Uniform Integrability Research Articles

Differentiated Integration in CSDP Through Defence Market Integration

Extract ----- Abstract New developments in the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), such as PESCO or the European Defence Fund (EDF), challenge the differentiated integration framework put forward by Frank Schimmelfennig, Dirk Leuffen and Berthold Rittberger: this policy is not and may have never been a case of low vertical integration and uniform horizontal integration. This paper presents an amended version of their framework based on constructivist institutionalist accounts of European integration. First, it discusses their explanatory variable. Rather than interdependence per se, this paper argues that it is the construction of interdependence that matters in order to understand integration. Second, rather than focusing on primary EU law, which often obscures many policy dynamics, this paper builds on legal, institutional and practice-level elements of CSDP. Based on these changes, this paper argues that national and European actors have constructed interdependence in this policy domain, by tying together armament-related issues with single market regulation and by linking armament-related issues with CSDP’s operational-military requirements around the issue of capabilities. These processes explain CSDP’s policy-making hybridity, i.e. the combination within CSDP of a more intergovernmental policy-making mode (especially but not restricted to operational-military elements) with more supranational elements (especially but not restricted to industrial armament-related elements), as well as its horizontal differentiation. The conclusion discusses the theoretical implications of policy-making hybridity. Keywords: Aarmament; CSDP; defence-industrial policy; differentiated integration; European Commission; European Defence Agency; European Defence Fund; hybridity; PESCO

Comparison of the Structural Characteristics of Native Collagen Fibrils Derived from Bovine Tendons using Two Different Methods: Modified Acid-Solubilized and Pepsin-Aided Extraction.

Native collagen fibrils (CF) were successfully extracted from bovine tendons using two different methods: modified acid-solubilized extraction for A-CF and pepsin-aided method for P-CF. The yields of A-CF and P-CF were up to 64.91% (±1.07% SD) and 56.78% (±1.22% SD) (dry weight basis), respectively. The analyses of both amino acid composition and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed that A-CF and P-CF were type I collagen fibrils. Both A-CF and P-CF retained the intact crystallinity and integrity of type I collagen’s natural structure by FTIR spectra, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and X-ray diffraction detection. The aggregation structures of A-CF and P-CF were displayed by UV–Vis. However, A-CF showed more intact aggregation structure than P-CF. Microstructure and D-periodicities of A-CF and P-CF were observed (SEM and TEM). The diameters of A-CF and P-CF are about 386 and 282 nm, respectively. Although both A-CF and P-CF were theoretically concordant with the Schmitt hypothesis, A-CF was of evener thickness and higher integrity in terms of aggregation structure than P-CF. Modified acid-solubilized method provides a potential non-enzyme alternative to extract native collagen fibrils with uniform thickness and integral aggregation structure.

Government Euroscepticism and differentiated integration

ABSTRACT It is common to consider mass politics and Eurosceptic politicization as ‘post-functionalist’ constraints that encourage differentiated European integration. This study argues that the relevance of Euroscepticism depends on who wins the domestic competition for government office. European mass politics are organized as delegation systems. These systems concentrate authority in the government and give little influence to parliaments and publics. If Eurosceptic parties reach the government, they will push for differentiation and even disintegration. If pro-EU parties succeed, uniform integration is likely to prevail. An empirical analysis of differentiated integration from the 1992 Maastricht Treaty to the 2016 Single Resolution Fund shows that only government Euroscepticism – rather than opposition, extra-parliamentary, or popular Euroscepticism – encourages differentiation. This study explains how uniform integration can prevail even in ostensibly Eurosceptic countries. It suggests that the impact of Eurosceptic politicization depends on party competition and is often more limited than might seem at first sight.

Fatou's Lemma for Weakly Converging Measures under the Uniform Integrability Condition

This paper describes Fatou's lemma for a sequence of measures converging weakly to a finite measure and for a sequence of functions whose negative parts are uniformly integrable with respect to the...

Stability and boundedness of nonautonomous neutral differential equation with delay

We consider the nonautonomous neutral differential equation with delay h p(t) q(t) x(t) + b1x(t - r1) 0 0i0 + a(t) x 00(t) + b2x 00(t - r2) +b(t) x 0 (t) + b3x 0 (t - r3) + c(t)f(x(t - s)) = e(t, x, x0 , x 00). Using the method of Lyapunov, we give conditions for the uniform asymptotic stability and uniform boundedness and square integrability of solutions for the considered system. Our theorems generalize and extend some related results known in the literature. Example is given to show our resuls.

On the Concept of A-Statistical Uniform Integrability and the Law of Large Numbers

In this paper, we introduce the concept of A-statistical uniform integrability of sequences of random variables which is not only more general than the concept of uniform integrability, but is also weaker than the concept of uniform integrability. We also give some characterizations of A-statistical uniform integrability and prove a law of large numbers.

