Uniform Size Research Articles

The impact of chemical inhomogeneity in calcinated powders on grain growth behavior and piezoelectric properties of lead-free KNN-based ceramic

Despite outstanding electromechanical properties are achieved in KNN-based ceramics, unstable reproducibility of piezoelectric properties remains a challenge to industrial production, owing to a lack of in-depth understanding of grain growth behavior and chemical homogenization throughout the overall solid-state synthesis process. Herein, a significant chemical heterogeneity behavior was found in calcined 0.957K0.48Na0.52Nb0.96Sb0.04O3-0.04Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3-0.003CaZrO3 powders owing to non-uniform diffusion and competitive chemical reaction among multicomponent reactants. The chemical heterogeneity is significantly alleviated by modulating calcination temperatures and ball-milling the calcined powders. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the heterogeneous calcined powder with different particle size distribution played a significant role in grain growth behavior and chemical homogenization of bulk ceramics. Finally, we obtained uniform grain size distribution and preferable chemical homogeneity in ceramics with the calcination of 900 °C and undergone twice ball milling, which exhibited superior piezoelectric properties (d33 = 368 pC/N, kp = 0.52). This work provides an effective paradigm to ameliorate the inferior reproducibility of KNN-based ceramics by effectively regulating the processing condition during solid-state synthesis.

Rapid fabrication of gold microsphere arrays with stable deep-pressing anisotropic conductivity for advanced packaging

Smooth metal microspheres with uniform sizes are ideal for constructing particle-arrayed anisotropic conductive films (ACF), but synthesis is hindered by challenges in controlling anisotropic metal growth. Here, we present a positioned transient-emulsion self-assembly and laser-irradiation strategy to fabricate pure gold microsphere arrays with smooth surfaces and uniform sizes. The fabrication involves assembling gold nanoparticles into uniform colloidosomes within a pre-designed microhole array, followed by rapid transformation into well-defined microspheres through laser heating. The gold nanoparticles melt and merge in a layer-by-layer manner due to the finite skin depth of the laser, leading to a localized photothermal effect. This strategy circumvents anisotropic growth, enables tunable control of microsphere size and positioning, and is compatible with conventional lithography. Importantly, these pure gold microspheres exhibit stable conductivity under deep compression, offering promising applications in soldering micro-sized chips onto integrated circuits.

Enzymatic synthesis of long-branched or short-branched starches with uniform molecular size

Branched starches are gaining increasing attention due to their applications in food nutrition, drug delivery systems, and material science. In this study, two types of highly branched starches with uniform molecular size (hydrodynamic radius (Rh) = 10–20 nm), characterized by long and short branches, respectively, were successfully prepared using branching enzyme (BE) and 4-α-glucanotransferase (4αGT). The findings indicate that BE preferred longer chains as substrate by showing higher activity on amylose-containing native starches and modified starches with longer chains generated by 4αGT since the longer linear chains offer more potential sites for the catalysis of α-1,6-linkage transfer by BE from Rhodothermus obamensis (RoBE). These two highly branched starches show potential as materials for developing novel small-sized starch nanoparticles for encapsulation of functional bioactive compounds and ingredients.

Fabrication of stable hydrogel microspheres with hydrophobic shell using water-in-water (W/W) Pickering emulsion template

Hydrogel microspheres are promising for food applications. The water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion template is commonly used to prepare the hydrogel microspheres. However, this method often involves synthetic surfactants and toxic organic solvents to remove the oil phase. The swelling problem of the resultant microspheres is another obstacle. In this study the water-in-water (W/W) emulsion template of gelatin-in-dextran was used to prepare the hydrogel microspheres, without the addition of surfactants, toxic reagents and high energy input. To prevent swelling, zein particles modified with alginate were served as a hydrophobic shell of the gelatin core. The formation evolution of these core–shell microspheres and its relevant factors including phase behavior of the immiscible gelatin/dextran, the binding of zein/alginate and the addition of the modified zein particles were investigated. It was found that small amount of alginate could induce zein particles to adsorb on the gelatin surface, whereas the excess led to adsorption competition. When using 0.6 wt% particles with zein/alginate ratio of 1:0.5, the ideal core–shell microspheres which were fully covered by the particles and with a self-supporting architecture in uniform size (18.8 ± 0.1 μm) and spherical shape were obtained. These microspheres showed remarkable stability under the conditions of heat treatment, varied pHs and salt concentrations and long-term storage either in refrigerator or room environment. Their sizes were easily manipulated by adjusting the concentration and molar mass of the biopolymers. It is believed that the desired stability and tunable sizes of these edible core–shell microspheres could contribute the development of their applications in foods.

