United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime Research Articles

Global and Regional Estimates of Female Intimate Partner and Family-Related Homicide

Based on national data collected by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) from 105 countries and territories, this study estimates that nearly 49,000 women and girls worldwide were killed by their intimate partners or other family members in 2022. Using annual data from the Americas and Europe as well as monthly data from 14 countries in various regions, the study also shows that regional and national trends in female intimate partner/family-related homicide were highly heterogeneous during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. UNODC produces global and regional estimates of female intimate partner and family-related homicide to shed light on the magnitude of the problem and to inform advocacy, policies, and programs to end such killings.

Legal Framework and International Cooperation in Combatting Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is a pervasive global issue violating fundamental human rights and affecting millions annually across borders. Efforts to combat it involve intricate legal frameworks and international collaboration mechanisms. This research delves into the effectiveness and hurdles of these approaches. It begins with an overview of national and international legal structures. Various instruments, treaties, and protocols criminalizing trafficking and protecting victims are explored, with emphasis on the United Nation's Palermo Protocol. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes mechanisms fostering international cooperation. This includes bilateral and multilateral agreements, legal assistance, extradition treaties, and information-sharing networks. Organizations like United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) play crucial roles in facilitating cooperation and providing support. However, despite progress, challenges persist. Inconsistent implementation of laws, insufficient resources for enforcement and victim support, jurisdictional complexities, and corruption hinder effectiveness. Addressing these issues demands sustained commitment, resource allocation, and cross-border collaboration to protect the vulnerable and hold perpetrators accountable.

UPAYA KOLABORATIF THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) DAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENANGGULANGI HIV/AIDS DI INDONESIA

This article aims to describe efforts to deal with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia through collaboration between The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Indonesian Government in the 2017-2020 Indonesia Country Program. The method used in this research is a qualitative method and literature study as a data collection technique. Meanwhile, international organization theory and the concept of Human Security are used as theoretical foundations. The results of this research indicate that efforts to control HIV/AIDS in Indonesia by the Indonesian Government in collaboration with UNODC are the right steps, considering that HIV/AIDS is a disease that has an impact on human health security. UNODC assists Indonesia in achieving its goals and interests through the Indonesia Country Program by designing a systematic work plan to discuss and contribute to the creation of a National Action Plan (RAN) to overcome the spread of HIV/AIDS among prisoners and convicts in Indonesia

Word Analysis Regarding the Terminology of Addiction in Adolescents

The World Drug Report 2018, published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), states that as many as 275 million people in the world, or 5.6% of the world’s population aged 15 to 64 years, have used drugs. Based on the data obtained and the latest research, the age group most prone to drug exposure and abuse are those between 15 and 35 years old, commonly known as the millennial generation. If adolescents are a group that is susceptible to substance abuse, then promotive interventions must be provided at this age to prevent usage that often results in addiction. Meanwhile, social phenomena related to the public understanding of drug abuse or addictive behavior have changed. These changes are caused by various factors and have resulted in evolving definitions in today’s society, including among adolescents. Adolescents, as a group of people who have the developmental task of building relationships with peers, tend to accept or reject groups that are considered different, which can lead to stigmatization among teenagers. Understanding how teenagers view NAPZA/NARKOBA/substance abuse is important. The data obtained from this study consisted of 27 words, which were analyzed as emergent themes and two pairs of equivalences, serving as experimental material through a neurofeedback approach.
 Keywords: addiction, substance abuse, stigma, neurofeedback

FAMILY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CLIENTS IN DRUG ABUSE IN THE REHABILITATION CENTER OF NATIONAL NARCOTIC BOARD

Family and social lives are the several factors that lead someone to be involved in drug abuse, specifically in children and adults. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) noted that in 2021 the number of drug users worldwide was around 275 million in the past year. The National Narcotics Board or Badan Nasional Narkotik (BNN) Baddoka recorded that the number of clients undergoing rehabilitation in 2021 was 256, with 218 at severe levels, 36 at moderate levels, and 2 at mild levels, then 188 clients had completed rehabilitation. This study aimed to describe family and social environment factors to clients on drug abuse. This was descriptive research in that number of samples was 75 respondents selected by purposive sampling. The results revealed that most of the clients had inappropriate family and social environments. The former clients are encouraged to maintain proper relationships with their family and social life to avoid the potential opportunity for drug abuse. Furthermore, families are suggested to support and deliver more attention to clients who had run the rehabilitation process.

