Unique Buildings Research Articles

Comprehensive Restoration of an Efficient Technical Condition of the Bearing Brickwork, Having Physical Wear

Purpose of research. Inspection and assessment of the technical condition of the enclosing structures of a residential building located at st. Engelsa, 107 in Kursk were carried out in connection with the development of the reinforcement project.Methods. Inspection of the technical condition of buildings and structures is necessary to determine the residual resource and service life of the building structures. The current regulatory documents require an examination of the technical condition of buildings and structures no later than two years after their commissioning. In the future, the inspection of the technical condition of buildings and structures is carried out at least once every 10 years and at least once every five years for buildings and structures or their individual elements operating in adverse conditions (aggressive environments, vibrations, high humidity, seismicity of the area 7 points and more, etc.). A permanent monitoring regime is established for unique buildings and structures.Results. In the process of examining a residential building located at st. Engelsa, 107, the following tasks have been solved: determination of damage to enclosing structures; analysis of the results of the study of the degree of wear of building structures; implementation of proposals for strengthening the brickwork. To eliminate the above damages, a proposal was developed to increase the rigidity of the above-foundation part of the building, having previously excluded soaking the foundation soil: by repairing the blind area and heating, water supply and sewerage networks.Conclusion. The solution of a narrow task of strengthening individual structures of buildings and structures may not give the desired result, therefore, when performing inspection work, it is necessary to consider the existing defects and damage in the complex. Within the framework of this work, we consider the strengthening of the load-bearing walls of a residential building with an increase in the overall rigidity of the above-foundation part of the building and the elimination of individual damages.

THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION FOR THE COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS ON A SOFT SOIL IN THE CENTER OF ST. PETERSBURG

Failures of the important and unique buildings and facilities occur comparatively rarely, but in case of their occurrence, result in significant social and material damage, especially if they are associated with casualtiesThe experience of the science technical monitoring of the construction of underground parking in a new hotel in the central part of St. Petersburg is given in the article. The parameters of the main underground structures and problems occurred during their construction are presented. The second part of the paper is devoted to the technologies used during the construction of the second stage of the hotel on the area of the dissembled buildings sufferedfrom serious deformation during the construction of the underground parking for the first stage of the hotel.

Технологии дополненной реальности в проектной деятельности студентов

This study’s relevance is determined by the absence of serious research, science-based, tested and verified programs and training materials related to the use of Augmented Reality (AR) technologies when getting students education in Engineering and Computer Graphics (ECG). The study’s aim was the introduction of AR-technologies in the project activities of first-year students. The study was conducted on the base of St. Petersburg Mining University. 48 first-year students of the Civil Engineering Faculty, pursuing a specialist's degree in “Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures”, participated in the project activity. The students' project activities results showed that at present, AR-technologies have gained popularity not only among designers and planners, but also among schoolteachers, as well as among lecturers and students of technical universities. A student team of St. Petersburg Mining University solved the design problem using AR-technology and created an informational 3-D model of the building structure. The existing methods related to students training have been completed and updated with the method of graphical presentation for the students' project activities results with the help of AR-technologies. As a result of the students’ project activities study, has been revealed the thoroughly obvious need for teaching a new generation of students to use AR-technologies. The aim is implementation of AR-technologies by students in the perspective, with continuous and subsequent self-education, as well as teaching future designers of rational use of AR-technologies to solve educational and practical problems, including areas of engineering and computer graphics. The study had showed that currently there is not enough of scientifically based learning materials for the organization of students' project activities using AR-technologies. Has been revealed the need for further scientific research in the field of AR-technologies implementation in the students’ project activities within the framework of ECG academic discipline. The paper materials can be useful for lecturers of all levels.

