Union Research Institute Research Articles

Improvement of load-bearing capacity of arched support using rolled steel reinforcement in mines

The economic efficiency of coal mining at the reduced cost is directly related with maintenance of operation conditions in temporary roadways. This article proposes a method of increasing the loadbearing capacity of the three-link arched support made of a special rolled profile (SRP) by increasing the stiffness moments of arched support sections subjected to the greatest bending moments. It is determined to be necessary to install the same size SPR in the support sections exposed to the greatest bending moments. Mathematical modeling of the reinforcement shows that the sufficient length of SRP segments is 30 cm. The calculations show that SRP 27 is replaceable by SRP 17 with the same size inserts, which allows saving of 10 kg of steel per each meter of the arched support. The proposed method of increasing the load-bearing capacity of the support will reduce the specific content of steel in the mine support manufacture and, thereby, will enable significant saving of material and labor resources. The studies conducted to substantiate the proposed solution include: determination of bending moments and normal forces in the three-link steel arched support by the computer-aided procedure of VNIMI (All Union Research Institute of Mining Geomechanics and Mine Surveying) for the specific existing conditions, with the subsequent choice of the required size of the support; stress–strain analysis of rock mass and mine support in ANSYS environment; economic calculation of the proposed solution effectiveness. The implemented researches give grounds to believe that the proposed variant of increasing the loadbearing capacity of the support made of the rolled steel profile can significantly improve stability of mine roadways. It is possible to strengthen the support without reducing the metal content in cases of expected deformation of the support under the influence of the confining pressure, when the other methods of maintenance-free support in roadways are ineffective or require a lot of time, materials and labor.

ИСТОРИЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ГОСНИТИ

With the increase in the production of new machines, it was necessary to pay more attention to their repair and maintenance, expand research, create appropriate standards, and constantly update technical documentation. The pre-1953 repair laboratories were not powerful enough to solve the growing problems. In 1953, it was decided to establish The State Union Research Institute for the Repair and Operation of Tractors and Agricultural Machinery. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in describing the history of GOSNITI establishment, analyzing the tasks and results of the Institute's activities over the first decade. (Materials and methods) The article presents the base of the new Institute and its quantitative composition. The article describes the main objectives of the Institute and its activities. (Results and discussion) Work was carried out to create self-moving workshops for filling filters, electric brake stands, stands for testing fuel equipment, equipment for vibration contact surfacing. The calculations of the repair base for the regions were carried out. The article presents the list of works that were widely implemented in the national economy and the list of publications of technical documentation. GOSNITI was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 25, 1967, for implementing the system and advanced technology for repairing cars. (Conclusions) The staff of the established Institute successfully completed the tasks set in the first decade.

СОХРАНЕНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ОВЕЦ СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ ДЛЯ ЗОНЫ СУХОЙ СТЕПИ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

In conditions of Povolzhye steppe zone development of productive qualities of Stavropol breed sheep was conducted by meat merino sheep. Experimental research was carried out in ZAO «Novaya Zhizn» in Novouzensky district of Saratov region, located in semi desert zone, bordering upon South-West Khazakhstan. The research aim was the increase and maintenance of genetic potential of Stavropol breed sheep of Povolzhye population. Working procedure is based on guidelines of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural sciences, All Union research institute of sheep and goat breeding. The study materials were Stavropol pure breed sheep and 1/8 –thoroughbred cross breed with Australian meat merino herdmates. As the result of stepped breeding of local Stavropol ewe with half bred by Australian meat merino ram- breeder of Stavropol breed animals of 1/2 ,1/4, 1/8 –blood were obtained, which then one- shear tupped by breeding «inter se». It is proved that in applying such selective method 1/8-blood by Australian meat merino sheep were characterized with higher body weight, better wool quality in contrast to Stavropol pure –breed herdmates. So, in 1/8-blood by Australian meat merino of hybrid ewe during breeding «inter se» live body at birth was higher than at pure breed herdmates for 5,56 %, during ablactation –at the age of 4 months - for 6,38 % (difference isn’t accurate). According to sharing of wool in grease, superiority of ewe of hybrid origin over pure breed was 5,6 % (Р≥0,99), but in terms of washed fiber it increases to 8,3 % (Р≥0,999). So, in dry steppe zone of Povolzhye new improved, according to its productive qualities, genotype of Stavropol breed sheep is created with retention of genetic resource that is essential economic factor for the modern maintenance of fine-wool sheep breeding field.

