Unitary Source Research Articles

Revision in Astrophel and Stella

In his edition of the Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, William Ringler proposed that all the known manuscripts and early printed editions of Astrophel and Stella descended from a single source that was subject to various states of textual corruption in their transmission. This article proposes that instead of a unitary source, Sidney worked through various states of the text as the sequence evolved, and that the textual history reflects the genesis and evolution of Sidney at work, dividing the z tradition into two distinct parts. Further, it examines in detail the nature and character of the adjustments made to the z2 tradition when the copy was prepared for the press, and what it might indicate about the third party that did this.

Jizang’s Anti-realist Theory of Truth: A Modal Logical Understanding of Universal Affirmation through Universal Negation

1 Jizang’s Anti-realist Theory of Truth: A Modal Logical Understanding of Universal Affirmation through Universal Negation Sangyop Lee Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies, Universität Heidelberg sangyoplee@alumni.stanford.edu In the writings of the Chinese Madhyamaka master Jizang 吉藏 (549–623 CE) we often see arguments that run as follows: Because there is nothing that is obtained (wu suode), there is nothing that is not obtained (wu suo bu de).1 Because everything is equally wrong (bing fei), it is possible for everything to be equally right (bing shi).2 The dharmakāya … although it is without speech (wu yan), there is nothing it does not say (wu bu yan).3 Although there is nothing that exists, there is nothing that does not exist. Therefore, both self (wo) and non-self (wu wo) are taught.4 This distinctive logic of deducing universal affirmation from universal negation is often cited as an example of the influence of Daoist monism on Chinese Buddhist thought. Jörg Plassen, for example, points out that similar arguments are employed in the writings of xuanxue 2 thinkers such as Wang Bi 王弼 (226–249 CE) and Guo Xiang 郭象 (252?–312 CE), and traces their origin further to ancient Daoist literature.5 He furthermore writes that such claims of universal affirmation and universal negation are designed “to overcome all dichotomies” and “lead back to an underlying unitary source.”6 Matsumoto Shirō, one of the main proponents of Critical Buddhism,7 similarly argues that this unique logic was possible on the basis of Jizang’s subscription to a Daoist-style emanationist monism, and concludes his analysis as follows: Thus, [in Jizang’s thought,] all statements are recognized as equally true to the extent that they are all references to the ineffable one substance (fukasetsu no tanissha 不可説の単一 者) that is named as “principle” (li 理), “way” (dao 道), and “source” (yuan 源). And the differences between all philosophies, all [systems of] thought, and all arguments are reconciled under the premise of this monistic substance.8 To elaborate, Matsumoto thinks that Jizang’s seemingly paradoxical universal affirmation is supported by his monistic metaphysics, according to which the phenomenal world of multiple existents emanated from the singular ineffable substance. Since any statement about a phenomenal existent thus indirectly corresponds to some aspect of this singular transcendent reality, all statements about anything equally share a certain degree of truthfulness. More recently, Yasuo Deguchi refined this kind of monist reading of Jizang’s philosophy by proposing that Jizang’s paradoxical arguments could be an indication that he was tinkering with some type of dialethism (i.e. the view that there are true contradictions).9 More specifically, Deguchi proposes that Jizang’s philosophy could be understood in relation to Nishitani’s theory of emptiness (śūnyatā; kong 空), according to which emptiness is the monistic level of reality 3 that transcends the ordinary dichotomy of affirmation and negation. Deguchi furthermore compares Jizang’s embrace of contradictions to Nishitani’s exploration of the possibility of “true contradictions” that correctly describe the transcendent, monistic level of reality and make it accessible to us. The present paper, however, argues against these readings of Jizang, which I propose to refer to as the “transcendental monist” interpretation. I will show that Jizang’s deduction of universal affirmation from universal negation does not have to be based on the premise of some monistic totality that transcends ordinary reason and language, and that it is possible to understand this deduction without introducing any dialethic logic or the notion of “true contradictions.”10 I begin by showing that one of the competing theories of truth in Jizang’s time was the realist correspondence theory espoused by the group collectively referred to as the Chengshi masters (Chengshi shi 成實師), the major philosophical rival of Jizang’s Madhyamaka School in medieval China.11 I then discuss why such a theory of truth was at odds with Jizang’s thought. As I argue, Jizang’s Madhyamaka philosophy closely approached what modern scholars call the “semantic” or “anti-realist” interpretation of the doctrine of emptiness, which, on the basis of the refutation of the validity of the very notion of mind-independent reality, denies the possibility of there being ultimately true statements...