Sex- and Gender-Specific Drug Abuse Dynamics: The Need for Tailored Therapeutic Approaches.

Sex and gender have been gaining ever greater attention due to their associated risks, dynamics, patterns and protective factors underlying substance abuse and addiction. Such differentiations and the clarification of complexities thereof take on even greater relevance in light of drug abuse scope worldwide. According to the 2022 World Drug Report released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in 2020 an estimated 284 million people worldwide aged 15-64 had used a drug within the last 12 months. The authors have set out to shed a light on determinants and contributing factors of drug abuse based on sex and gender and outline policy and medicolegal remarks aimed at delineating sex- and gender-based approaches towards drug abuse therapeutic interventions that are both therapeutically and ethically/legally viable and grounded in an evidence-based set of standards. Neurobiological data suggest that estrogen may facilitate drug taking by interacting with reward- and stress-related systems. In animal research, the administration of estrogen increases drug taking and facilitates the acquisition, escalation, and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. From a medicolegal perspective, it is of utmost importance to take into account the whole picture constituting each patient profile, which certainly includes gender factors and contributors, when outlining a therapeutic approach. Failure to do so could lead to negligence-based malpractice allegations, in light of the scientific findings representing best practices with which clinicians need to comply when caring for SUD patients.

The Early Warning System Effectiveness of the Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Bakamla RI) in the Prevention of Drug Invention through the Sea Lane

<p>The Republic of Indonesia Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla RI) was formed based on the mandate of Article 59 Paragraph 3 of Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Maritime Affairs. Bakamla RI has implemented an early warning system to ensure security and safety in Indonesian waters and jurisdiction. The Bakamla RI Early Warning System (EWS), known as a choke point for maritime security and safety, has already been built and spread throughout Indonesian waters. However, in reality, drug smuggling by sea is still common. Drug smuggling by sea is still dominant today. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) revealed that 80% of drug trafficking is carried out by sea. Narcotics transactions in the middle of the sea are very safe transactions, this is due to very weak supervision in the middle of the sea by officers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanism and effectiveness of an early-stage warning system in preventing drug smuggling by sea. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with interview data collection techniques. Research shows that the Early Warning System Series produces ship detection and assistance data that can be processed into ship anomaly information. The application of the Bakamla RI early warning system to prevent drug smuggling by sea has not been effective. The difficulty of realizing information between agencies and the weak synergy in exchanging information are the main obstacles to the efficiency of the early warning system. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the capability of the Bakamla RI Early Warning System by integrating the Command and Control Center (Puskodal) or Control Center (Pusdal) of related agencies, as well as equipping it with monitoring equipment that integrates the Early Warning System.</p>

International framework for criminal analysis

AbstractAim: Renewing the Hungarian crime analysis methodology is necessary to set up a new framework for it. However, this is inconceivable without knowing the methodology used by the most important international actors in criminal analysis.Methodology: The study presents and compares the methodologies of crime analysis of Europol, UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), IACA (International Association of Crime Analysts) and U.K. law enforcement.Findings: The development of the integrated methodology of criminal analysis in Hungary dates back to 1997. However, only in the last few years have attempts been made to renew this methodology in line with the requirements of the modern age. As the previous framework is no longer suitable for the reception of new analytical methods, like risk analysis, network analysis, hor-spot analysis or even the reinterpreted crime pattern analysis, the first step in the renewal effort is to develop a new, flexible framework. Creating the new framework is expedient to examine the methodology used by countries and international organizations leading in the processing and analysis of criminal data and theoretical support of analysis.Value: As each of the examined methodologies is adapted to the current tasks of the given organization or law enforcement body, they cannot be utilized in their entirety, but in some elements and their structure, they serve as a basis for the development of the national framework of criminal analysis.

The role of faith in parenting; considerations when implementing family skills interventions with families affected by armed conflict or displacement.

