Unique Path Research Articles

Grammar-based test suite construction using coverage-directed algorithms over LR-graphs

In grammar-based testing, the test suites that drive the system under test are typically constructed from a given context-free grammar through a set of derivations that jointly satisfy some coverage criterion. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a new algorithm that instead constructs test suites from a set of valid paths that cover all edges in a labeled directed graph corresponding to an LR-automaton that accepts the language of the grammar. Vertices in this graph correspond to states in the LR-automaton; two vertices are connected by an edge iff the top of the LR-automaton’s stack can change from one state to the other, either by shifting a terminal or non-terminal symbol (push edges), or by reducing with a grammar rule (pop edges). The algorithm constructs a unique reduction path for each pop edge in the graph. These reduction paths are recursively embedded into each other, and any unresolved non-terminal push edges are substituted by shortest derivations for the non-terminal symbol. The algorithm can work with different types of LR-automata, including LR(0)- and LR(1)-automata, and can successfully generate a test suite from an LR-graph even if the underlying LR-automaton construction leads to shift/reduce or reduce/reduce conflicts. The algorithm only constructs valid paths over the LR-graphs that correspond to sentences in the language and thus generates only positive tests. We therefore also describe mutations to the positive paths that are guaranteed to generate negative tests without needing any further verification by an oracle.Our algorithm is substantially more efficient than an earlier algorithm that explores LR-graphs with two consecutive breadth-first graph traversals and our experimental evaluation shows that it scales to large production-quality grammars. It is robust against random choices made to resolve ambiguity in the construction of the tests, while the code coverage of the different test suite variants is relatively uniform. Finally, our evaluation shows that the negative test suites constructed by path mutation identify more faults in a set of student grammars than those constructed by rule mutation.

A New Hybrid Intelligent Fractional Order Proportional Double Derivative + Integral (FOPDD+I) Controller with ANFIS Simulated on Automatic Voltage Regulator System

In the dynamic realm of Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR), the pursuit of robust transient response, adaptability, and stability drives researchers to explore novel avenues. This study introduces a groundbreaking approach—the Hybrid Intelligent Fractional Order Proportional Derivative2+Integral (FOPDD+I) controller—leveraging the power of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The novelty lies in the comparative analysis of three scenarios: the AVR system without a controller, with a traditional PID controller, and with the proposed FOPDD+I-based ANFIS. By fusing ANFIS with a hybrid controller, we forge a unique path toward optimized AVR performance. The hybrid controller, based on FOPID (Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative) principles, synergizes individual integral factors with ANFIS, augmenting them with a doubled derivative factor. The ANFIS design employs a hybrid optimization learning scheme to fine-tune the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) parameters governing the AVR system. To train the fuzzy inference system, we utilize a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) simulation of the entire AVR system, capturing essential data over approximately seven seconds. Our simulations, conducted in MATLAB/Simulink, reveal impressive performance metrics for the FOPDD+I-ANFIS approach: Rise time: 1.1162 seconds, settling time: 0.5531 seconds, Overshoot: 0%, Steady-state error: 0.00272, These results position our novel approach favorably against existing works, underscoring the transformative potential of intelligent creation in AVR control.

Persistent production of multiple active species with copper doped zinc gallate nanoparticles for light-independent photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

Photocatalysis is considered as an environmentally friendly and sustainable method as it can produce active species to degrade pollutants. However, its applications are hindered by the turbidity of pollutants and the requirements for continuous or repeated in situ irradiation. To avoid the need for continuous in situ irradiation in the photocatalytic process, herein we report the doping of Cu(II) ions into zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) as traps to capture photo-generated electrons. In this way, long lifetime charge release and separation were effectively achieved for the persistent degradation of organic dyes in wastewater. The Cu(II) doped ZnGa2O4 (ZGC) nanoparticles with a small size about 7.7 nm synthesized via a hydrothermal method exhibited a persistent photocatalytic activity with continuous production of reactive oxygen species for at least 96 h without in situ irradiation due to its unique electronic structure and carrier transport path, and enabled to degrade 82.2 % of rhodamine B in 1 h. Further investigation revealed that the doped Cu(II) ions occupied the octahedral sites of ZGC and highly increased the persistent production and availability of active species for the persistent degradation of organic dyes under pre-illuminated conditions.