The mecca of Cold War scholarship: Hong Kong as the intellectual hub to reveal China to the World

PurposeThis writing reveals Hong Kong’s role as the center of China research. Before Reform and Opening in 1979, the British colony was the only place in the world where all international China experts stopped over and obtained the latest and the most accurate accounts of PRC.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes how Hong Kong serves as the intellectual mecca through examining the lives of China scholars amid building up their international profiles. What prompted them to join the China field? How were their lives like in the British crown colony? This paper also unveils the roles of the two research institutions played on Communist China studies: University Services Center (USC) and Union Research Institute (URI). In addition to relying on archival correspondences, personal interviews were also conducted in the last two years.FindingsDespite being the mecca of PRC research, Hong Kong was not the first destination for most aspiring China scholars from the West. Most of these Western scholars did not even plan to devote their whole working lives to the study of China. Through luck, draft avoidance and generous grants from Ford and Carnegie Foundations, these young men and women became internationally iconic figures of East Asian research. To complete their Ph.D. theses and subsequent China-related projects, Hong Kong was a “must-go” destination for them. Under the full protection of the Union Jack, these scholars enjoyed the freedom to speak, write, research and publish. God blessed Hong Kong with such a unique political status amid the Cold War.Originality/value155 Argyle Street was the Art Deco compound where Red China experts produced most groundbreaking scholarships. It was not only a two-story structure where they acquired their first-hand resources but a platform where any China-related topics were discussed openly under the auspices of British colonial rule of law. Despite claiming themselves as apolitical, both USC and URI were products of US containment policy against communism. Even so, the colonial government never prohibited the two’s operations. Through this paper, readers will also discover how young men and women became inspired into a career in China studies.

The evolution of theoretical and practical basis of proceeding from beard tillage to beardless tillage and from surface tillage to no-tillage of Ukrainian soils since the middle of the first part of the 20th century up today

The evolution of theoretical and practical basis of proceeding from beard tillage to beardless tillage and from surface tillage to no-tillage of Ukrainian soils since the middle of the first part of the 20th century up today

Milestones in the History of the Universities Service Centre for China Studies

We are all beneficiaries of the far-sighted scholars and foundation executives who launched the center. They realized during the ColdWar, whenChina and theWest had almost no contact with each other, that someday the West and China would come into contact and that the world would be served by a better understanding of China. As early as 1949, some academics began proposing more studies of Communist China. But Senator Joseph McCarthy’s ranting about Communist spies and sympathizers infiltrating our government and our universities gave rise to fear that paralyzed anyone who wanted to study “Red China.” After McCarthy died in 1957, several academics began to put their wishes into action. In 1958–59, Franz Schurmann had been a lonely scholar trying to study contemporary China in Hong Kong with the help of the Union Research Institute, and after he returned to the United States he urged the establishment of a center that would allow more scholars to come. In 1959, John Fairbank, who was then president of the Association for Asian Studies, with the cooperation of the Ford Foundation invited 22 participants to a meeting in Gould House in Dobbs Ferry, New York, to consider how to expand studies of contemporary China. After the end of the meeting Fairbank yielded to those who believed that the future of Chinese studies belonged to the disciplines and that the Social Sciences Research Council (SSRC) and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), which were organized by disciplines, were in a better position than the Association of Asian Studies. So under the Joint Committee

HISTORY OF MARINE RESEARCH IN ESTONIA

Estonian marine research started with investigations of remote seas mainly by the Baltic German noblemen in the 18th century. In the first half of the 19th century measurements of the sea level were started in the Tallinn Port (1805), and the salinity and temperature were determined in some areas of the Estonian coastal sea. In the early 1850s K. E. von Baer carried out probably the first large-scale studies on overfishing of marine fish stocks in the world. After the Estonian War of Independence, in the 1920s-30s, fisheries research developed and regular monitoring cruises were performed in Estonian waters. Estonian occupation in 1940 disrupted the work. In World War II the losses of Estonian marine science were very great. In 1944 the Estonian Department of the All- Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography was founded. The institution was repeatedly reorganized, being subordinated to the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, the Baltic Fisheries Research Institute (in Riga), etc. Marine studies were also performed by the Section/Department of the Baltic Sea (founded in 1972) and the Section of Marine Biology (founded in 1974) of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, and elsewhere. Important scientific and practical results were achieved, a number of theses promoted, and publications produced. Strong staff of scientists allowed the formation of the Estonian Marine Institute after Estonia regained independence. The Institute has developed good international collaboration, especially in the framework of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), to which Estonia belongs as a full member since 1994. In 2001 the Institute was affiliated to the University of Tartu.