Adolf Behne e a construção do Movimento Moderno – Parte 2

O livro A Construção Funcional Moderna, escrito por Adolf Behne em 1923, contém discussões fundamentais para a compreensão e condução da Arquitetura Moderna na década de 20. No livro, o autor identifica algumas correntes de pensamento em curso e as explora em três momentos, determinando os três capítulos de seu livro. No segundo deles, objeto deste texto e tradução, o autor discute os princípios da arquitetura alemã de viés expressionista, cujo desenho específico espelha o estudo detalhado da função. Se a cada necessidade interna resulta uma configuração particular, também se sobrepõem princípios formais oriundos de analogias orgânicas e dinâmicas que estão impregnados no pensamento da época. O autor situa o ponto alto desta vertente na obra de Erich Mendelsohn, e aponta os aspectos negativos da radicalização desta abordagem: ao atender prioritariamente a demandas internas à obra arquitetônica, criam-se edifícios únicos que comprometem a totalidade do conjunto urbano.

Traditional Pol Houses of Ahmedabad: An Overview

India has been rich in traditional and vernacular architecture throughout History. There were many traditional residential architecture typologies developed in the medieval period. The Pol houses of Gujarat are unique buildings that originated during this time and developed later on as per climate, using local building materials and the social needs of people. Due to globalization and the liberalization of the Indian economy in 1990, there has been a significant change in people's lifestyles and social systems. People feel that Pol houses are no longer able to fulfill the present need for residents. The importance of traditional Pol houses increased after the declaration of Ahmedabad's walled city as World Heritage City in 2017 by UNESCO. The method adopted for this study is a literature review. The analysis and discussions are divided into the following categories for understanding the urban context – a) origin and evolution of Pol houses, b) physical planning, and c) Pol houses' social system at the neighborhood level. The houses have been analyzed in various aspects, such as the spatial, environmental, behavioral aspects of design, and other aspects such as rainwater, harvesting, and earthquake resistance. The research concluded that the Pol houses have very functional design due to small neighborhood at the urban context to manage efficiently, climate responsiveness: streets, courtyards and use of sustainable building materials, use of rainwater harvesting to solve the scarcity of water in the present situation, use of construction and building materials to make it earthquake resistance structure. These houses also fulfill the aesthetic criteria because the ornamentation in homes is logically done, which is an integral part of the structure.

О состоянии и развитии системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций башни «Эволюция». Часть 2. Рекомендации по развитию

Во второй части статьи[1] представлены обоснованные рекомендации по дополнению системы мониторинга в части пространственно-координатного мониторинга с помощью ГЛОНАСС/GPS-датчиков, а также контроля за фасадными кон­струкциями (контрольные параметры для светопрозрачных фасадных систем; оборудование для мониторинга фасадных систем). В завершении сформулированы рекомендации по разработке и интеграции адаптивных конечноэлементных моделей несущих и фасадных конструкций. Даны указания на разработки авторов, посвящённые оригинальной расчётно­экспериментальной методике динамического мониторинга несущих конструкций высотных зданий в части её общих положений и структурной схемы, параметризируемых конеч­ноэлементных моделей, адаптации (калибровки) конечноэле­ментных моделей по данным инструментальных наблюдений, оценки несущей способности для фактического состояния и планирования измерений по результатам мониторинга.
 
 [1] Первая часть статьи «О состоянии и развитии системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций башни "Эволюция"» опубликована в № 1 журнала «Academia. Архитектура и строительство» за 2020 год.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ В.О. ШЕРВУДА НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ "КИРПИЧНОГО СТИЛЯ" В РОСТОВЕ-НА-ДОНУ

The most important component of the architectural and artistic look of the historical part of Rostov-on-Don is the constructions built in «brick style». In the last quarter of the XIX century, some unique and significant public buildings were built in the “brick style”. The object of this research is "brick style" architecture in Rostov-on-Don. The following methods used: full-scale and archival research, comparative analysis, analogy method. The most striking example of the style is the building of the Asmolov Theater built on Taganrogsky Avenue according to the project of the famous Moscow architect V. O. Sherwood. He was the expert of pre-Peter architecture and designed the theater building in the forms of pseudo-Russian style which was unique for Rostov. The construction of the Asmolov Theater stimulated the spread of stylized forms of ancient Russian architecture. The article is devoted to the history of construction, architectural, stylistic and spatial planning characteristics of the Asmolov Theater as well as determining its place in the work of V. O. Sherwood and its role for the «brick style» in the architecture of Rostov-on-Don. The buildings for which the Asmolov Theater became a model are considered.

