Car Unit Research Articles

Macroscopic Experiments on Coexistence of Autonomous Vehicle Behavior on Various Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

Automated vehicles (AVs) are likely to bring paradigm shift in the future of transportation and in the transformation of urban space as they could reduce traffic accidents, energy consumption, and pollution while also lowering congestion expenses. To provide meaningful insights, there is a substantial need for investigation into the macroscopic evaluation of various evolutions of AVs using several measures of effectiveness. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the macroscopic operational impacts of AVs in terms of their driving logics, automation levels, and roadway type, all of which are adopted based on their passenger car unit (PCU) factors at various penetration rates, in order to assess the coexistence of AVs with heterogeneous traffic. The daily vehicle hours travelled, daily vehicle kilometers travelled, sum of delays on links, speed variation, and sum of vehicle volumes on links are used as measures of effectiveness parameters based on outputs of PTV Visum scenario manager. The results of the various scenario combinations depicted an overall improvement with advancement of driving logics, automation levels, and roadway types for each studied parameter. For instance, for better roadway condition with the motorway scenario and at higher AV penetration, the cautious driving behavior negatively affects the network performance, whereas favorable improvements are observed for the parameters of the normal and aggressive driving behaviors. Decision makers could make use of the insights obtained from the results to further shape the AV deployment aspects and extend the study considering infrastructure AV-readiness along with AV communication systems.

Reduction in Entry Capacity of Roundabout under the Influence of Pedestrians in Mixed Traffic Conditions

Models developed in Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are not suitable to cater to the effects of mixed traffic conditions and hence, its use is unjustifiable. This research investigates such a challenging problem as the effect of undesignated pedestrian crossings on the entry capacity of roundabouts. For the present study, field survey data were collected using video cameras from three roundabouts such that the base section (roundabout without pedestrian influence) and non-base sections (with pedestrian influence), both scenarios, were captured. A modified HCM equation was developed to estimate entry capacity and further, the reduction in capacity with respect to pedestrian volume is determined. Lastly, a relationship was developed to check the effect of pedestrian crossflow on the entry capacity. The relation shows that capacity reduced to 1841 Passenger Car Unit (PCU/h) when the pedestrian flow increased to 288 pedestrians/hour.

Modelling Approach to Develop a Multimodal Transportation Network

Multimodal transportation (MMT) refers to a system that utilizes various means of transportation to transfer people & goods from one place to another. Transit operations are measured as the maximum number of passengers that can be carried past a fixed route, in a given period. Investing in and using multiple modes of transportation does not only bring efficiencies but also goes a long way to reduce time & delay, as well as the overall cost of transportation. This paper presents the efficient mode of transportation system at selected routes in the Bengaluru city, the route stretch selected is 12.2 km in length and it has 8 major intersections. The type of pavement surface consists of both bituminous and Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C). The complete study stretch is a 2-way 4-lane road. This study provides walkability-index, traffic volume studies in terms of passenger car unit (PCU), time and delay study, and Cost & time analysis. Four modes of transportation are used in this study to find the effective multimodal-transportation system namely, 2-wheeler, 4-wheeler, para-transit [15], and buses/metro. The outcome of this paper is to arrive at the shortest distance for reducing delay & time, and cost-effective travel using multi-mode transport. While focusing on the present condition of the para-transit transport facilities. The time, delay & cost during MMT and to provide a safe, cost-effective & convenient way to travel or transport. The result shows the reduction in time, cost & delay of transportation by using the MMT model. This MMT system could be adopted as an efficient mode of transportation on this route. Similar rural-urban junction routes around the world could use this approach for effective transit by making a modal study.