Molecular dynamics study on mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanism of GNPs/Mg composites

This study utilizes molecular dynamics methods to embedded GNPs (graphene nanosheets) of uniform size and thickness into single crystal Mg, establishing a GNPs/Mg composite model. The mechanical properties and plastic deformation behavior of the composite under various compression conditions (volume fraction of GNPs, strain rate, and temperature) are investigated. The results indicate that uniformly distributed GNPs enhance load transfer and provide dispersion strengthening, effectively improving the composite's mechanical properties. As the volume fraction of GNPs increases, the yield stress of the composite first increases and then decreases. When the volume fraction of GNPs is 3.9 %, both the yield stress and Young's modulus of the composite reach their maximum values of 9.16 GPa and 108.83 GPa, respectively. The uniformly dispersed GNPs constrain dislocations on prismatic and pyramidal planes, thereby suppressing twinning deformation. Consequently, dislocation slip predominantly occurs as 1/3<-1100> partial dislocations on the (0001) basal plane. Young's modulus is not sensitive to strain rate; as the strain rate increases from 0.0025 Å·ps⁻¹ to 0.0125 Å·ps⁻¹, the yield stress rises from 8.50 GPa to 10.42 GPa. At high strain rates, only some dislocation sources are activated, and the number of 1/3<-1100> partial dislocations decreases with increasing strain rate. Within the temperature range of 100 K to 500 K, both the elastic modulus and yield stress of the GNPs/Mg composite decrease with increasing temperature.

Experimental studies and calculation of crack propagation at the nil ductility temperature of shipbuilding steel

Resistance to crack propagation in low-alloyed steels is verified by the experimental evaluation of ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures. Though, correlations of test results obtained according to used methods with the minimum design temperature of marine structures should be substantiated. The paper suggests a fracture mechanics based formula for the required nil ductility temperature (NDT). An original FEM simulation method with uniform mesh size is applied.

Delivering urokinase-type plasminogen activator using mulberry leaf exosomes enables thrombolysis and remodeling of venous microenvironments

In the treatment of thrombosis, conventional nanocarriers inevitably have problems, such as adverse reactions and difficulties in synthesis. Inspired by the concept of ‘medicine food homology,’ we extracted and purified natural exosomes from mulberry leaves as carriers for the delivery of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) for targeted therapy. The obtained mulberry leaf exosomes (MLE) possessed a desirable hydrodynamic particle size (119.4 nm), a uniform size distribution (polydispersity index = 0.174), and a negative surface charge (−23.3 mv). Before loading with uPA, MLE were grafted with cyclic RGD (cRGD) to selectively bind activated platelets for thrombus targeting. The cytometry studies revealed that MLE@cRGD has a high thrombus targeting ability about 74.3 %. Animal tests demonstrated that the delivered uPA could dissolve clots almost completely in femoral vein thrombosis models. In addition, MLE could remodel venous microenvironments by effectively eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promoting the phenotypic transformation of macrophages from M1 to M2 for venous tissue repair.