A rasterized building footprint dataset for the United States

Microsoft released a U.S.-wide vector building dataset in 2018. Although the vector building layers provide relatively accurate geometries, their use in large-extent geospatial analysis comes at a high computational cost. We used High-Performance Computing (HPC) to develop an algorithm that calculates six summary values for each cell in a raster representation of each U.S. state, excluding Alaska and Hawaii: (1) total footprint coverage, (2) number of unique buildings intersecting each cell, (3) number of building centroids falling inside each cell, and area of the (4) average, (5) smallest, and (6) largest area of buildings that intersect each cell. These values are represented as raster layers with 30 m cell size covering the 48 conterminous states. We also identify errors in the original building dataset. We evaluate precision and recall in the data for three large U.S. urban areas. Precision is high and comparable to results reported by Microsoft while recall is high for buildings with footprints larger than 200 m2 but lower for progressively smaller buildings.

RAILWAY STATION COMPLEXES OF THE KYIV – KOROSTEN – KOVEL RAILWAY IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY ХХ CENTURY

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the problems associated with maintaining the authenticity of the historic urban environment.Railway construction in the late XIX – early ХХ century was one of the priorities of the state development. There was appeared a new type of public building – the train station, which was usually a multifunctional building. The article describes the preconditions for the emergence of the Kyiv – Korosten – Kovel railway, which gave impetus to the social, economic, engineering, transport, architectural and urban planning development of many settlements of Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Rivne and Volyn regions. Railway station complexes of the Kyiv-Korosten-Kovel railway in the late XIX – early ХХ century are interesting, beautiful, original and unique buildings by their volume-spatial structure. Many of them have the features of ensemble unity. Some of them are built by the typical projects. All of them are valuable objects of architectural heritage, because they reflect the history of the period in the late XIX – early ХХ century. These buildings have features of different styles of architecture, such as: neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, neo-Classicism, “brick style”, National Romanticism and wooden architecture. Most of these buildings are preserved to nowadays. It is necessary to give for all these unique buildings the status of architectural monuments, because, unfortunately, only some of them have this status. Railway station complexes of the Kyiv-Korosten-Kovel railway in the late XIX – early ХХ century need a careful attitude to preserve them. The article deals with the compositional features of the Kyiv – Korosten – Kovel railway station complexes in the late XIX – early ХХ century and classifies them by their volume-spatial structure. Much attention is paid to the composition techniques and stylistics of the railway station complexes.

The use of standard series plans in designing unique buildings: the case of V. A. Pavlov’s residential house in Irkutsk

The article analyzes the documents of the Ministry of Construction of Russia, which contain the methods for calculating the index of urban environment quality. It reveals the lack of the housing quality indicator in the sum of the indicators that compose this index. Rethinking of the experience of the standardized construction can be one of the ways to restore the balance of the quality of housing and public spaces. Using the example of V. A. Pavlov’s residential buildings in Irkutsk, the article shows a possibility to design high-quality modern dwelling, taking the basis of space-planning decisions for standard series as a starting point.

Applicability of Hybrid Built-Up Wide Flange Steel Beams

To accommodate growing demands on either heavy steel structures or unique buildings with irregular configurations, built-up wide-flange steel (BWS) beams are being popularly used in modern steel construction. In current fabrication practices of BWS members, high-performance steels produced in steelmaking factories under the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) are typically utilized to achieve proper welding performances. However, since its basic unit price is quite higher than typical hot-rolled steel materials, this study introduced a hybrid BWS section for cost saving with no performance degradation, where high-performance TMCP steel was used in flanges, and conventional hot-rolled steel was adopted in web plate. To verify the tensile performances of a hybrid BWS section with non-uniform properties, split T tension and Charpy impact tests were conducted, and flexural tests were also carried out on hybrid and homogeneous BWS beam members. On this basis, it was confirmed that the structural performance of the hybrid BWS member is comparable with that of the conventional one with a uniform section property.