Increasing the capacity of the unsignalized three way Petir Intersection, Serang Regency

<p>Population growth increases every year, especially in Serang Regency, causing traffic problems including accidents, congestion, or being faced with conditions of frequent road scrambling. In preliminary observations, this happened to the Unsignalized Three Way Petir Intersection . This research was conducted to determine the existing performance of the intersection and find alternative solutions to overcome the problem situation and find out the cost needs needed in planning the proposal. Thus, of course, data is needed to be able to analyze it. The method used is based on the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) of 1997, the required data consists of primary data by conducting a field survey, to find out the volume of vehicles (Average daily traffic / ADT for seven days from 06.00 to 18.00 WIB, road geometrics, traffic conditions, and environmental conditions. It is known that the Unsignalized Three Way Petir Intersection type is type 322, meaning 3 arms 2 lanes 2 directions, the data uses the form USIG I and the form USIG II from MKJI 1997. The results showed that the existing performance at the Unsignalized Three Way Petir Intersection showed the largest total traffic flow value of 3,480 passenger car unit (pcu) / hour, the saturation degree (DS) value was 1,026, which means, the traffic flow has exceeded the road capacity, with an intersection traffic delay of 16,426 sec / pcu, a delay in main road traffic (B-D) of 7.4584 sec / pcu and a delay in minor road traffic (C) of 38.2352 sec / pcu, queue odds are between 42.3554% to 84%. Alternative solutions that can be done prohibit the right turn traffic from minor roads, as well as widening on the main road from 3 m per lane to 3.5 m so that the short width of each lane = 3.5 m and the shoulder width of 0.5 m, in total to 8 m, so that the cost required in the planning is Rp. 2,220,051,000 (two billion two hundred twenty million fifty-one thousand rupiah).</p>

Empirical analysis of impact of multi-class commercial vehicles on multi-lane highway traffic characteristics under mixed traffic conditions

The presence and movement of multi-class commercial vehicles (CVs) under different traffic conditions in a shared roadway influences the highway traffic characteristics. The purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of the varying proportion of multi-class commercial vehicles (CVs) on the speed, dynamic passenger car unit (DPCU), capacity, and level of service (LoS) of the highways through empirical analysis. The speed-flow data were collected at highway sections in India, utilizing an Infra-Red (IR) sensor device. Individual vehicle speeds are predicted using the simultaneous equations approach, which are used to determine the respective DPCU factors of the vehicles and highway capacity at different proportions of multi-class CVs. The LoS threshold values are established based on the volume to capacity (v/C) ratio for the various percentages of multi-class CVs. The study results reveal that the multi-class CVs have had a unique effect on DPCU factors of the different vehicle categories under the influence of varying proportions of multi-class CVs. The highway speed reduced by 27.76% at 30% multi-class CVs compared to 5% multi-class CVs. Eventually, the highway capacity reduced by 24.25% at 30% multi-class CVs compared to 5% multi-class CVs. The LoS varied for each highway section accordingly from free-flow condition to the congested condition due to the incremental variation in the percentage of the multi-class CVs. The study indicates that the presence of a higher proportion of multi-class CVs significantly affects the speed, DPCU, capacity, and LoS of the highways.

Indigenous design of a Traffic Light Control system responsive to the local traffic dynamics and priority vehicles

Automation of traffic light control (TLC) systems is the major focus area compliant with Industry 4.0. The majority of the adaptive TLC systems are designed for homogeneous traffic of four-wheeler vehicles and are responsive to the prevailing traffic conditions at a junction. Further, they do not serve priority vehicles such as public transport (buses) or emergency vehicles (ambulance, fire trucks, etc.). The traffic dynamics considered in this work are less-lane-disciplined, heterogeneous traffic (two-three-four-wheeler vehicles), as found in the majority of developing countries. This work proposes a novel adaptive TLC system for heterogeneous traffic scenarios which is responsive to the prevailing traffic conditions at a junction, and also serves priority vehicles at a preference than the regular traffic. The proposed system supports multiple levels of priority among the priority vehicles, and efficiently schedules traffic lights at a junction to cause minimal interruption to the other regular traffic.For heterogeneous traffic monitoring, we use the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) count of the vehicles, which are computed using computer vision-based object detection models. The performance of deep learning-based object detection algorithms such as YOLO, RCNN, is analyzed experimentally for the computation requirements, and accuracy in computing PCU count. Simulations are carried out to analyze the effect of varying error rates in PCU count, and congestion level on the performance of the proposed adaptive TLC. The effect of the proposed adaptive TLC on the average travel and waiting times, of the priority vehicles and the other regular traffic is assessed. The simulation results suggest that the proposed algorithm can tolerate 20% error in the PCU count without degrading the performance. Additionally, this work demonstrates that the traffic information with the required accuracy can be processed in real-time using the available micro-controllers (e.g., Raspberry Pi or Jetson Nano).