Professionalism Policies and Practices as Experienced by First-Generation Medical Students, Residents, and Physicians

Phenomenon : While professionalism is largely understood to be complex and dynamic, it is oftentimes implemented as if it were static and concrete. As a result, policies and practices reflect dominant historical norms of the medical profession, which can cause tension for trainees from marginalized groups. One such group comprises those who identify as first-generation physicians - those whose parents have not earned an associate’s degree or higher. This group is highly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; however, their experiences with institutional professionalism policies and practices has not yet been fully explored. In this study, our aims were to understand the ways in which these participants experience professionalism, and to inform how professionalism can be more inclusively conceptualized. Approach : In November 2022-March 2023, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 first-generation medical students, residents, and physicians and analyzed select national and institutional professionalism policies in relation to key themes identified in the interviews. The interviews were designed to elicit participants’ experiences with professionalism and where they experienced tension and challenges because of their first-gen identity. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis through a critical perspective, focused on identifying tensions because of systemic and historical factors. Findings : Participants described the ways in which they experienced tension between what was written, enacted, desirable, and possible around the following elements of professionalism: physical appearance; attendance and leaves of absence; and patient care. They described a deep connection to patient care but that this joy is often overshadowed by other elements of professionalism as well as healthcare system barriers. They also shared the ways in which they wish to contribute to changing how their institutions conceptualize professionalism. Insights : Given their unique paths to and through medicine and their marginalized status in medicine, first-generation interviewees provided a necessary lens for viewing the concept of professionalism that has been largely absent in medicine. These findings contribute to our understanding of professionalism conceptually, but also practically. As professionalism evolves, it is important for institutions to translate professionalism’s complexity into educational practice as well as to involve diverse voices in refining professionalism definitions and policies.

Distance learning in primary health care: an Italian experience among medical residents to integrate public health and primary health care.

Investing in Primary Health Care (PHC) is crucial for the future of Public Health (PH), although recent studies highlighted the lack of training in PHC within Italian Residency Schools. This article intends to show the experience and impact of a training course focused on standardizing the knowledge of medical residents in Hygiene and preventive medicine regarding PHC. The strength of the intervention was to demonstrate the feasibility of a unique and homogeneous educational path throughout the national territory. From the results of the evaluation questionnaires, a strong approval of the training experience emerged, with a significant improvement in the perceived knowledge of the subject.

Greening China’s digital economy: exploring the contribution of the East–West Computing Resources Transmission Project to CO2 reduction

China’s East–West Computing Resources Transmission Project (EWCRT Project) is a unique and innovative path toward developing China’s green digital economy. The EWCRT Project consists of building transregional digital infrastructure, including eight data center hubs and 10 data center clusters across China. Our estimations indicate that the EWCRT Project could result in a reduction of 2125 metric tons (Mt) of CO2 between 2020 and 2050. Combined with other improvement measures, such as an increase in power usage effectiveness (PUE) and a boost in the use of green electricity in these data centers, the project could result in a reduction of 9500 Mt of carbon emissions over the next three decades. Recognizing the heterogeneous makeup of data centers in general, it is crucial to identify diverse strategies that can transform each into “green engines” for the digital economy. Therefore, in this study, we use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to characterize the complex conditions of different data center configurations. By doing so, we highlight differentiated strategies for data centers to support the greening of the digital economy.

Intelligent Scheduling Technology of Swarm Intelligence Algorithm for Drone Path Planning

Different kinds of swarm intelligence algorithm obtain superior performances in solving complex optimization problems and have been widely used in path planning of drones. Due to their own characteristics, the optimization results may vary greatly in different dynamic environments. In this paper, a scheduling technology for swarm intelligence algorithms based on deep Q-learning is proposed to intelligently select algorithms to realize 3D path planning. It builds a unique path point database and two basic principles are proposed to guide model training. Path planning and network learning are separated by the proposed separation principle and the optimal selection principle ensures convergence of the model. Aiming at the problem of reward sparsity, the comprehensive cost of each path point in the whole track sequence is regarded as a dynamic reward. Through the investigation of dynamic environment conditions such as different distances and threats, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated.