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using soybean byproducts: applications in catalysis

AbstractThis study demonstrates the feasibility of extracting lecithin from oil industry byproducts in an eco‐friendly manner, with minimal use of water and without harmful chemicals. Liposomes can be generated directly from this extracted lecithin, enhancing the value of these byproducts and enabling the production of catalytic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Thin‐layer chromatography of the extracted lecithin revealed a phospholipid composition primarily consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, and surface tension studies demonstrated similar behavior between the extracted and commercial lecithin. Liposome formation using sustainable lecithin (LPn) resulted in structures that were stable for at least 10 days, exhibiting a low polydispersity index (0.395) and uniform size (approximately 214 ± 7 nm). Gold nanoparticles were synthesized successfully in LPn loaded with [HAuCl4] by using different photoreduction methods: ultraviolet (UV) lamp, pulsed laser 355 nm, and sunlight irradiation. The AuNPs exhibited characteristic sizes (ranging from 5.03 to 6.78 nm) and optical properties typical of nanoparticles, including a distinct surface plasmon resonance. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrated that the synthesized AuNPs exhibited catalytic activity in UV‐induced cis‐trans isomerization reactions. Overall, the study highlights the potential of sustainable soy lecithin extraction for diverse applications, including nanoparticle synthesis and catalysis.

Microfluidic-Generated Injectable Bulking Agents with Biocompatible Surfaces and Their Mid-term Outcomes in a Rat Model with Anal Sphincter Injury.

Bulking agents have gained attention as new, minimally invasive treatments for fecal incontinence. Various materials and surface treatment techniques have been extensively studied to ensure good biocompatibility and long-term stability. Despite significant improvements in biocompatibility, the nonuniform particle size of existing materials has led to other challenges, such as the induction of phagocytosis or reduction of injectability during in vivo tests. This study aimed to conduct a preclinical test of the midterm stability of bulking agents with newly formulated particles with uniform size. To this end, the particles were fabricated using microfluidics, resulting in a narrow size dispersity of less than 5% as the coefficient of variation, which is essentially distinct from conventional bulking agents. The microfluidic fabrication resulted in uniformly sized particles larger than the in vivo migratory limit of 80 μm and in a reduction in maximum injection pressure. Histological staining and microscopic observations confirmed proper positioning of the filler materials in vivo and a negligible immune response for up to 6 months, indicating successful midterm stability.

Numerical study on the thermal performance of space radiator using microencapsulated phase change material slurry as working medium

Microencapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCMS) has good prospects in the field of heat transfer because of its high latent heat and stability. In this research, MPCMS is applied to a space radiator to increase its heat load and temperature stability. The thermal performance of the space radiator is numerically studied by using the two-phase Eulerian (TPE) model and a multi-scale coupling model. The effects of velocity, volume fraction, microcapsule size, and microcapsule size distribution on the thermal performance of the space radiator are studied. Results show that the temperature flat area in the tube increases with the increase in the volume fraction or flow rate of the particle phase in the MPCMS, which means the heat dissipation capacity of the space radiator is also enhanced, and the maximum increase is 14 %. Compared with the use of pure water, the temperature difference between the highest and the lowest temperature of the radiator surface can be reduced by 40 %, and the heat dissipation power can be increased by 5 %. In addition, the large size of microcapsules limits the heat transfer between the two phases, especially when the size is greater than 50 μm. Compared with uniform microcapsule size distribution, the effect of lognormal distribution of variance σ = 0.7 on heat transfer is less than 1 %.

Effect of lemongrass and chili pepper oils on the quality of ripe tomato fruits stored under tropical ambient temperature

Postharvest quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits treated with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) oil was evaluated. Tomato variety Roma fruits of uniform size and weight at the red stage of ripening were overlaid with lemongrass oil only (L1P0), chili pepper oil only (L0P1), or mixtures in a ratio 1:1 (L1P1), and 1:2 (L1P2 and L2P1). Control (L0P0) was not treated with any oil. Treated and untreated fruits were stored at 280±20C and 46%±2 RH for 12 days. Treatments L1P0 and L2P1 oil inhibited postharvest tomato fruit rot for 12 days, whereas L1P2, L0P1, and L1P1 oil and the control showed rot within the range of 86.6% - 100% in 12 days. L1P0 and L2P1 also slowed fruit softening and significantly reduced weight loss, though L1P0 was the most protective. Total soluble solid content of fruit was not affected by both L1P0 and L2P1 throughout storage, but the parameter reduced significantly (p&lt;0.05) in fruits treated with L1P1, L1P2, L0P1 and in control. Reduction in titratable acidity during storage was least in fruits treated with L1P0 followed by L2P1, compared to that in other treatments and the control. This study showed that lemongrass oil applied as surface coating preserved tomato fruit quality in tropical ambient storage conditions for 12 days.