The Unworthy Scholar from Pingjiang: Republican-Era Martial Arts Fiction by John Christopher Hamm

Reviewed by: The Unworthy Scholar from Pingjiang: Republican-Era Martial Arts Fiction by John Christopher Hamm Lehyla G. Hewardlehyla.heward@um.edu.mt John Christopher Hamm. The Unworthy Scholar from Pingjiang: Republican-Era Martial Arts Fiction. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. 299 pp. $70.00 (cloth). John Christopher Hamm's The Unworthy Scholar from Pingjiang: Republican-Era Martial Arts Fiction brings the topic of genre fiction off the sidelines of modern Chinese literature and into center field. The clever and perceptive narrative revolves around the novelist Xiang Kairan (向愷然 1895–1957), who wrote under the pen name Buxiaosheng (不肖生) or "The Unworthy Scholar" and is considered to be the father of Republican-era martial arts fiction (武俠小說 wuxia xiaoshuo). John Christopher Hamm establishes a scholarly approach to Xiang Kairan that, on the one hand, pays homage to the nostalgia that martial arts fiction often evokes in general readers and, on the other, newly conceptualizes the oft-discussed foundations of modern Chinese literature. Moreover, Hamm presents an enlightening characterization of the publishing networks that formed the basis for Chinese genre fiction. The book is a relevant reminder that Chinese genre fiction, especially considering our current age of translating and promoting it to global audiences, came of age during the commercialization of literature in 1920s Shanghai. Hamm uses the discussion about Republican-era modes of production as a springboard to theorize about what he calls "the poetics of xiaoshuo," especially "the value of xiaoshuo and presumptions about its limitations that echo critiques by contemporary progressive critics yet derive from premodern discourse on the genre" (12). One of the central arguments in The Unworthy Scholar is that xiaoshuo inherently invites transmission, a crucial facet of literary discourse. The theoretical crux of this research centers on "a moral ambivalence woven into the poetics of xiaoshuo" (185). Hamm demonstrates that xiaoshuo was historically seen as corrupt due to its commitment to the strange and its representation of unofficial histories. The irony is that the term xiaoshuo came to be used by May Fourth intellectuals as a tool not only to represent reality but also to inculcate modern values into society. Although May Fourth intellectuals redefined and reappropriated xiaoshuo to align their pursuit of writing fiction with Western practices, Hamm stresses that the idea of fiction itself was subject to debate. Hamm successfully shows how the literary discourse around xiaoshuo impacted the way that Xiang Kairan's work was produced and received (2). Here transmission plays an important role. Unlike May Fourth and New Literature intellectuals, who expressly elevated their individual subjectivity, the author-narrator Xiang Kairan was a chain in the link of transmission, not the "unitary source" (52). Hamm states that Xiang Kairan "makes no claim to be moved to write by any need for self-expression; nor does he present writing fiction as a vital tool for the advancement of any of the political or societal agendas…much less of the enlightenment agenda claimed by the New Literature" (38). Hamm's arguments produce an equilibrium (as opposed to a continuum of sorts) between the literary discourses of the Ming and Qing periods and that of the May Fourth era. Hamm recognizes parallels that shine a spotlight onto Xiang Kairan's performance upon the tightrope of changing literary values. In terms of methodology, Hamm's most notable contributions are the middle chapters wherein he discusses the publishing networks and periodicals through which Xiang Kairan gained his reputation. These chapters provide readers, especially those wanting to know more about Republican-era mass media, with a realistic portrait of how popular literature [End Page E-26] was marketed and disseminated. Hamm argues that a new notion of genre was deployed as a marketable category and that crucial to its success was the confluence of a high-profile author using a distinct medium, form, and theme (12). The economics of the publishing world thus illustrate how wuxia fiction and xiaoshuo as a concept passed from the traditional realm into the modern era, which is a vital element in Hamm's conceptualization of transmission in the poetics of xiaoshuo. Indeed, Hamm's heterodox arguments about how Xiang Kairan participated in modernity would have run the risk of...