Developing the Dynamic Bus Lane Using a Moving Block Concept

Existing dynamic bus lanes (DBLs) typically use a fixed and long blocking space to guarantee bus priority, leading to a conflict between bus priority and traffic capacity. This study proposes an innovative approach in a connected-vehicle (CV) environment, called dynamic bus lane with moving block (DBLMB). The length of the moving block can be adjusted with the bus speed in real time, aiming to ensure bus priority with fewer road resources, thus improving traffic capacity. A three-lane cellular automata model is established to evaluate DBLMB in comparison with two other strategies, bus lane without priority and bus lane with intermittent priority (BLIP). First, the benefits of DBLMB over the established DBLs are analyzed qualitatively by the macroscopic fundamental diagram. Next, simulation experiments are conducted to compare the coordination between bus priority and capacity under different strategies. Then, the impact of DBLMB on microscopic traffic flow is investigated through evaluation indicators including lane density, lane speed, lane-changing frequency, and travel speed. Finally, the sensitivity of bus delay and traffic capacity to CV penetration is discussed. The results show that: (1) the capacity of a three-lane road adopting DBLMB strategy can be stabilized above 5200 passenger car units per hour (pcu/h) when the bus departure interval is higher than 60 s and the expected level of service is below B. (2) With 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of CV penetration, DBLMB improves the average capacity of the road by 523 pcu/h compared with BLIP, with only an incremental bus delay of 6.43 s per vehicle.

Autonomous vehicle impact on improving road network vulnerability

PurposeThis study first presents a method to identify the parameters increasing road vulnerability on a macroscopic road network model. The second part exploresthe effect size difference of the analyzed attributes on network vulnerability through the implementation of different autonomous vehicles (AVs) penetrations and automation levels.MethodsThe road traffic network of Budapest, Hungary on PTV VISUM is studied by adopting a passenger car unit factor procedure to simulate the effect of AVs on road saturation. Five link parameters were used: length, distance from the centre, speed, number of lanes, and number of connectors. Network vulnerability was studied by simulating a combination of road elimination process with different passenger car unit values for AVs.ResultsThe analysis found the number of road lanes is the most significant parameter, affecting the link criticality; followed by road length and distance from the centre. The analysis of four AV scenarios with different AV penetration and level of automation showed huge effect differences ranging from 3.50% for a simple AV automation level with low AV percentage to as large to 28.53% for a fully automated fleet.ConclusionsAV implementation has proved efficient in reducing the amount of travel delays in the case of road failure. Finally, it was found that the number of lanes remained the most significant influencing parameter on travel delay. The main question is to discover the effect size difference of the analyzed attributes on network vulnerability through the implementation of different AVs penetrations and automation levels.

The Relationship of Organizational Ambidexterity and Organizational Virtuousness in the Automobile Industry of India

The present study measures the impact of organizational ambidexterity on organization virtuousness in the context of the car manufacturing industries in India. 363 employers' representatives were selected from automotive manufacturing car units across India to gain an understanding of their perspectives on handling organizational ambidexterity and virtuousness for new diploma/degree/postgraduate employees. The purposive sampling technique was used. Data were collected using the survey questionnaire method. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Organizational ambidexterity has a significant effect on organizational virtuousness, according to the study's results. Exploration orientation and exploitation orientation are two sub-constructs of organizational ambidexterity. Exploratory orientation has shown a dominant significant impact on organizational virtuousness than the exploitation orientation.

Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Networks: A Simulation-Based Assessment

The paper proposes a general framework for the assessment of the impacts of the introduction of Connected and Automated Transport Systems (CATS) on traffic. The main objective is to address the question of scalability and transferability of the identified impacts of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in particular, focusing on network performance of urban areas. A combination of microscopic and macroscopic simulations as well as statistical methods are applied. Microscopic simulation is conducted to measure the changes in network capacities by utilizing the concept of the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), under different AV penetration rates. The resulting capacities are used to estimate the effects on the Passenger Car Units (PCU) under different AV penetration rates and derive functional relationships, which are further introduced to travel demand models to forecast the macroscopic impacts on network performance. The results indicate a positive impact in relation to capacity changes resulting from the presence of AVs which vary with penetration rate. Analysis of three different urban networks, Barcelona, Bilbao (Spain), and Athens (Greece), reveals consistent trends. However, notable differences are observed on the estimated PCUs for Athens, potentially because of the different mixed-traffic composition. Further exploration of the critical AV modeling specifications and network characteristics is therefore required for deriving transferable PCU functional relationships across networks. Nevertheless, the static assignment results verify the expected trends in network performance impacts in relation to the applied PCU relationships. Finally, the transferability of the proposed methodology across networks is demonstrated.

An Adaptive and Greener Traffic Signal Coordination Scheme for Transport 4.0

Traffic congestion has become a major concern, aroused as a result of increased population and urbanization. Hence, novel and innovative methods for controlling ever-increasing traffic volumes are essential. Conventional traffic light schemes are the most popular method of controlling traffic, and it is logical and economical to make research endeavors to optimize their existing performance. Despite numerous studies, the aforementioned problem has not been optimally and sufficiently solved. In this research, we introduce an adaptive traffic signaling scheme based on vehicle density to facilitate optimal traffic signal control as well as effective traffic management. We also propose effective coordination of the traffic amongst the junctions. Here, the live video is utilized as an input provided to a deep Q network to provide adaptive phase timings as the output. In the proposed scheme, we introduced per car unit (PCU) as a novel parameter to represent the effect of each vehicle type on traffic conditions. Numerous filed trials on real-time data amply prove that the proposed scheme enhances the average speed of traffic up to 5.597 km/h. The proposed scheme shows an average increment of 175.71% in average mean speed compared to the existing static schemes. Except for the high traffic scenario, for both mid traffic and low traffic scenarios, the proposed scheme shows a considerable improvement in both average densities and maximum densities. In the mid-traffic scenario, the average speed shows an improvement of 3.85 km/h, while in the low traffic scenario, the average mean speed shows an improvement of 7.96 km/h. A reduction in fuel consumption and average delay were also observed, which will lead to a greener Transport 4.0.

Dynamical systems approach for travel time prediction in intermediate section under mixed traffic conditions

An urban arterial can be considered a series of intersections, intermediate sections (defined as those that link intersections and mid-block areas), and mid-block sections. The intermediate section is characterized by varying speed characteristics at its entry and exit. A vehicle exiting the intersection and entering the intermediate section would accelerate and gradually attain uniform speed when it leaves the intermediate section (entry to the mid-block). Most of the reported travel time studies considered the delays at intersections and the travel times in mid-blocks to get the network level travel time without paying attention to the variability of speeds and travel time at intermediate sections. The present study concentrates on the travel time estimation of the intermediate section, which is not well-discussed in the literature. A speed estimation scheme was developed for the entry and exit of the intermediate section (characterized by varying speed ranges) using a dynamic model-based estimation scheme that captured the speed variations effectively. Intermediate link travel time was then estimated using a weighted average speed-based method. The effects of heterogeneity and limited lane discipline in the traffic stream of mixed traffic were considered using two model formulations, one that represented the traffic stream in Passenger Car Units (PCU) and the other in different vehicle classes for travel time estimation. The developed estimation schemes can be used as a possible application in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for real-time estimation of travel time at urban arterials under mixed traffic conditions.