Realizing near-full density monophasic tetragonal 1.5-mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics via current-ramp flash sintering

This study demonstrates the successful fabrication of near-full density monophasic tetragonal 1.5-mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (1.5YSZ) ceramics using current-ramp flash (CRF) sintering technique. The process involved regulating Joule heating in the samples by fine-tuning the input power through an alternating current field (nominal current density: 50 mA·mm−2) within a 3-min timeframe at a furnace temperature of 1100°C. This approach effectively enhanced grain size uniformity, which is crucial for preventing sample cracking associated with spontaneous tetragonal-to-monoclinic (T→M) phase transformation, thereby promoting densification with average relative densities exceeding 99%. The highest average fracture toughness of the 1.5YSZ samples was measured at 9.2 MPa·m0.5 using the standardized single-edge pre-cracked beam method. This toughness is approximately double that of commonly used 3YSZ samples produced by CRF sintering, all of which exhibited comparable average grain sizes and relative densities. Additionally, the 1.5YSZ samples demonstrated nearly identical resistance to low-temperature degradation (LTD) compared to the 3YSZ samples after accelerated hydrothermal aging at 140°C for 15 h, roughly equivalent to 60 years at 37°C. The reduced yttria concentration in 1.5YSZ facilitates T→M phase transformation at lower stress thresholds, enhancing toughness through increased crack shielding from a larger volume fraction of transformed grains. Furthermore, the uniform yttria distribution in 1.5YSZ, revealed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, compensates for the reduced tetragonal phase stability and contributes to improved LTD resistance. Notably, these exceptional properties were achieved at a furnace temperature 300°C lower and with a sintering duration several hours shorter than those of conventionally-sintered counterparts.

Rigid polyurethane foam with durable hydrophobicity and flame retardancy endowed by novel functional surfactants

Traditional rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with flame retardancy might be easily damaged in some moist condition due to its hydrophobicity, which would lead to unsafety. Therefore, novel surfactants with both hydrophobic fluorinated group and flame-retardant phosphorus group were synthesized. With lower surface tension and more hydrogen bonds formed in polyurethane, the mixed surfactants, which were used in the preparation of RPUF, have not only obviously improved the size uniformity and integrity of cells but also enhanced its hydrophobicity, compressive strength and thermal insulating performance. Besides, effective ‘protection’ could be constructed on the surface of RPUF by prepared surfactants, when ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG) were introduced to provide good flame retardancy. As a result, with just 2.8 wt% content of those functional surfactants, hydrophobic and flame-retardant RPUF with water contact angle of 126 °, limiting oxygen index of 25 %, compressive strength of 1.3 MPa and thermal conductivity of 27 mW/mK, were finally obtained, which is ahead of other flame-retardant RPUF reported before. It’s worth noting that, this hydrophobic and flame-retardant RPUF exhibits more stable and durable properties when soaking in HCl solution (2 mol/L), NaOH solution (2 mol/L), NaCl saturated solution and various solvents (THF and EtOH), or under strong fiction for 100 times and high and low temperature cycling test for 20 times. This would provide a novel and effective strategy to endow RPUF with enhanced and durable flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, compressive strength and thermal insulating performance even under extreme conditions.

Structure development and photoluminescence properties of high-purity greenish-yellow emitting LaGaO3:Dy3+ phosphors

This study investigates the structure development and photoluminescence properties of high-purity greenish-yellow emitting LaGaO3 phosphors doped with dysprosium ions Dy3+. The phosphors were synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase LaGaO3:Dy3+ structure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniform particle size and morphology. The phosphor exhibits the capability of being efficiently excited by ultraviolet 350 nm exhibiting the characteristic greenish-yellow emission with two strong peaks at 478 nm (cyan) and 572 nm (yellow), ascribing to the transitions of 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2, respectively. The electronic transition mechanism is direct exchange interaction between activators, contributing to the concentration quenching. The phosphor was able to retain 67 % of its intensity without significant color change at an elevated temperature up to 25 °C to 150 °C. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of the emitted light were calculated and found in the desired greenish-yellow region. The electroluminescence performance of the LaGaO3:0.06Dy3+ phosphor was investigated using 365 nm LED chips to check their applicability in the field of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). The synthesized phosphors demonstrated high thermal stability, making them suitable for white-LED applications. The study highlights the potential of LaGaO3:Dy3+ phosphors in enhancing white-LEDs' color quality and efficiency.