Effect of internal surface structure of the north wall on Chinese solar greenhouse thermal microclimate based on computational fluid dynamics.

Chinese solar greenhouses are unique facility agriculture buildings and widely used in northeastern China, providing a favorable requirement for crop growth. The north wall configurations play an essential role in heat storage and thermal insulation and directly affect the management of the internal environment. This research is devoted to further improve the thermal performance of the greenhouse and explore the potential of the north wall. A mathematical model was designed to investigate the concave-convex wall configurations based on computational fluid dynamics. Four passive heat-storage north walls were analyzed by using the same constituent materials, including a plane wall, a vertical wall, a horizontal wall and an alveolate wall. The numerical model was validated by experimental measurements. The temperature distributions of the north walls were examined and a comparative analysis of the heat storage-release capabilities was carried out. The results showed that the heat-storage capacity of the north wall is affected by the surface structure. Moreover, the critical factor influencing the air temperature is the sum of the heat load released by the wall and the energy increment of greenhouse air. The results suggested that the alveolate wall has preferable thermal accumulation capacity. The concave-convex wall configurations have a wider range of heat transfer performance along the thickness direction, while the plane wall has a superior thermal environment. This study provides a basic theoretical reference to rationally design the internal surface structures of the north wall.

Tracking the origin of civil engineering as a science since ancient times

Introduction. The gradual progressive evolvement of civil engineering as a science was nurtured by numerous discoveries, errors and regularities contributed by philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, architects, and researchers focused on versatile areas of knowledge. The author analyzes the transformation of civil engineering as a science since ancient times, as well as its dependence on historical events, territoriality, and discoveries. The objective of the research, covered by the article, consists in the detailed analysis of the history of civil engineering and the prognostication of its future development pattern. Materials and methods. The author employed systematization, benchmarking, and theoretical generalization of the information collected from literary sources. Results. The author has analyzed a number of Russian and foreign literary sources covering the formation and evolution of the civil engineering science, beginning with the works of ancient thinkers and philosophers and ending with the works of contemporary researchers. The author breaks down the history of analysis/design of buildings/structures into four development phases that have evolved into the present-day design procedure. The author also provides detailed information on ancient scholars, starting from those who lived in the second millennium B.C., and their contribution into the theory of building design. She highlights the most important works written by ancient philosophers and mathematicians all over the world, particularly those who influenced the development of the design theory. The author provides examples and photos of still-standing unique buildings and structures that date back to each development phase. Every step of civil engineering development is illustrated by buildings and descriptions of their constructions. The author also analyzes the most prominent attainments made in the field of structural mechanics and design of buildings at each development stage. She has tracked the evolvement of civil engineering since the inception of written languagest. Conclusions. The author analyzes the prospects for the development of the civil engineering science with account for the most recent reports issued by the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences.

О состоянии и развитии системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций башни «Эволюция»

Настоящая статья посвящена текущему и перспективному состоянию системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций (СМИК) башни «Эволюция» Московского международного дело­вого центра (ММДЦ) «Москва-Сити». Данный объект выполнен в форме закрученного вокруг собственной оси 255-метрового 54-этажного небоскрёба, расположенного на трёхуровневом стилобате. В статье представлены результаты анализа научно­методической, проектной и исполнительной документации по объекту, проведён анализ действующей системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций (СМИК). В частности, приведены сведения о СМИК в части несущих конструкций, о контрольно­измерительной аппаратуре высотного здания, о действующей системе мониторинга несущих конструкций, о критериях оценки технического состояния несущих конструкций, о фасадных конструкциях, о результатах анализа достоверности объёма контролируемых параметров, оперативности и достоверности (точности и надежности) смонтированной МИК. Далее на основе изложенного даются обоснованные рекомендации по дополнению системы мониторинга в части пространственно­координатного мониторинга с помощью ГЛОНАСС/GPS-датчиков, а также контроля за фасадными конструкциями (предложения в части контрольных параметров для светопрозрачных фасадных систем, оборудования для мониторинга фасадных систем). В завершении сформулированы рекомендации по разработке и интеграции адаптивных конечноэлементных моделей несущих и фасадных конструкций. Даются необходимые ссылки на пу­бликации авторов, посвящённые разработанной оригинальной расчётно-экспериментальной методике динамического мони­торинга несущих конструкций высотных зданий. В основе этой методики лежит построение и последующее использование параметризируемых конечноэлементных моделей, адаптация (калибровка) этих моделей по данным инструментальных на­блюдений с целью адекватной оценки несущей способности для фактического состояния и планирования измерений по результатам мониторинга.