Suggestive Measure Travel time and Congestion under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

Movement in non-rural areas effects well-being as well as traffic of that area. Greater the congested activity, worse will be the traffic impacts. These traffic impacts can be minimized by movement diminishment, or by moving more passengers from personal to alternate methods of transport with less negative effects for which a comprehensive traffic study needs to be done. In the present study, Phagwara, area of Jalandhar has been taken for such analysis. These studies can be used to control traffic jams on roads due to increment in vehicles. The study can also be used for saving time at intersections. Travel time data is an important parameter of many Intelligent Transportation Systems/Frameworks (ITS) applications. Quantity of vehicles in India has been increasing enormously resulting in blockage and pollution of urban areas during peak periods. If we can control congestion to a certain limit, things like pollution will also get minimized and there will be less accident rate due to less delay to the road users. This all is possible only when we are able to shift more passengers from their personal vehicles to public transport/ vehicles by providing them better comfort and good services. We can also provide latest technologies to the public vehicles so that the passenger gets attracted to these facilities. For achieving the goal, Advanced Public Transportation System/ Frameworks (APTS) plays a great role. ITS applications should be added to the movement circumstances in India so as to reduce the effects caused by traffic congestion. India is a developing country and has low economy rate so this is not possible for any developing country to implement in each and every city. Our main aim is to find out the traveller/ Passenger Car Unit (PCU) for many types of vehicles in non-homogeneous situations. The study shows that the traffic volume increasing enormously with non-homogeneous traffic on the roadway of Six-Laned Two-way traffic. The relation between volume of traffic and speed of vehicles represents third- and fourth-degree curve.

Macroscopic Modelling of Predicted Automated Vehicle Emissions

This paper studies the effect of automated vehicle implementation on transport system emission from a macroscopic point of view. The paper considers several scenarios differing in passenger car unit (PCU) and the penetration share percent of automated vehicles in the system using PTV Visum software. The study presents that automated vehicles reduce total emission by both the effect of smooth driving of each automated vehicle independently and the spread of automated vehicles in the network. Furthermore, apart from considering the effect of different PCU values and penetration levels, the developed model takes into account three different types of emissions and seven different vehicle classes.

On the issue of the wheel power radius with an elastic tire

Introduction (statement of the problem and relevance). Mathematical modeling of the car units, mechanisms and systems functioning strongly depends on the used calculation parameters values, for example, on the power radius of the wheel. Nowadays to research the power radius of a wheel with an elastic tire both the radius of the driving wheel and the dynamic radius are taken into account. The article is to consider which of the two is the power radius of a wheel with an elastic tire.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the chosen wheel power radius on the longitudinal characteristics mathematical modeling results of the tire adhesion with the supporting surface.Methodology and research methods. Methods of mathematical modeling and experimental studies were applied, followed by the comparative analysis of both the experimental and analytical data.Scientific novelty and results. The experimental dependences of the tire longitudinal adhesion coefficients on slippage have been obtained and compared using both the dynamic radius and the rolling radius as the power radius of the wheel in the driven mode.Practical significance. The mathematical descriptions parameters of the tire adhesion characteristics have been refined which allowed reducing the errors of the calculation results significantly.

Estimation of PCU Values for Urban Roads by Considering the Effect of Signalized Intersections under Mixed Traffic Conditions

Along with multiple classes of vehicles, frequent signalized intersections on the urban roads and the platoons thus created add complexity to the estimation of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Under such scenarios of interrupted traffic, a new approach based on platoon movement of vehicles is introduced for the realistic estimation of PCU values for urban roads by incorporating the appropriate vehicle behavior and interactions. The PCU values were derived by finding the trade-off between the speed reduction caused by the flow of passenger cars and other vehicle classes, as per the given definition by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). However, the speed-flow, as well as the speed-density relations, were analyzed and found that later is preferred for the realistic estimation of PCUs for urban roads. The speed reduction is modeled using multiple linear regression with field data collected from typical urban roads characterized by platoon flow in Mumbai city (India).