Some pioneering Canadian women chemists: lives and contributions

During Dr. Margaret-Ann Armour’s career, she was always passionate about the need to encourage more young women to enter chemistry and chemistry-related careers. One way of doing this is by means of role models, specifically to share stories of previous generations of Canadian women chemists. In fact, it is necessary to make them aware that there were Canadian women chemists, even at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, no unitary source of information on Canadian women chemists has existed. This contribution will provide six selected life stories to partially remedy this deficiency and to offer those who wish to inspire future generations of women chemists with names and stories from the past. The individuals included here are Maude Menten, Clara Benson, Mary Dover, Bella Marcuse, Carol Edna Robertson (Maass), and Norah Vernon Barry (Toole).

International students education from the BRICS countries in China: progress, problems and recommendations (2013-2017)

Esse artigo busca fazer uma análise geral e pesquisa comparativa acerca da educação dos estudantes originários dos países BRICS (Rússia, Índia, Brasil e África do Sul) na China entre 2010 e 2018. Durante esseperíodo, com a promoção do governo chinês e a cooperação entre os BRICS, o número total de estudantes do bloco estudando na China cresceu continuamente, finalmente alcançando 50.000. Baseado em estatísticas divulgadas pelo Ministério da Educação chinês e principalmente utilizando métodos quantitativos e comparativos, esse artigo foca no desenvolvimento e problemas da educação dos estudantes BRICS na China durante tal período e fornece algumas recomendações para a ampliação desse processo. Para demonstrar as ideias, esse artigo está dividido em cinco unidades. Depois da introdução, a segunda parte aprenda a evolução e fornece um panorama da política chinesa para educação de estudantes internacionais. Na terceira parte nos concentramos em uma análise do desenvolvimento da educação dos estudantes BRICS e seus problemas serão analisados na sequência. Por fim, há as conclusões e algumas recomendações para maior desenvolvimento.

NAMDANG’S THEORY ON THE NATURES OF HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN LIVING BEINGS AND HIS DEVELOPMENT OF ZHU XI’S THEORIES

This article examines a thesis by Namdang, a Confucian scholar in Chosŏn Korea, on the natures of humans and non-human living beings, using Zhu Xi’s li (理) - qi (氣) theory. Regarding the sameness or difference between li and qi, Zhu Xi formulated different opinions in his early and later life and was also at times inconsistent in his works of a certain period. To a certain extent, Zhu Xi’s thoughts lacked coherence, which led to subsequent debates. In seeking to develop Zhu Xi’s li-qi theory, Namdang put forward his original thesis of Trichotomous Nature, which significantly enriched Zhu Xi’s ideas. The “nature transcending the appearance of things” (K. ch’ohyŏnggi 超形氣) refers to a pure xing (K. sŏng 性; nature), concerned with only li without considering the influence of qi from the perspective of a unitary source (K. irwŏn 一原; one source). At this stage, everything shares the same li and xing. The “nature originated from temperament” (K. in’gijil 因氣質) demonstrates the shared nature for the same species as well as the difference in nature across species, thus being an endowmentdependent li. At this stage, for the same species, they share the same li, qi, and xing, while for varying species, there is a difference in li, qi, and xing. The “nature mixed with temperament” (K. chapkijil 雜氣質) considers the xing of pure qizhi (K. kijil 氣質; physical temperament) in which all creatures differ. It is thus a concept that demonstrates the particularity in all things, with varying differences in li, qi, and xing.

Philosophia Divitur: The Ecodiagrammatic Patterns of the Pierpont Morgan, M. 982 Leaf

This article explores the diagram found on the recto side of Pierpont Morgan, M. 982, a single leaf from a twelfth-century manuscript held by the Morgan Library and Museum in New York, and believed to originate in the scriptorium of Saint Peter’s Abbey in Salzburg, Austria. The diagram represents knowledge as an ‘ecodiagrammatic’ pattern, depicting the relationship of hierarchical organisms through a fluid cascading system. Spanning riparian, fluvial, and corporeal symbolism, the diagram represents knowledge as a process of expanding categories from unitary source to manifold destinations. Furthermore, it demonstrates the ecological nature of typology, with multiple forms of ecological diagram merging to form a broad ontological pattern spanning metaphysical hierarchies.