Abstract 719: A tumor-activated PD1/IL2 bispecific molecule, designed to overcome IL-2 receptor-mediated clearance, improve tolerability and stimulate antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment of murine models

Abstract PD-1/PD-L1 therapies have shown significant activity across a range of tumor types, however, 70-90% of patients do not derive durable benefit. In preclinical settings, delivery of PD-1 blockade and IL-2 agonism in cis via a bispecific molecule, comprising a PD-1 antibody fused to IL-2, has demonstrated superior activity compared to delivery of individual components or their combination. Targeting of IL-2 to PD-1+ cells in cis has been shown to drive a unique differentiation path endowing CD8+ T cells with enhanced functionality. However, we show that the IL-2 component in an unmasked PD1/IL2 bispecific molecule dominates its pharmacology, driving marked peripheral activation of immune cells, rapid IL-2 receptor-mediated clearance and systemic toxicity. To address these challenges and enable tumor-specific activity, we designed a PD1/IL2 bispecific molecule that incorporates a single domain antibody-based mask to bind to the IL-2 component and maintain it in a quiescent state until activated by prevalent and dysregulated proteases in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In preclinical models, the affinity-optimized mask prevented peripheral IL-2 receptor binding, associated toxicity and receptor-mediated clearance. Improved pharmacokinetics of our tumor-activated PD1/IL2 enabled PD1 antibody-like exposures and is projected to achieve complete blockade of PD1 signaling. Tumor-activated PD1/IL2 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to anti-PD-1 alone or vehicle and demonstrated improved tolerability compared to an unmasked PD1/IL2 bispecific in mouse models. In addition, pharmacodynamic activity of tumor-activated PD1/IL2 was restricted to the TME. Consistent with the masked design, we observed no significant change in CD8+ T cells in the periphery and significant increases in antigen specific CD8+ T cells, memory CD8+ T cells and TCF1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells in the TME. Ex vivo protease cleavage assays performed in human samples demonstrated efficient activation of tumor-activated PD1/IL2 by multiple tumor types and minimal activation in human plasma. In non-human primates, tumor-activated PD1/IL2 achieved tolerable exposures that were comparable to those of existing PD-1 blocking immunotherapies. Taken together, these preclinical data suggest that tumor-activated PD1/IL2 has the potential to improve upon existing PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies by inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 axis and simultaneously directing immunostimulatory IL-2 to antigen-experienced effector cell populations in the TME. Citation Format: Ertan Eryilmaz, Wilson Guzman, Stephanie Hsiao, Parker Johnson, Lisa Quinn, Jimit Lakhani, Brendan Whalen, Rosa Quiroz, Kurt Jenkins, Bernard Lanter, Oleg Yerov, Will Scott, Justin Greene, Zhen Liu, Jason Hedges, Megan McLaughlin, Sallyann Vu, Chelsea Turcotte, Jacob Taylor, Caitlin O'Toole, Magali Pederzoli-Ribeil, Haley Duprey, Natalia Malkova, Damiano Fantini, David Crowe, Kyle Smith, Joseph Card, Janice Lee, Kerri Smith, Benjamin Nicholson, Jennifer O'Neil, Carl U. Bialucha. A tumor-activated PD1/IL2 bispecific molecule, designed to overcome IL-2 receptor-mediated clearance, improve tolerability and stimulate antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment of murine models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 719.

Transductive classification via patch alignment

In this paper, a novel approach for transductive classification is proposed. Unlike existing methods that heavily rely on constructing the Laplacian matrix to capture data distribution, the proposed approach takes a unique path. It employs a linear transformation model to create local patches for each data point and then unifies them in an objective function to build the Laplacian matrix. Incorporating this Laplacian matrix into the transductive classification framework allows us to assign optimal class labels globally. The experimental results from toy data and real world databases demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves more efficient and stable performance, while this approach is insensitive to the parameters. Notably, our method exhibits robustness to parameter variations, making it highly adaptable to practical applications.

Multiregion WES of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors revealed heterogeneity in genomic alterations, immune microenvironment and evolutionary patterns

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), though uncommon, have a high likelihood of spreading to other body parts. Previously, the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns in metastatic PanNETs were not well understood. To investigate this, we performed multiregion sampling whole-exome sequencing (MRS-WES) on samples from 10 patients who had not received prior treatment for metastatic PanNETs. This included 29 primary tumor samples, 31 lymph node metastases, and 15 liver metastases. We used the MSK-MET dataset for survival analysis and validation of our findings. Our research indicates that mutations in the MEN1/DAXX genes might trigger the early stages of PanNET development. We categorized the patients based on the presence (MEN1/DAXXmut, n = 7) or absence (MEN1/DAXXwild, n = 3) of these mutations. Notable differences were observed between the two groups in terms of genetic alterations and clinically relevant mutations, confirmed using the MSK-MET dataset. Notably, patients with mutations in MEN1/DAXX/ATRX genes had a significantly longer median overall survival compared to those without these mutations (median not reached vs. 43.63 months, p = 0.047). Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) analysis showed a more prominent immunosuppressive environment in metastatic tumors, especially in patients with MEN1/DAXX mutations. These findings imply that MEN1/DAXX mutations lead PanNETs through a unique evolutionary path. The disease’s progression pattern indicates that PanNETs can spread early, even before clinical detection, highlighting the importance of identifying biomarkers related to metastasis to guide personalized treatment strategies.