Implementasi Metode First Come First Served Dalam Sistem Informasi Rental Mobil

Car rental is a transportation service that offers rental services for vehicles. This business can also help the community or immigrants who need four-wheeled vehicle rental services for various purposes and needs. Car rental currently still uses the bookkeeping method and manually analyzes the data for recording the rental transaction data. Website-based information systems also have an important role in supporting progress in the application of the car rental business so that they can carry out car rental business activities optimally with progress. Website-Based Car Rental Information System is designed using Sublime tools, Notepad++ and uses a MySQL database. The system design method used is First Come First Served, which is a system that is used to make reservations by paying in advance. The method applies a system of advance payment in advance to get this car unit for rent. From this research, the First Come First Served method is very beneficial for the admin because if there is no rental status payment, it will be taken by other users with the desired car unit.

Modification of Major Intersections in Urban Area of Sialkot City, Pakistan

Traffic management is a major problem in large cities of Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing country with aging infrastructure of roadways and railways. The traffic conditions are deteriorating due to inappropriate design. Traffic problems due to improper design have resulted in loss of the life and property. The main purpose of this study is to identify the existing traffic condition of Sialkot City, Pakistan at Daska, Model Town Bhed Puli and Gulistan Cinema intersection. The Sialkot City is connected with Narowal, Gujrat and Gujranwala through Metalled streets. Sixteen hours of Manual Traffic Count was conducted at each intersection. Equivalent factors for Passenger Car Unit recommended by Government of Punjab are used. Afterwards, analysis has been carried out using Signalized and unsignalized Intersection Design and Research Aid (SIDRA) software. It is observed that Level of Service (LOS) is poor and Volume Capacity Ratio (V/C) is higher for the selected intersections. In order to eliminate the issues of the selected intersection, a few enhancements are suggested and are described in detail. LOS is improved by provision of signals for Gulistan Cinema intersection and Model Town Bhed Puli intersection along with separation of slow moving vehicles by providing service lane; whereas for Daska intersection, freeway provided for traffic channelization with provision of bus bay and parking lane.

A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms in Design Process of Adaptive Traffic Signal Control System

In recent decades machine learning technology has proved its efficiency in most sectors by making human life easier. With this popularity and efficiency, it is applied to design traffic signal control systems to mitigate traffic congestion and distribute waiting delays. Hence, many researchers around the world are working to address this issue. As a part of the solution, this article presents a comparative analysis of various machine learning models to come up with a suitable model for an isolated intersection. In this context, eight machine learning models including Linear Regression, Ridge, Lasso, Support Vector Regression, k-Nearest Neighbour, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree are selected. Shivakumara Swamiji Circle (SSC), one of the intersections in Tumakuru, Karnataka, India is selected as a case study area. Essential data is collected from SSC through videography. The selected models are developed to predict green time based on traffic classification and volume in Passenger Car Units (PCU) for each phase on the PyCharm platform. The models are evaluated based on various performance metrics. Results revealed that all the selected models predict green splits with 91% accuracy using traffic classification as input, whereas, models showed 85% accuracy with PCU as input. And also, Gradient Boosting Regression Tree is the best suitable model for the selected intersection, whereas, Decision Tree is not referred model for this application.

Comparison analysis of unstandardized roundabout between MKJI 1997 and USHCM 2000 by simulation model

Roundabout affect adversely on traffic if they do not comply with predetermined standards. This study aims to compare the impact of traffic on non-standard roundabouts with two different methods. The analytical method used is the Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997 [5] and the United State Highway Capacity Manual (USHCM) 2010 [6] using the Synchro7 software. The results of the analysis related to the geometric parameters of the road, calculating the Weaving Ratio (Pw), the Capacity (C), the Degree of Saturation (DS), delays in the weaving interlacing section, traffic delays at roundabouts (DTR), queuing opportunities (QP%) and all in unit a passenger car unit (pcu). The results of the analysis show that the analysis using the Synchro software for USHCM 2000 method, there are significant differences compared to the MKJI 1997 method. By using the Synchro7 software, the degree of saturation obtained is very large, this may be due to the inaccuracy of modeling in the application compared to the actual conditions. In conclusion, with these considerations and traffic behavior in Indonesia, the results of the analysis used are the MKJI 1997 reference method.