Neoproterozoic–middle Paleozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the Gorny Altai terrane, northwest of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf-isotope studies

The Gorny Altai terrane (GA) is a key area in understanding the crustal evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This paper reports U–Pb and Hf-isotope data for detrital zircons from Cambrian to early Devonian sedimentary sequences to constrain their provenance, as well as the tectono-magmatic events and crustal growth in this region. Nearly all the detrital zircons are characterized by euhedral to subhedral morphology, high Th/U ratios (ca. 0.1–1.6) and typical oscillatory zoning, indicating a magmatic origin. The three samples from the Gorny Altai Group (middle Cambrian to early Ordovician) yield detrital zircon populations that are composed predominantly of 530–464Ma grains, followed by a subordinate group of 641–549Ma old. The Silurian and Devonian samples exhibit similar major zircon populations (555–456Ma and 525–463Ma, respectively), but a significant amount of additional 2431–772Ma zircons occur in the early Devonian sample. Our results suggest that detritus from the nearby Kuznetsk–Altai intra-oceanic island arc served as a unitary source for the Cambrian–Silurian sedimentary sequences, but older detritus from other sources added to the early Devonian sequence. The low abundance of ca. 640–540Ma detrital zircons may testify that this island arc was under a primitive stage in this period, when mafic volcanic rocks probably dominated. In contrast, the dominant population of ca. 530–470Ma zircons may indicate an increased amount of granitic rocks in the source area, suggesting that the Kuznetsk–Altai island arc possibly evolved into a mature one in the Cambrian to early Ordovician. The ca. 530–470Ma detrital zircons are almost exclusively featured by positive εHf(t) values and have two-stage Hf model ages of ca. 1.40–0.45Ga, indicating that the precursor magmas were sourced predominantly from heterogeneous juvenile materials. We conclude that the late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic magmatism in the Kuznetsk–Altai arc made a significant contribution to the crustal growth in the CAOB.The absence of middle Ordovician to early Devonian detrital zircons possibly implies that the area changed to a passive margin in the middle Ordovician. Of special significance are the 2431–772Ma zircons in the early Devonian sample, which are quite comparable to the Precambrian detrital zircons from the Altai–Mongolian terrane (AM) but distinct from those from the Siberian continent. This indicates that the AM is a plausible source for the 2431–772Ma zircons. Our data therefore imply that the GA possibly amalgamated with the AM before the early Devonian rather than in the late Devonian to early Carboniferous as previously suggested.

Optimum Transceiver Designs in Two-Hop Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems With SIC Receivers

We consider joint source/relay precoding in three-node two-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) relay systems. In our systems, linear precoders are used at the source and the relay, and the QR successive interference cancelation (SIC) receiver is used at the destination. Our design criterion is to minimize the block error rate (BLER) of the receiver. Since the BLER is a complicated function of the source and relay precoders, and the power constraints are coupled, the optimization problem is difficult to solve. To overcome the difficulty, we first apply the primal decomposition approach, transforming the original optimization to a subproblem and a master problem. In the subproblem, the optimum source precoder can be obtained with the geometric mean decomposition (GMD). In the master problem, however, the optimum relay precoder cannot be straightforwardly obtained. We theoretically prove that the optimum relay precoder exhibits a matrix diagonalization property. Using this property, we can then transform the master problem into a scalar-variable concave optimization problem. A closed-form solution can be derived by the Karuch-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. Finally, we extend our method to the two-hop AF MIMO relay system with the minimum mean square error (MMSE) SIC receiver. Assuming a unitary source precoder, we obtain the optimum source and relay precoders in closed form. Simulations show that the proposed transceivers can significantly improve the system performance.

The scope and control of attention: Sources of variance in working memory capacity.

Working memory capacity is a strong positive predictor of many cognitive abilities, across various domains. The pattern of positive correlations across domains has been interpreted as evidence for a unitary source of inter-individual differences in behavior. However, recent work suggests that there are multiple sources of variance contributing to working memory capacity. The current study (N = 71) investigates individual differences in the scope and control of attention, in addition to the number and resolution of items maintained in working memory. Latent variable analyses indicate that the scope and control of attention reflect independent sources of variance and each account for unique variance in general intelligence. Also, estimates of the number of items maintained in working memory are consistent across tasks and related to general intelligence whereas estimates of resolution are task-dependent and not predictive of intelligence. These results provide insight into the structure of working memory, as well as intelligence, and raise new questions about the distinction between number and resolution in visual short-term memory.

LOCALIZATION OF MAGNETIC SOURCES UNDERGROUND BY A PROBABILITY TOMOGRAPHY APPROACH

A tomography method is proposed to image magnetic anomaly sources buried below a non-flat ground surface, by developing the expression of the total power associated with a measured magnetic field. By discretising the integral relating a static magnetic field to its source terms, the total power can be written as a sum of crosscorrelation products between the magnetic field data set and the theoretical expression of the magnetic field generated by a source element of unitary strength. Then, applying Schwarz's inequality, an occurrence probability function is derived for imaging any distribution of magnetic anomaly sources in the subsurface. The tomographic procedure consists in scanning the half-space below the survey area by the unitary source and in computing the occurrence probability function at the nodes of a regular grid within the half-space. The grid values are finally contoured in order to single out the zones with high probability of occurrence of buried magnetic anomaly sources. Synthetic and field examples are discussed to test the resolution power of the proposed tomography.