Philosophy of Machinery and Technology in Relation to the Modern Construction Industry

Formulation of the scientific problem in this article is aimed at identifying the anthropological criterion and the principle of organoprojection in relation to modern construction machinery, but also of the primacy of technology at the modern stage of the construction industry development. In General, the relevance of E. Kapp philosophy of machinery in the context of the application of anthropological criteria and the principle of organoprojection to modern construction equipment, technology and design of unique buildings and structures is observed. The modern reception of the ideas of organoprojection is analyzed. The authors specify that, implementing the philosophical explication of the Genesis of construction equipment, its anthropological nature on the basis of organoprojection, construction equipment should be considered as a special purpose equipment designed to perform a wide range of tasks in the construction industry. The article notes that the lack of a single interpretation of the concepts of «machinery» and «technology» partially leads to a misunderstanding of the basic essence of these terms in the philosophical perspective. Although experts in the field of philosophy of machinery can not come to a consensus about the origins of machinery, the problems caused by its development, and the possible prospects for overcoming them, based on the analysis of scientific publications, it is emphasized that the concept of E. Kapp has a productive potential to improve the culture of technical thinking.

Three-dimensional cadastre in creating an information base for a spatial model of a real estate object

The relevance of the research topic is that the improvement of the land and real estate market is one of the most important goals of the development of digital economy of the Russian Federation. In recent years, a number of regulatory documents have been adopted in the field of state cadastral registration and registration of real estate titles. Some elements of state development programs of the Russian Federation in the field of land and real estate management were also introduced. An analysis of the documents shows that the introduction of a three-dimensional spatial description of real estate in the unified state register of real estate is beginning gradually. Its purpose is to eliminate a number of problems associated with state cadastral registration of real estate objects located at different levels (above ground, ground, underground), as well as unique buildings and structures. Despite all the available options for accounting for three-dimensional models of real estate in the unified state register of real estate, in fact, their registration in cadastral works is not performed in Russia. This is caused by the lack of scientific and methodological justification for implementation of cadastral work on three-dimensional modeling of real estate objects, taking into account domestic characteristics.

Design and Testing of a Structural Monitoring System in an Almería-Type Tensioned Structure Greenhouse.

Greenhouse cultivation has gained a special importance in recent years and become the basis of the economy in south-eastern Spain. The structures used are light and, due to weather events, often collapse completely or partially, which has generated interest in the study of these unique buildings. This study presents a load and displacement monitoring system that was designed, and full scale tested, in an Almería-type greenhouse with a tensioned wire structure. The loads and displacements measured under real load conditions were recorded for multiple time periods. The traction force on the roof cables decreased up to 22% for a temperature increase of 30 °C, and the compression force decreased up to 16.1% on the columns or pillars for a temperature and wind speed increase of 25.8 °C and 1.9 m/s respectively. The results show that the structure is susceptible to daily temperature changes and, to a lesser extent, wind throughout the test. The monitoring system, which uses load cells to measure loads and machine vision techniques to measure displacements, is appropriate for use in different types of greenhouses.