Religious beliefs and practices are fundamental to shaping family functioning in many countries and cultures around the world. They are often associated with a strong influence on parenting, and a potential resource for parents. While nurturing caregiving can act as a protective shield, buffering against the negative effects on children's well-being, armed conflict and displacement often compromises parental well-being and positive parenting practices. Making interventions available to families affected by conflict and displacement that help to develop the quality of parenting is now seen as an important component in the care of war-affected children, causing a rise in family skills interventions for humanitarian contexts. Accordingly, there are certain considerations that need to be taken to achieve cultural sensitivity and acceptability, that account for the influence of religion. Here we share our United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) experience in the case of implementing "Strong Families," a UNODC family skills programme implemented in over 30 countries, providing key recommendations. (1) Appreciate and account for common religious beliefs and practices in your target populations; (2) ensure programme material acceptability and sensitivity; (3) avoid initiation of direct discussions, on religious beliefs or practices; and (4) facilitator need to be trained and prepared to respond to questions about faith. Though these considerations are presented considering the implementation of family skills programmes, they are also relevant to a range of other programming in which direct social (or other) contact is made with families in challenged contexts, aiming to reduce any perceived gaps between trainers and the families they are working with, and give families a sense that their religious beliefs, values, and priorities are understood.

Does illicit amphetamine seizures quantity associated with amphetamine use disorder related admissions in Saudi Arabia?

BackgroundIllicit amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) trafficking activities have increased substantially in Saudi Arabia over the last 10 years. In the period 2013–2017 Saudi Arabia seized the largest quantities of amphetamine at the global level. The current study examines whether the increased quantity of ATS seizures has an impact on amphetamine use disorder admissions.MethodThis is an ecological study combining two datasets, the first dataset was obtained from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and the Al-Amal Hospital Electronic Health Record System in the city of Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2018. The annual incidence of patients diagnosed with amphetamine use was the dependent variable. The independent variable was the annual reported count of seized quantities of ATS in Saudi Arabia. We used a random intercept Negative Binomial model to predict the yearly count of amphetamine use disorder admission rates.ResultsA total of 910 amphetamine disorder admission patients in Al-Amal rehabilitation and addiction center, and the quantity equivalent to 200 tons of ATS was seized from 2005 to 2018. The amphetamine disorder admission rate has increased from 1.33% in 2005 to 18.27% in 2018. For each one-unit increase in the amphetamine confiscated quantities, the amphetamine use disorder admission rate increased by 49 to 88%.ConclusionThe current study found that reported amphetamine seized quantities were significantly and positively associated with the increase of amphetamine use disorder-related admission rates. In 2018, both ATS seized quantities and admission rates significantly increased, nearly doubling from the previous year. Rigorous, and multidisciplinary interventional studies to evaluate factors associated with increasing abuse of ATS should be a priority for policymakers and researchers in Saudi.

Measuring Corruption as a Threat to International Security: An Emerging Indicator for Enhancement of Global Corruption Governance

The conceptual changes to international security after the end of the Cold War, and particularly those following the al-Qaeda attacks of 2001, clarified the symbiotic relationship between corruption and international security: Corruption destroys the social political environment required to create human security and to ensure safety from terrorist attacks, and national borders increasingly fail to restrain its negative consequences. To achieve human security though policy intervention in domestic affairs, global corruption governance relies on numerical indicators that measure corruption. By evaluating states through public comparison, indicators pressure states to improve their domestic institutions and structures to align them with the international legal regime against corruption. However, existing indicators, including the Corruption Perceptions Index and Control of Corruption, have serious deficiencies that precipitate strong criticism from scholars and practitioners. This article suggests that the objective numerical measurement of “Corruption (0703),” one of the statistical measurements under the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS) of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), is an emerging indicator that can enhance global corruption governance by supplementing or substituting existing indicators which are subjective numerical measurement of corruption. The significance of corruption as a threat to international security, not simply to international business, thus increases the absolute gains of Corruption (0703). Therefore, it is vital that states utilize and comply with Corruption (0703). For this recommendation to be persuasive, however, the following three questions must be answered. Does Corruption (0703) have the qualities necessary to exert pressure on states by negatively impacting their power in a way that existing indicators cannot? Can states, which are both the subjects and objects of the Corruption (0703) measurement, realistically comply with it, and will they do so? How can the problem of state cheating to achieve a more favorable score be overcome? To answer these questions, this article contemplates distinct characteristics of corruption between domestic criminal law and international agreements, and ultimately adopts the approach of neo-liberals, who prioritize absolute gain over relative gain and are thus optimistic about the potential for international organization and cooperation in implementing and enforcing this metric. In addition, this article often refers to the Republic of Korea as a case study because it has reached the most advanced stage of ICCS implementation.