Strategic Orientation on National Security: Nepal's Path to Prosperity and Sustainability

This article provides a distinct examination of Nepal's strategic orientation on national security, intricately dissecting the dynamic interplay between security imperatives, economic prosperity, and sustainability. It will discuss the economic foundations, scrutinize trade policies, investment strategies, and economic development plans, and unravel their role in fostering fiscal resilience and shaping the nation's capacity to navigate external challenges. The environmental factor emerges as a strategic imperative, recognizing the inseparable link between a secure environment and long-term national well-being. The socio-economic dynamics explored in-depth will reveal policies contributing to citizens' well-being and recognizing the population as a strategic asset. The integration of technological innovations is identified as a dynamic force shaping Nepal's national security approach and positioning the nation within the global economic setting. The role of public awareness and informed citizenship is also highlighted in shaping the nation's path. This article unfolds as a comprehensive description that unstitches the layers of complexity defining Nepal's unique path toward a secure, prosperous, and sustainable future.

Predicting Ion Sequestration in Charged Polymers with the Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamic Framework.

The steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamic framework is used to investigate the effectiveness of multi-chain polyethyleneimine-methylenephosphonic acid in sequestering rare-earth ions (Eu3+) from aqueous solutions. The framework applies a thermodynamic equation of motion to a discrete energy eigenstructure to model the binding kinetics of europium ions to reactive sites of the polymer chains. The energy eigenstructure is generated using a non-Markovian Monte Carlo model that estimates energy level degeneracies. The equation of motion is used to determine the occupation probability of each energy level, describing the unique path through thermodynamic state space by which the polymer system sequesters rare-earth ions from solution. A second Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to relate the kinetic path in state space to physical descriptors associated with the polymer, including the radius of gyration, tortuosity, and Eu-neighbor distribution functions. These descriptors are used to visualize the evolution of the polymer during the sequestration process. The fraction of sequestered Eu3+ ions depends upon the total energy of the system, with lower energy resulting in greater sequestration. The kinetics of the overall sequestration are dependent on the steepest-entropy-ascent principle used by the equation of motion to generate a unique kinetic path from an initial non-equilibrium state.

Research progress and application of high efficiency organic solar cells based on benzodithiophene donor materials.

In recent decades, the demand for clean and renewable energy has grown increasingly urgent due to the irreversible alteration of the global climate change. As a result, organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to address this issue. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the molecular design strategies of benzodithiophene (BDT)-based polymer and small molecule donor materials since their birth, focusing on the development of main-chain engineering, side-chain engineering and other unique molecular design paths. Up to now, the state-of-the-art power conversion efficiency (PCE) of binary OSCs prepared by BDT-based donor materials has approached 20%. This work discusses the potential relationship between the molecular changes of donor materials and photoelectric performance in corresponding OSC devices in detail, thereby presenting a rational molecular design guidance for stable and efficient donor materials in future.

Brief study on the emergence and preliminary development of China’s marine higher education in the early and mid-20th century

China’s marine higher education originated in the early twentieth century and was led and promoted by a group of educators and marine scientists in the Republic of China. There are three sources of marine higher education, namely, National Shandong University, Xiamen University, and Fudan University, which, over time, have formed three unique paths of marine higher education in China. With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, from 1949 to 1952, there was a reform in marine higher education, in which the teachers and students of the Oceanography Group of Fudan University and the Department of Oceanography of Xiamen University were merged into Shandong University, and the three sources were then merged into one. Among them, the students of the Oceanography Group of Fudan University were adjusted to Shandong University by policy, which opened the prelude to China’s ‘colleges and departments adjustment’. After the ‘colleges and departments adjustment’, the characteristics of marine discipline at Shandong University became increasingly prominent, which drove the development of China’s marine higher education from less to more vigorous. As a whole, it has formed the unique characteristics and patterns of the emergence and the initial development of marine higher education in China.