Analysis of the Residual Deformation of Yingxian Wood Pagoda

Cumulative damage and residual deformation of structural components of Yingxian Wood Pagoda over its existence have caused widespread concern. Because Yingxian Wood Pagoda is a very complex ancient wooden structure, previous studies on single‐storey and multistorey ancient structures are not very applicable. In this study, the deformation to the pagoda at the components, storey, and overall structure levels was monitored considering residual deformation, component cracking, and component connection conditions. The effects of different factors were preliminarily identified, including the structural weight, external impacts such as earthquakes and artillery shells, differences in moisture content according to sunlight exposure, and the prevailing wind direction. The study findings are useful in diagnosing the health and causes of deformation of unique buildings such as this in order to develop effective repair and restoration measures.

BILYI KAMIN: SITE STRUCTURE OF THE BIGGEST TRYPILLIA CULTURE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN BUH-DNISTER INTERFLUVE

So far research effort regarding Cucuteni—Trypillia mega-sites was to a large extent focussed on the region in the east of the Southern Buh. In contrast, the Southern Buh-Dnister interfluve stands for long time in the shadow of its eastern neighbour. To improve this situation and to gain a better understanding of the macro-regional variability within the Cucuteni—Trypillia cultural complex, in spring 2018 the exploration of the large CTCC site Bilyi Kamin was started by an international team of researchers from Kiel University (Germany) and Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) which is the largest settlement in this region.
 Magnetometry in total size of 40.6 ha have been performed using the MAGNETO® MX V3 Survey System of the company SENSYS Sensorik & Systemtechnologie GmbH Bad Saarow (Germany). During our survey large areas in the south, north and near the centre of the site were measured. Based on these data the total extension of the site can be estimated to approximately 97 ha.
 Different categories of magnetic anomalies can be identified in Bilyi Kamin: 297 rectangular anomalies, which are the ruins of intensively burnt clay houses; 141 rectangular anomalies of houses, burnt with less intensity or eroded; four rectangular anomalies of unique buildings, so-called «megastructures»; 351 anomaly of different-shape objects, most of which can be interpreted as pits; 12 stretched objects, presumably road to the south of the site; linear anomaly of the ditch or natural gully to the north-west from north part of outer circle.
 The site is built in two circles of houses. The ring corridor between the circles is free from buildings. Some buildings are located outside the circles as well. They are grouped as short lines radial and parallel in respect to the circles. The space inside the circles is built partially. In the north and north-west parts of the site the buildings are grouped mostly in long radial lines. In the south part of the site the number of buildings inside the circles is smaller. This might indicate a heterogeneous character of the population or changes in the development plan.
 The anomalies of pits from Bilyi Kamin are usually located near the buildings, at side or ending walls. Some groups of pits are not connected to the buildings. It is also possible that some of anomalies of pits, having largest nT values can represent other kind of objects — as for example pottery kilns.
 In Bilyi Kamin three elongated mega-structures with lengths between 36 and 64 m and widths between 8 and 11.5 m are placed on the 420 Ч (>150) m measuring square (so-called «plaza»). The partly staggered arrangement of these constructions might suggest that they were not built simultaneously but represent a sequence of successively used buildings. Within the concentric ring corridor directly beside of the central plaza, additionally a fourth mega-structure is visible. For the planning of the settlement layout, the placement of a rectangular square on top of the promontory with three large buildings played potentially an important role. These mega-structures and the associated plaza most likely formed the architectural arena of central integrative institutions for decision-making, integrative ritual action, and surplus-consumption at the level of the entire settlement.

City Embankments as Unique Buildings and Structures. Modern Principles of Model Formation on the Example of the Coastal Zone of the Yauza River in Moscow

The growth of modern megapolises leads to the degradation of natural resources on their territory, this leads to the destruction of the urban ecology and the deterioration of the citizens’ healths. The territories located along the coastlines of various reservoirs located within the city, conceal a huge potential for improving the quality of life of the urban population. In particular, the coastline of the Yauza River, flowing within the city of Moscow, can be not only a carrier of the historical type of urban landscapes but also a great area for recreation and comfort of Muscovites and visitors. Today these territories are used irrationally, the city strengthens the expansion on the coastal zones, and the technogenic influence leads to not only the pollution of the coast but also of the Yauza channel. The main problem raised in this article is the problem of methodological approaches to the development of waterfront development projects.