Separation of molybdenum and tungsten using selective adsorption with zirconium based metal organic framework

BackgroundThe separation of tungsten and molybdenum has always been a significant challenge. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has potential to solve the problem. In this study, the adsorption and separation performance of UiO-66 for tungsten and molybdenum and adsorption mechanism were investigated. MethodsUiO-66 was synthesized by solvothermal method. The physical and chemical properties of UiO-66 and adsorption mechanism were characterized and analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, Zeta-potential, XPS and thermodynamic analysis, the adsorption and separation performance of Mo/W using UiO-66 were evaluated by ICP-OES. Significant findingsUiO-66 with uniform pore size could be obtained under the conditions of crystallization for 24 h at 180 °C. This study revealed superior Mo/W separation performance under acidic conditions, where the adsorption capacity for Mo (QMo) of UiO-66 was 219.4 mg⋅g−1 and the highest separation factor (βMo/W) was 52.3. It was found that the mechanism involved the effect of pore size, electrostatic attraction and the metal point Zr had stronger affinity for Mo. This material was expected to serve as an eco-friendly and reusable adsorbent for separation of tungsten and molybdenum in resource recovery, aiming for high-quality regeneration of both metals.

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of highly dispersed cerium–zirconium solid solution on Ti3C2Tx nanosheets as an efficient decontamination towards sulfur mustard simulants

The microwave-assisted hydrothermal method has facilitated the straightforward and efficient production of nanoscale CexZr1−xO2/Ti3C2Tx composites. This technique has greatly shortened the synthesis time several hours required by conventional hydrothermal method to merely 10 min. Due to the unique mechanism of microwave-hydrothermal synthesis, composites with excellent crystallinity, uniform particle size, and superior degradation capabilities can be obtained without calcination. Our investigation systematically explores the influence of various factors including mineralizer concentration, dispersant types, synthesis duration, cerium-to-zirconium ratio, as well as MXene content on the material properties. Optimal degradation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES), sulfur mustard simulants, is achieved using PEG1000 as the dispersant, a cerium-to-zirconium ratio of 1:2, along with 15 mL of MXene, resulting in a remarkably short half-life of only 6.5 min. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the incorporation of cerium atoms into ZrO2 lattice, forming a solid solution that is deposited onto the interlayer and surface of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, with the composite particles measuring approximately 5.01 nm. The reduced size and increased specific surface area, coupled with the synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and acid-base sites, ultimately contribute to the hydrolysis and elimination reactions occurring on 2-CEES. This research offers fresh perspectives on the development of novel materials for the degradation of chemical warfare agents.

Nano-pesticide delivery system based on UiO-66 with pH sensitivity for precise control of Spodoptera frugiperda.

Metal-organic frameworks have the advantages of easy synthesis, high loading capacity and good biocompatibility, making them essential materials for constructing pesticide nano-delivery systems. In this study, a pH-responsive nano-controlled-release formulation Chl@UiO-66 was prepared using UiO-66 as the nano-scale carrier for adsorbing chlorantraniliprole (Chl). The appearance, pesticide loading, release behaviour, insecticidal activity, long-term control efficacy and safety of Chl@UiO-66 for non-target organisms were extensively evaluated. The results showed that the prepared Chl@UiO-66 was a regular octahedron with a uniform particle size of 230 nm and pesticide loading of 15.62%. The release of pesticides under alkaline conditions was superior to that under acidic and neutral conditions, which showed pH-responsive performance. Chl@UiO-66 had an excellent ability to protect pesticides from ultraviolet degradation. Compared with chlorantraniliprole suspension concentrate, Chl@UiO-66 had a better control effect against Spodoptera frugiperda and long-term control efficacy. The prepared nano-controlled-release formulation had low toxicity to zebrafish, earthworms and human BEAS-2B cells. Chl@UiO-66 is a new pesticide formulation with high efficacy and low toxicity that provides a smart controlled-release solution. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficient adsorption and performance optimization of coal fly ash/desulphurized manganese residue composite microspheres on dyes