Substance Use Disorder in Punjab: Patterns, Challenges, and Implications

Various government agencies like the National Drug Dependence Treatment and Rehabilitation Programme (NDDTRO) in India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) have reported that Punjab has a significant problem with substance abuse. This means that many people in Punjab struggle with addiction to drugs and alcohol. To better understand this issue, the present study aims to find out which substances are most commonly used in Punjab, what physical, social, and psychological effects these substances have on people, and why people in Punjab use these substances in the first place. Total a number of 52 participants who shared their insights on the issues mentioned earlier. The results revealed that substance use has a significant impact on a person’s personal life, career, and financial well-being. Additionally, a majority of participants identified ‘peer pressure’ as one of the primary reasons for initially turning to substance use. The study contributes to the existing knowledge in this direction by shedding light on the specific substances and reasons for their use in a region that is known for its high prevalence.

Detection & identification of hazardous narcotics and new psychoactive substances using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

According to the latest World Drug Report, released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), drug use is up 30% over the past decade and there are more drugs, and more types of drugs, than ever. Herein we use Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the rapid ID of narcotics in a range of concentrations - from pure forms (as it is likely to be smuggled & transported) to street forms, often mixed with conventional cutting agents. Using FTIR, 75% of "street sample" narcotics were rapidly identified, and the effects of cutting agents on identification (ID) were also investigated. The limit of detection of MDMA was assessed, with a correct ID shown from 25% w/v. Concentration was correlated with Hit Quality Index, showing the capability of FTIR use in concentration estimation.

Middle Point, End of the Road or Just the Beginning? Anticorruption Efforts, Failures and Promises at the United Nations

Although first noted discussions at the United Nations (UN) level about corruption are reaching their 50th anniversary, the core of the UN activity against corruption has taken place in the last quarter of a century. The 2021 special debate at the UN General Assembly was an opportunity for the institution to pause and reflect about its role over this period in the international fight against corruption. It also presented a (partially missed) opportunity for the UN to renew its commitment and reconsider its approach for the next 25 years. This article provides first an overview of the UN activity against corruption, which relies on two main pillars. On the one hand, the well-known United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in force since 2005, which has received remarkable academic attention and is an example of success in terms of ratifications. On the other hand, the insertion in Sustainable Development Goal 16 of an anticorruption objective (16.5) and its related indicators, which is not as widely acknowledged by anticorruption activists and scholars but serves as a recognition of the importance of tackling corruption in the development context. The article offers a historical contextualisation of both initiatives, analyses this dual approach and explores the impact of these initiatives in the global and domestic contexts. Based on previous research from the author, it highlights their joint value as a true global statement against corruption and an authoritative recognition of its damaging effects and their importance for peace, security, development, human rights and human wellbeing. The article presents, nevertheless, a critical analysis showing their shortcomings and the lack of a real effect of these instruments in overcoming or at least reducing corruption and kleptocracy at the international level. It proposes three different avenues within the UN mandate and fields of action that could guide newer initiatives. First, it explores the possibility of individual (non-criminal) ‘smart’ sanctions, modelled on the counter-terrorism regime driven by national governments, but assisted by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Second, the article considers how the economic and trade dimension of the UN, especially at the regional economic commissions level, could be reinvigorated with a mandate to tackle corruption through economic instruments. Third, it analyses how an optional protocol to the UNCAC could give more ‘teeth’ to the Convention. The general conclusion is that the UN, within its existing powers, has significant potential to take anticorruption initiatives a step further as the current ones have almost exhausted their shelf life.

Evaluation of decarboxylation efficiency of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid by UNODC method.