Online and on China: Research Sources in the Information Age

The availability of sources has repeatedly shaped the academic study of contemporary China. In the 1950s and early 1960s scholars relied heavily on official Chinese government sources, which were often accessed through U.S. government translation series. By the mid-1960s, researchers began to draw upon a broader range of Chinese media, especially from the provincial and local levels, as well as interviews with refugees and legal immigrants conducted at the Union Research Institute and Universities Service Centre in Hong Kong. Access to Cultural Revolution materials in the 1970s, particularly revealing Red Guard newspapers and unauthorized collections of Communist Party documents and Politburo member speeches, added an additional level of understanding. The opening of China to fieldwork in 1979 prompted research programmes such as Zouping county, while the use of mainland libraries and archives provided access to an even wider range of materials. Since the late 1980s, as mainland researchers began to examine their society and its recent past, Chinese scholarly writings have offered a new level of detail and rigour that was previously unavailable.

Using back analysis to estimate geotechnical field parameters for the design of support systems for tunnels

A simple method for the estimation of geotechnical field parameters for the design of support system for tunnels is described. The method is based upon back analysis of a limited amount of deformation measurements in a pilot or prototype tunnel using the theoretical/empirical approach developed at Union Research Institute of Geomechanics and Surveying (VNIMI), Leningrad. The NEDRA programme has been used successfully to correct laboratory values and determine field parameters for theoretical modelling. Revised parameters give calculated displacements which are within 5% of the measured values. On décrit une méthode simple qui a pour but d'estimer les paramètres géotechniques nécessaires à la conception du système de support d'un tunnel. La Méthode est basée sur l'analyse d'une quantité limitée de mesures de déplacements dans un tunnel pilote ou prototype et utilise une approche théoretique et empirique développée par VNIMI à Leningrad. Le programme NEDRA a été utilisé avec succés dans le cadre de la correction de valeurs obtenues en laboratoire et de la détermination des paramètres nécessaires à analyse numérique. Les paramètres revisés fournissent des déplacements qui different de moins de cinq pour cen des déplacement mesurés.

Straightening-stretching machine

A straightening-stretching machine has been designed at the All Union Design and Research Institute for Chemical Engineering. It straightens metal strips in the cold state by stretching beyond their limit with a maximum extension deformation of 3%. A sketch indicates stand, drive for untwisting strip, power cylinder, slide block, and front clamping head, among other aspects of the machine. The technical characteristics are specified and the process is explained. The economy affected on introducing the straightening-stretching machine is indicated.

Chinese-English Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. By Wen-Shun Chi, with the assistance of John S. Service, Chi-Ping Chen, and Mei Tsia T. Huang. Berkeley: University of California nia Press, 1977. xix, 484 pp. Conversion Tables, Index. $20.00Glossary of Chinese Political Phrases. By Lau Yee-Fui, Ho Wan-Yee, and Yeung Sai-Cheung; Edited by Nancy Ma, with Cathy Poon, Eleana Shair, and Moni Tai.

Chinese-English Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. By Wen-Shun Chi, with the assistance of John S. Service, Chi-Ping Chen, and Mei Tsia T. Huang. Berkeley: University of California nia Press, 1977. xix, 484 pp. Conversion Tables, Index. 25.00 - Volume 37 Issue 4

Chinese-English Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. By Wen-Shun Chi, with the assistance of John S. Service, Chi-Ping Chen, and Mei Tsia T. Huang. Berkeley: University of California nia Press, 1977. xix, 484 pp. Conversion Tables, Index. $20.00 - Glossary of Chinese Political Phrases. By Lau Yee-Fui, Ho Wan-Yee, and Yeung Sai-Cheung; Edited by Nancy Ma, with Cathy Poon, Eleana Shair, and

Chinese-English Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. By Wen-Shun Chi, with the assistance of John S. Service, Chi-Ping Chen, and Mei Tsia T. Huang. Berkeley: University of California nia Press, 1977. xix, 484 pp. Conversion Tables, Index. $20.00 - Glossary of Chinese Political Phrases. By Lau Yee-Fui, Ho Wan-Yee, and Yeung Sai-Cheung; Edited by Nancy Ma, with Cathy Poon, Eleana Shair, and

Glossary of Chinese Political Phrases. By Lau Yee-fui, Ho Wan-yee and Yeung Sai-cheung. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1977. 590 pp. U.S. $25.00. H.K. $115.00.