Coal fly ash (CFA) and desulphurized manganese residue (DMR), as industrial solid wastes featuring high storage capacity but low utilization rate and high environmental risk, were used to develop composite microsphere adsorbents for dye removal from industrial wastewater. The microspheres were prepared using spray drying combined with low-temperature sintering, facilitated by DMR, resulting in a uniform size distribution and quartz and mullite as the major phases. The microspheres have porous structures with abundant functional groups and those with 10 wt% DMR sintered at 800 °C have the optimal adsorption property. With 80 g/L dosage of the optimized microspheres, the removal efficiency of malachite green (MG) reaches 99.6 %. The adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm adsorption models, with van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, and electrostatic attraction promoting the adsorption. After three regeneration cycles, the dye removal efficiency reaches up to 96 %, indicating broad prospects in filtration and adsorption.

Controlled Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via QBD for Biomedical Applications

Introduction: Iron oxide nanoparticles have gained significant attention in pharmaceutical applications because of their unique properties. The hydrothermal method is employed for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles [IONPs], which offers advantages such as uniform composition and size distribution. Method: However, the size and properties of IONPs can be influenced by various factors. In this study, we utilized quality by design [QBD] via response surface methodology to investigate the impact of temperature, time, and pH on the size of hydrothermally prepared IONPs. The optimized synthesis conditions were determined, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as dynamic light scattering [DLS], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], transmission electron microscopy [TEM], vibrating sample magnetometry [VSM], X-ray diffraction [XRD], and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR]. Results: The findings contribute to a better understanding of the controlled synthesis of IONPs and their potential applications in nanomedicine. The XRD characterization revealed that the product was Fe3O4. The FTIR results indicate that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with PEG- 400. The SEM and HRTEM images of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed that they were spherical and had a well-distributed size with an optimized hydrodynamic size of 65 nm. Conclusion: The magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles indicated that they exhibited ferromagnetic properties. These prepared nanoparticles are suitable for biomedical purposes, like serving as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging in different cancers and delivering drugs.

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Polystyrene Nanospheres for Homogeneous Light-Initiated Chemiluminescence Immunoassay.

Homogeneous light-initiated chemiluminescence technology (LICA) is widely used in clinical diagnostics due to the advantages of high sensitivity, minimal reagent usage, and no need for washing. Luminescent microspheres receive singlet oxygen emitted by photosensitive microspheres to generate optical signals. Therefore,1O2-initiated luminescent nanospheres are crucial, but there are few reports on the preparation of 1O2-initiated luminescent nanospheres. Herein, monodisperse luminescent Eu/C-28@PS (Eps) nanospheres were prepared and optimized using chelate Eu (TTA)3phen and 4-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)-N, N-ditetradecylbenzenamine (C-28) as probe dye via THF/water swelling-shrinking procedure. Various swelling parameters were studied to obtain the swelling conditions that produce the minimum particle size and narrow size distribution, which shows good results in uniform particle size distribution (~ 250nm, a PDI of 0.03), surface carboxylate content (1.18mmol/g), and BSA loading capability (129.8mg/g) in the case of 20mg total probe dosage and 2h of incubation at 40°C using 14% THF/water mixture as a co-solvent system. The composition of the entrapped probe has a gain effect on the 1O2-initiated fluorescent signal and the optimal ratio of Eu (TTA)3phen: C-28 (1:1) was obtained on a commercial analyzer using IgG and anti-human IgG as models in PBS buffer. These results indicate that monodisperse luminescent Eps nanospheres are suitable as light-initiated chemiluminescence sensors and have great application potential in early detection, screening tests, and prognostic evaluation of patients.