matka and the collocation samodzielna matka in Polish. The author comments on selected definitions of the adjective samotny (lonely). Then, she presents arguments in favour of recognising the combination samotna matka as a linguistic unit. Similar arguments were presented for the collocation samodzielna matka. The article also addresses issues of differences in valuation associated with the discussed collocations and indicates how a new collocation affects the meaning of the older unit.

Терминология цифрового мира в свете коммуникативистики

The development of digital technologies in the modern world, in particular artificial intelligence (AI), has brought about the creation of ChatGPT, a unique ChatGPT language model capable of communicating with humans. This article is devoted to the analysis of the functioning features of the ChatGPT language model, which is a product of artificial intelligence. Trained by a human, this model is able of communicating with users, creating the impression of full-fledged communication, vividly demonstrating that information exchange can occur not only between people, but also between a person and a machine. Communicative shifts of this kind have become possible as a result of the achievements of the digital revolution, which is shaping a new cyberspace of human existence. This indicates the radical changes that are taking place in society, and lead to a paradigm shift and the formation of new thinking and its embodiment in language. The purpose of this article is to analyze the terminology and its definitions, revealing the essence and functions of the ChatGPT language model. The tasks of this paper are defined by the purpose set for the investigation and boil down to a number of operations necessary to achieve it. The novelty of this work is due to the research material, which has become the subject of linguistic analysis for the first time. The methods used in the article, such as the semantic analysis of ChatGPT terminology, its synthesis, as well as classification, has made it possible to present the terminological system of this field in the process of creating new knowledge and contributing to effective communication. As a result of the analysis of the language units in question, the authors have managed to understand the operation associated with ChatGPT training, identifying the main functions of this language model, and tracing the ways of its further development.

Функциональная семантика авторского редактирования комментариев в англоязычной интернет-коммуникации

The paper focuses on the process of verbalization of human speech and mental activity within the framework of computer-mediated communication using the example of the editing history of comments posted on the Thomson Reuters news agency page on social networks. The aim of the study is to identify the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of the step-by-step changes that the text of an Internet comment undergoes during the author’s editing. The work is novel in that it is the first to explore the process of verbal thought formulation on the basis of the authors’ editing history of Internet comments. In addition, the paper represents the first attempt to determine the functional and semantic potential of both the cognitive and pragmatic transformations and the corresponding linguistic means. The results showed that the functional and semantic potential of cognitive and pragmatic procedures and the corresponding linguistic means is aimed at verbalizing emotions, expressing attitudes towards new information, clarifying the modality and reference of language units, which indicates the transition of Internet communication from the oral and written register to the mental and written one.

Does Simplification Occur at Sentence Level in the English Translations of Chinese Academic Works? –A Comparable Corpus Analysis of Syntactic Complexity

ABSTRACT Scholars of translation studies have hypothesized that translated texts tend to show simplification at lexical and syntactic levels compared to non-translated native texts. The present study examined simplification at the sentence level between translated and native English texts from the perspective of syntactic complexity. The research finds that the English translations of Chinese academic works tend to be simpler than their non-translated counterparts on 8 of 14 widely accepted indices of syntactic complexity. The study reveals that simplification at the sentence level exists and tends to occur at indices related to linguistic structures or units with more complex semantic or syntactic relationships. In contrast, complexification tends to occur at indices related to linguistic structures or units with less complex relationships. We suggest future research focus on investigating the extent, ways, and indices at which syntactic simplification occurs in translation, along with its effects and implications, rather than debating its existence.