Glossary of Chinese Political Phrases. By Lau Yee-fui, Ho Wan-yee and Yeung Sai-cheung. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1977. 590 pp. U.S. $25.00. H.K. $115.00.

Taiwan's Future? Edited by Yung-Hwan Jo. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute for Arizona State University, 1974. 351 pp. $5.75.

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The Politics of Chinese Communism: Kiangsi under the Soviets. By Dpyong J. Kim. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. 232 pp. $12·50.] - Documents of the Chinese Communist Party, 1927–1930. Edited by Hyobom Pak. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1971. 769pp. $15.00.

The Politics of Chinese Communism: Kiangsi under the Soviets. By Dpyong J. Kim. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. 232 pp. $12·50.] - Documents of the Chinese Communist Party, 1927–1930. Edited by Hyobom Pak. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1971. 769pp. $15.00.

The Political Economy of the Chinese Revolution, By Eric Axilrod. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1972. 541 pp. U.S. $12.50.

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Editor's Note

The following two important documents, selected from Taiwan sources, were originally published by the Red Guards. Although there is no way to verify the authenticity of the documents, judging from the contents, they appear to be reasonably reliable. As official reports on the personal conduct and wrong policy lines committed by Lo Jui-ch'ing, chief of staff of the PLA from 1959 until his purge in 1965, both documents shed significant light on the tensions between the Maoist and the non-Maoist line of army-building and military strategy. The documents iden- tified and contrasted the specific areas of difference and conflict. Although both reports focused primarily on Lo, most of the criticism is equally applicable to leaders like P'eng Teh-huai and Huang K'o-ch'eng who were purged earlier in 1959. It should be noted that the documents also reveal useful information on many issues of historical interest as well as on the broader processes and patterns of power struggle and policy conflict within Communist China's political system. Comments of the Central Committee on the transmission of the second selection in this section may be found in CCP Documents of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Hong Kong, Union Research Institute, 1968), pp. 29-32.

Editor's Introduction

This, as well as a number of subsequent issues of Chinese Sociology and Anthropology, will present selected translations from the Sourcebook on Buddhism in Mainland China, 1949-1967. The Sourcebook, published in 1968 by the Union Research Institute in cooperation with the Hong Kong Buddhist Association and the Hong Kong Buddhist Sangha Association, provides the most comprehensive single collection of documents on religion in Communist China available anywhere. Five hundred and forty-one pages of text are devoted to developments in Buddhist circles dating from the Land Reform of 1950 to the cataclysmic events of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966. The range of topics included in this volume is considerable. It begins with a description of Chinese Communist policies toward religious practitioners in general, and Buddhists in particular; examines the formal organizational structure and organizational history of Buddhist associations, their branch organizations and related units; describes the composition and structure of both central and local laity and clerical elites; and portrays the political and religious activities of lay and clerical leaders both at home and abroad. In the chapters that follow, considerable attention is given to the organization of academic research related to Buddhism, Buddhist publications, and ideological reform. The political, religious, and socioeconomic conditions of Buddhist believers are examined in detail. A special chapter takes up Chinese Communist policy towards Tibetan Lamaists, and the book ends with a detailed treatment of developments in Buddhist circles just prior to and during the initial stages of the Cultural Revolution.

The Taxation System of Communist China (Chinese edition). By Richard K. Diao. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 121969, 454 pp. U.S. $6.00.

The Taxation System of Communist China (Chinese edition). By Richard K. Diao. [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 121969, 454 pp. U.S. $6.00.

Dictionary of Chinese Communist Agricultural Terminology. Compiled and translated by Sybil Wong. [Union Research Institute, Hong Kong, 1968. 555 pp. H.K.$60; U.S.$10.

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