Decarboxylation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) by heating is a common method for determining total Δ9-THC. In the manual for cannabis identification and analysis, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) proposed decarboxylation conditions. Although the manual's primary analytical target is Δ9-THC, some reports also quantified cannabidiol (CBD). The authors assessed the efficiency of decarboxylation of Δ9-THCA and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), a carboxylated form of CBD, under four decarboxylation conditions, including the UNODC condition. Δ9-THCA and CBDA were heated in 2-mL glass vials at 150°C for 12min after the following treatment: condition A involves the addition of ethanol without capping, condition B involves non addition of solvent without capping, condition C involves non addition of solvent with capping, and condition D (UNODC condition) involves the addition of 0.5mg/mL tribenzylamine (TBA) in ethanol without capping. The residue after heating was dissolved in methanol and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The production of Δ9-THC and CBD was low (≤ 10.1%) under conditions A and B. Under condition C, Δ9-THC production was increased (53.4%), but CBD production was hardly improved (11.7%). Under condition D, Δ9-THC and CBD production dramatically increased to 83.2 and 71.0%, respectively. These findings indicated that TBA improved the production of Δ9-THC and CBD from their carboxylated forms; however, even in the presence of TBA, their production did not reach 100%. Forensic toxicologists should understand the effectiveness and limitations of decarboxylation under the UNODC condition.

Over time prevalence of illicit substance use in Saudi Arabia

Illicit substance use disorder is a chronic brain disease. This disease can lead to many negative health outcomes or even death. Recently, Saudi Arabia’s rank was among the top of the world in amphetamine seizures. Drug smuggling as well as conflicts and wars in the surrounding countries might play a role in that. The current paper aimed to review the over time prevalence of illicit substance use in Saudi Arabia. To achieve that, we searched through different databases. We also looked over the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports. The current review found a few articles talking about illicit substance use prevalence in Saudi Arabia; much of that work was about Khat substance. In the end, we concluded that there is a considerable need for further research in this field. Keywords: Khat, amphetamine, cannabis, drug abuse, illicit substance abuse

Cut-off dilemma: Differences from the forensic and clinic perspective

Opioids are a major concern in many countries due to the serious health consequences associated with their use. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) opioid crisis strategy report states that the number of people using opioids for non-medical purposes around the world has nearly doubled in the last decade and the prevalence of opioid use has increased by 76% in the same period. The same report stated that opioid use is responsible for approximately two-thirds of deaths attributed to substance use disorders worldwide. Opiates are one of the five classes of abused drugs mandated for testing in the Drug Testing Program of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). SAMHSA regulated opiate cut-off value from 300 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL for clinical cases only in 2010. In our country, similar legislation was made in 2016 and unfortunately, the cut-off value was increased to 2000 ng/mL not only for clinical but also for forensic cases. In this study, it is aimed to examine the effects of the opiate cut-off values of 300 and 2000 ng/mL on the toxicological analysis results. Opiate results were evaluated in terms of 300 and 2000 ng/mL cut-off values in the urine samples of the cases who applied to Ege University BATI Institute, Addiction Toxicology Laboratory between 2014–2021 with illegal substance analysis. Urine samples were accepted to the laboratory and urine integrity test was performed before analysis. Urine samples were first subjected to pre-screening analysis by immunoassay method. Confirmation analysis was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent 7890B) of the samples that were positive after the pre-scan analysis. A total of 11,348 cases were screened in terms of opiates and the mean age of the cases is 25.4. Of the total cases, 3.45% ( n = 392) were opiate positive. Of the total cases, 83.7% ( n = 328) were male and 16.1% ( n = 64) of them were female. When the cases were classified according to the admitted reasons for the analysis request; alcohol, substance and drug use reason were 67,3%, psychiatric disorders 20.9% and 1.5% due to war & injury and falling, 7,4% for other reasons. According to the cut-off value of 300 ng/mL, the rate of opiate positive cases between 300 < n < 2000 were 39.8%. The cut-off value of 2000 ng/mL, the rate of 2000 < n opiate positive cases were 60.2%. According to the results, if the cases between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated according to the 300 ng/mL cut-off value, treatment and/or forensic proceedings would have been applied to 156 people because they were opiate positive. However, the presence of morphine in the urine samples of forensic toxicological cases, which may cause opiate positivity can be caused by legal prescription drugs, oral use of poppy seeds, or drug use. As the intake of some codeine-containing drugs even at therapeutic amounts and ingestion of food products containing poppy seeds can give a positive opiate result with the 300 ng/mL screening cut-off value, the most appropriate thresholds should extensively studied. The cut-off values used in forensic toxicological analyzes should be paid special attention in clinical and forensic analyzes. Since the cut-off values used in clinical and forensic cases are the same, awareness is the responsibility of forensic toxicologists and the physician who evaluates them medico-legally. Even in the presence of heroin and morphine in the urine matrix, too many true positive cases can be overlooked, since the threshold value used for forensic purposes is the same as that used for clinical purposes and remains below this value.