Aminergic neuron systems of lobsters: morphology and electrophysiology of octopamine-containing neurosecretory cells.

In the American lobster (Homarus americanus) the biogenic amines serotonin and octopamine appear to play important and opposite roles in the regulation of aggressive behavior, in the establishment and/or maintenance of dominant and subordinate behavioral states and in the modulation of the associated postural stances and escape responses. The octopamine-containing neurosecretory neurons in the thoracic regions of the lobster ventral nerve cord fall into two morphological subgroups, the root octopamine cells, a classical neurohemal group with release regions along second thoracic roots, and the claw octopamine cells, a group that selectively innervates the claws. Cells of both subgroups have additional sets of endings within neuropil regions of ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Octopamine neurosecretory neurons generally are silent, but when spontaneously active or when activated, they show large overshooting action potentials with prominent after-hyperpolarizations. Autoinhibition after high-frequency firing, which is also seen in other crustacean neurosecretory cells, is readily apparent in these cells. The cells show no spontaneous synaptic activity, but appear to be excited by a unitary source. Stimulation of lateral or medial giant axons, which excite serotonergic cells yielded no response in octopaminergic neurosecretory cells and no evidence for direct interactions between pairs of octopamine neurons, or between the octopaminergic and the serotonergic sets of neurosecretory neurons was found.

Long-term changes in brain following continuous phencyclidine administration: an autoradiographic study using flunitrazepam, ketanserin, mazindol, quinuclidinyl benzilate, piperidyl-3,4-3H(N)-TCP, and AMPA receptor ligands.

Phencyclidine induces a model psychosis which can persist for prolonged periods and presents a strong drug model of schizophrenia. When given continuously for several days to rats, phencyclidine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists induce neural degeneration in a variety of limbic structures, including retrosplenial cortex, hippocampus, septohippocampal projections, and piriform cortex. In an attempt to further clarify the mechanisms underlying these degeneration patterns, autoradiographic studies using a variety of receptor ligands were conducted in animals 21 days after an identical dosage of the continuous phencyclidine administration employed in the previous degeneration studies. The results indicated enduring alterations in a number of receptors: these included decreased piperidyl-3,4-3H(N)-TCP (TCP), flunitrazepam, and mazindol binding in many of the limbic regions in which degeneration has been reported previously. Quinuclidinyl benzilate and (AMPA) binding were decreased in anterior cingulate and piriform cortex, and in accumbens and striatum. Piperidyl-3,4-3H(N)-TCP binding was decreased in most hippocampal regions. Many of these long-term alterations would not have been predicted by prior studies of the neurotoxic effects of continuous phencyclidine, and these results do not suggest a unitary source for the neurotoxicity. Whereas retrosplenial cortex, the structure which degenerates earliest, showed minimal alterations, some of the most consistent, long term alterations were in structures which evidence no immediate signs of neural degeneration, such as anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus. In these structures, some of the receptor changes appeared to develop gradually (they were not present immediately after cessation of drug administration), and thus were perhaps due to changed input from regions evidencing neurotoxicity. Some of these findings, particularly in anterior cingulate, may have implications for models of schizophrenia.

Cultural determinants of jealousy

I disagree with the practice of defining romantic jealousy in terms of other emotions, on the grounds that it is circular and redundant. Moreover, it appears implausible to me that the variety of private motives for protecting a relationship against an interloper can be accounted for by a unitary source of motivation, such as an emotion of romantic jealousy. I propose that the words romantic jealousy, instead of identifying an emotion of jealousy, refer to the situation characterized by the potential, or actual, loss of a loved one, or a mate, to a real or imagined rival. Reactions in such a situation, whatever they may be, are labeled as jealousy. On the basis of the assumption that individuals create culture to satisfy personal goals and are, in turn, affected by their cultural creations, I identify particular cultural factors as increasing the likelihood that an individual will be threatened by a jealousy event. The individual makes use of culturally sanctioned coping strategies for dealing with the threat. These concepts are discussed in the context of appraisal processes.