Unique transport paths of 137Cs from the Indian to Southern Oceans

To assess ocean-scale transport systems, we examined the latitudinal cross-sectional distribution of 137Cs activity concentrations in the Indian and Southern Oceans between December 2019 and January 2020 using low-background γ-spectrometry. At 0°–20°S, 137Cs concentrations exhibited a gradual decrease below the mixing layer (1–0.1 mBq/L). However, the concentrations steeply decreased toward the Southern Ocean along a transect of 30°–60°S (from 0.8 to 0.02 mBq/L) with minor vertical variation at each site. For the 137Cs inventories (0–800 m depth) from 15 to 600 Bq/m2, a maximum value was recorded at 30°S, indicating the downwelling of 137Cs as a reservoir for the Subantarctic Mode Water. The significantly low concentrations (0.02 mBq/L) at 60°S suggest minimal transport of 137Cs to the Southern Ocean. These findings assist in understanding 137Cs circulation patterns and provide valuable insights into the transport pathways of soluble contaminants.

Intersectionality in Girlhood Studies: Analysing the Denied and Reclaimed Journeys of Agency in Diverse Societal Milieus

The transition from girlhood to womanhood is a fundamental and often natural phase in a young woman's life, marked by self-discovery and growth. However, for a vast sea of girls across various regions and races, this process is unnaturalised and tainted by violence, abuse and suppression of identity. Their girlhood is stifled by a patriarchal society expecting them to conform to conventional gender roles, leaving them no room for joyful self-exploration. Therefore, girlhood studies becomes a crucial field of research to understand and highlight the resilience, agency, and creativity of girls while acknowledging the myriad systemic challenges they face, serving as poignant reminders of the need to nurture the girlhood of all young women, allowing them to flourish and discover their own unique paths to womanhood. This paper herein proposes to delve into this theme, seeking to understand how these dynamics influence the lived realities of girls who are denied a free girlhood, while exploring how they reclaim their voice in their fight against oppression. This study draws insights from Alice Walker's coming of age novel 'The Color Purple' along with selected sections from Rassundari Devi's autobiography 'Amar Jiban,' as these literary works illuminate the harrowing experiences of female characters forced into premature adulthood. Additionally, the study references 'To Kill a Mockingbird' in order to compare the nuances of stifled girlhood experiences across the boundaries of race, region and ethnicity. Scholarly voices such as Tanika Sarkar and Martha J. Cutter, etc. will also be cited simultaneously to enrich the analysis by encompassing aspects of feminist literary theories.

An enhanced Benders decomposition method for unique shortest path routing

With the aim of looking into a comparatively more efficient solution approach for the unique shortest path routing problem, an alternative problem formulation to a counterpart is first introduced. The model is mathematically equivalent to the counterpart concerning both the feasibility and optimality of the problem. By exploring the constraint structures and model sizes of the two formulations, the former is identified to be a more appropriate one for a decomposition algorithm to solve the problem. An enhanced Benders decomposition method, embedded with redundancy generation strategy, is then proposed, based on the study of problem properties of network flow problems.

Nano boron nitride laminated poly(ethyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films imprinted with silver nanoparticles as gas barrier and bacteria resistant packaging materials

AbstractHerein, nano boron nitride (BN) laminated poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite films are fabricated by using a simple in situ polymerization technique with incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Structural investigations of PEMA/PVA/Ag@BN nanocomposite thin films are carried out by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X‐ray diffraction analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The change in morphology of PEMA/PVA matrix due to the reinforcement of BN platelets are identified by electron microscopic studies. The unique tortuous paths are achieved by the dispersion of BN platelets by which gas penetration is restricted with enhancing the barrier properties of the material by 6.5 folds at 5 wt% BN content as compared with neat PEMA/PVA. Acid and alkali resistant along with biodegradability behavior of as‐synthesized nanocomposites are studied. From limiting oxygen index (LOI) results, it is found that the prepared materials are fire retardant in nature owing to effective reinforcement of BN layers. Antibacterial activities of PEMA/PVA/Ag@BN nanocomposite are studied by Xanthomonas citri or axonopodis pv. Citri, Escherichia coli, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae because of Ag NPs reinforcement. The substantial improvements in gas barrier, fire retardant, and antibacterial properties enable the materials for packaging application.