Pattern of novel psychoactive substance use among patients presented to the poison control centre of Ain Shams University Hospitals, Egypt: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundNovel psychoactive substances (NPSs) are relatively new substances in the illicit drug market, not previously listed in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC). Strox and Voodoo are considered some of the most popular blends of NPS in the Egyptian drug market. ObjectivesThe current study was conducted to assess NPS's use pattern: Voodoo and Strox among acutely intoxicated patients presented to the poison control center of Ain Shams University Hospitals (PCC- ASUH). MethodsA single center based cross-sectional study was carried out in the PCC-ASUH among acutely intoxicated patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) over four months (from January–April 2019. using a previously adopted and validated Fahmy and El-Sherbini socioeconomic scale (SES). Data were presented as mean, median and range as appropriate. Both smoking and crowding indexes were calculated and presented as previously reported. ResultsFifty-one patients were presented to the ED of PCC-ASUH during the study period. A total of 96.1% (n = 49) were males. The mean age was 25 ± 7.5 years. The most common NPS used was Strox: 54.9% (n = 28), followed by Voodoo: 27.4% (n = 14). Neurological and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were the most frequent presentations. The most common motive behind NPS use was the desire to give a trial of new psychoactive substances. The mean SES score was 35.1 ± 13.17. Most patients have the preparatory as the highest education 36.0% (n = 18). ConclusionsNPS use is common among young males in preparatory education from different social classes, starting it most commonly as a means to experiencing a new high. Neurological and GI manifestations are the most common presenting symptoms of NPS intoxication.

PRAKTIK GELAP PERDAGANGAN MANUSIA (HUMAN TRAFFICKING) YANG MENJADI SOROTAN DUNIA)

Human trafficking is not only a black record for Indonesia, but has become a global issue. The rise of this practice and the increasing number of cases from time to time finally led the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as an agency or organization that focuses on dealing with these polemics and also initiated a series of international convention to discuss issue related to this. It’s quite crucial. According to the PBB itself, human trafficking is categorized as one of the third largest illicit companies in the world. This is also proven by the fantastic income, which is 9.6 million USD. Not only that, but Human Trafficking is one of the darkest companies that is closely related to other elements. Such as money laundering, document falsification, drug trafficking (Drugs), and also immigrant smuggling (smuggling). Based on the quote above, it can be said that until now the practice of human trafficking is still rampant in the life of the world. These actions are very contradictory and at the same time contrary to the noble teaching and values of human rights (HAM). Because human trafficking is how someone is deprived of their rights and also cannot be souvereign like humans in general. This is a very serious matter and should not be left alone. There is a need for firm preventif measures to overcome these problems.

Assessing efforts of the Government of India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Tackling Bride Trafficking

Bride trafficking is a form of human trafficking that severely affects women and girls. Although some literature has described the causes and impacts, there have been relatively few studies to shed light on the efforts to overcome the problem. By using a theoretical framework, this study limits the research scope and defines the specific viewpoint to analyse the topic. This article aims to examine the efforts of the government of India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in combating bride trafficking. It pinpoints the causes of bride trafficking in India, such as economic demands, the poverty level, high demand for dowry, the practice of foeticide, and social marginalization leading victims to re-trafficking, as well as the impacts: physical and mental health problems, social exclusion, infectious diseases, and the damage to India’s reputation. This article found that the government of India and UNODC has been relatively effective in handling bride trafficking. The number of trafficked women (victims) cases in India declined significantly between 2016 and 2020. The UNODC also plays a pivotal role in strengthening the law enforcement capacity of the government of India. KEYWORDSBride Trafficking; Government of India; UNODC