Examining the Progress of 'Modernization of Poetry' in Taiwan during the 1950s and 1960s through the Literary Trajectories and Transformations of Ye Shan

<p>"楊牧（1940-2020），花蓮人，本名王靖獻，早年筆名葉珊，為「戰間世代」詩人。高中時期（1955）即參與由陳錦標主編的《海鷗》詩刊，借《東台日報》副刊發行，這應是葉珊最早的文學起點。1958年，北上。因而認識，如吳望堯、余光中、夏菁、葉維廉、周夢蝶、瘂弦、洛夫、商禽等「現代派」詩人群，彼此形成一個有力的文化圈網絡，而共同參與「詩現代化」的進程。1959年，葉珊進入東海大學就讀。學院中的文學陶養讓他對英國浪漫派詩人濟慈（John Keats，1795-1821）醉心，同時受業於徐復觀、接受中國古典文學及思想的薰陶，因此游藝於東／西方文學之中。1964年，他至美國求學，期間師事陳世驤而受中國文學「抒情傳統」的啟發，擺盪在臺美兩地及「他者」與「自我」之間，重新在中國／西方的文學傳統中，鍛鑄現代詩的新精神及新方法。同時，他也檢視反思臺灣詩壇「虛無」的詩風，重建一條自己的詩路。因此，葉珊一九六〇年代後期，開始轉變並省思自己詩的寫作，其中不單是美學風格的變化，更是臺灣詩壇「詩現代化」及文學史敘事的問題。此一歷程，顯映臺灣一九五〇、六〇年代「現代詩」的發展進程，它是如何演變與實踐？何以它促使了1964年本土詩社「笠」成立，繼之1972-73年，引來沸沸揚揚的「現代詩」論戰？此一反思，可以更精確爬梳，戰後臺灣「現代詩」早期的發展過程，避免統稱式的論述框架，而能進入並貼近文學史的敘事脈絡中。</p> <p> </p><p>"Yang Mu (1940-2020), born in Hualien and originally named Wang Jing-xian, initially wrote under the pseudonym Ye Shan. He was a poet of the “Interwar Generation.” During his high school years in 1955, he participated in the poetry journal “Haiou,” which was edited by Chen Jinbiao and published as a supplement to the “Dong Tai Daily.” This was likely Yang Mu’s earliest involvement in literature. In 1958, he moved to northern Taiwan and consequently came to know “modernist” poets such as Wu Wangyao, Yu Guangzhong, Xia Jing, Ye Weilian, Zhou Mengdie, Yaxian, Luo Fu, and Shang Qin. Together, they formed a powerful cultural network and collectively engaging in the process of “modernizing poetry.” In 1959, Yang Mu enrolled at Tunghai University, where he received literary cultivation. He had a particular affinity for the English Romantic poet John Keats (1795-1821) and was influenced by Chinese classical literature and thought under the guidance of Xu Fuguan. Consequently, he straddled Eastern and Western literature. In 1964, he went to the United States for further studies. During his time there, he studied under Chen Shihuang and was inspired by the Chinese literary “lyric tradition,” oscillating between Taiwan and the United States, and the dynamics of “self” and “other.” This allowed him to forge a new spirit and new approach to modern poetry within the Chinese and Western literary traditions. Simultaneously, he reflected on and reevaluated the “nihilistic” poetic style prevalent in the Taiwanese poetry scene, carving out his unique poetic path. As a result, in the late 1960s, Yang Mu began to transform and critically examine his poetic writing. This transformation encompassed not only changes in aesthetic style but also questions regarding the “modernization of poetry” in the Taiwanese poetry scene and the narrative of literary history. This process illustrates the developmental journey of “modern poetry” in Taiwan in the 1950s and 1960s, how it evolved and was practiced, and how it led to the establishment of the native poetry society “Li” in 1964 and the subsequent intense “modern poetry” debates in 1972-73. This reflection allows for a more precise delineation of the early development of “modern poetry” in post-war Taiwan, avoiding broad strokes in discourse and bringing us closer to the narrative context of literary history.</p> <p> </p>

Sull'uso pubblico della storia in Gran Bretagna

June 2016 marked the end of the British membership of the European Union. Rather than focusing on popular explanations for this «exit», such as immigration, economy, globalization and sovereignty, this article focuses on the role played by history in informing public and political debates. In particular, it shows how pre- existing patriotic myths were popularized, notably that of the empire and the belief that Britain had followed a unique historical path that was different from other European nations. Both were used to legitimize the vote to leave the European bloc. The article highlights how this situation influenced the rhetoric of a Global Britain and how some Eurosceptic historians legitimized this narrow historical exceptionalism.