Localization of the Gaussian multiplicative chaos in the Wiener space and the stochastic heat equation in strong disorder

We consider a Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC) measure on the classical Wiener space driven by a smoothened (Gaussian) space-time white noise. For $d\geq 3$, it was shown in (Electron. Commun. Probab. 21 (2016) 61) that for small noise intensity, the total mass of the GMC converges to a strictly positive random variable, while larger disorder strength (i.e., low temperature) forces the total mass to lose uniform integrability, eventually producing a vanishing limit. Inspired by strong localization phenomena for log-correlated Gaussian fields and Gaussian multiplicative chaos in the finite dimensional Euclidean spaces (Ann. Appl. Probab. 26 (2016) 643–690; Adv. Math. 330 (2018) 589–687), and related results for discrete directed polymers (Probab. Theory Related Fields 138 (2007) 391–410; Bates and Chatterjee (2016)), we study the endpoint distribution of a Brownian path under the renormalized GMC measure in this setting. We show that in the low temperature regime, the energy landscape of the system freezes and enters the so-called glassy phase as the entire mass of the Cesaro average of the endpoint GMC distribution stays localized in few spatial islands, forcing the endpoint GMC to be asymptotically purely atomic (Probab. Theory Related Fields 138 (2007) 391–410). The method of our proof is based on the translation-invariant compactification introduced in (Ann. Probab. 44 (2016) 3934–3964) and a fixed point approach related to the cavity method from spin glasses recently used in (Bates and Chatterjee (2016)) in the context of the directed polymer model in the lattice.

Wavelet packets: Uniform approximation and numerical integration

In this paper, it is proved that under some conditions, wavelet packet basis of [Formula: see text] can be used as a tool for the uniform approximation of an [Formula: see text]-times ([Formula: see text]) continuously differentiable and square integrable function [Formula: see text]. Sufficient conditions which establish that the approximations of wavelet packet sequences of square integrable function [Formula: see text] at lower levels are uniformly reliable and they uniformly approach zero as [Formula: see text] are given. Finally, a method based on wavelet packet expansion to find the definite integral of a function in [Formula: see text] is given and its error analysis has been discussed.

Optimization of Gallium concentration to improve the performance of ZnO nanopowders for nanophotonic applications

This study reports the effects of gallium concentration on the properties of doped zinc oxide nanopowders. Both pure and gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) nanoparticles were prepared via a simple and effective sol-gel method. The structural, morphological and optical properties of synthesized GZO nanopowders were investigated using different characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray and ion-beam-induced luminescence (IBIL) measurements. Firstly, in the presence of Ga ions in the host the purity of synthesized sample was evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of bonding states of Zn, O, and Ga on the surface of powders. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that the increase of Ga content upper than 1 at.% leads to an increase in the number of defects in the ZnO lattice. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed that the uniform integration of spherical and hexagonal rod shape particles can be found in the doped samples. According to FESEM images, the particle size of prepared nanopowders increased from 101 to 200 nm by increasing in the Ga doping concentration. The photoluminescence, X-ray and ion beam induced luminescence results of the pure and doped ZnO powders revealed novel blue-green emission band from 400 up to 550 nm at room temperature. Optical and structural studies confirmed the optimized Ga concentration is 1 at.%.

Uniform Integrability of Exponential Processes

A new criterion for uniform integrability of exponential stochastic processes is proved. It is also shown how some known results with difficult original proofs easily follow from the criterion.

Supplemental Material to 'Self-Enforcing Debt and Rational Bubbles'

In this document, we present two technical results. We first provide a formal proof that optimal consumption is strictly positive even if self-enforcing and not-too-tight debt limits typically bind. We also propose a simple example to illustrate that the uniform integrability condition imposed by Bidian and Bejan (2015) on the discounted debt limits is not necessarily satisfied at equilibrium.

Mean Convergence Theorems and Weak Laws of Large Numbers for Arrays of Measurable Operators under Some Conditions of Uniform Integrability

In this paper, we introduce the notions of uniform integrability in the Cesaro sense, h-integrability with respect to the array of constants {ani}, and h-integrability with exponent r for an array of measurable operators. Then, we establish some mean convergence theorems and weak laws of large numbers for arrays of measurable operators under some conditions related to these notions.

The conservativeness of Girsanov transformed symmetric Markov processes

In this paper, we study those Girsanov transformations of symmetric Markov processes which preserve the symmetry. Employing a criterion for uniform integrability of exponential martingales due to Chen [3], we identify the class of transformations which transform the original process into a conservative one, even if the original one is explosive. We also consider the class of transformations which transform to a recurrent one. In [14, 22], the same problems are studied for symmetric diffusion processes. Our main theorem is an extension of their results to symmetric Markov processes with jumps.

Creation of Modern Region Innovation Infrastructure Development Management Technologies

The article highlights the main problems and features of the innovation infrastructure development within the regional management. Innovative infrastructure in modern conditions of development is one of the strategic directions of development of science, the equipment and production in the country. Thus, one of the key problems concerning the development of innovation infrastructure in the regions is the lack of a single coordination mechanism that performs service functions between all the parties in the innovation process. The authors propose the introduction of a single Coordination center for the development of innovation infrastructure at the levels of management, performing the functions of planning and forecasting innovation processes, analysis and evaluation functions, information and coordination support, methodological support, control in the field of innovation. Introduction of the Coordination center of development of innovative infrastructure in the Russian Federation is based on integration approach and will allow participants of innovative process to increase the level of efficiency, effectiveness and commercialization of innovative activity, to create the uniform platform of management of innovations in the country. Development of uniform integration processes in the sphere of innovations is directed to interaction on three levels of management: federal, regional, local it is also focused on development of both small, and large innovative business.

Central limit theorems for multilevel Monte Carlo methods

In this work, we show that uniform integrability is not a necessary condition for central limit theorems (CLT) to hold for normalized multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) estimators and we provide near optimal weaker conditions under which the CLT is achieved. In particular, if the variance decay rate dominates the computational cost rate (i.e., β>γ), we prove that the CLT applies to the standard (variance minimizing) MLMC estimator. For other settings where the CLT may not apply to the standard MLMC estimator, we propose an alternative estimator, called the mass-shifted MLMC estimator, to which the CLT always applies. This comes at a small efficiency loss: the computational cost of achieving mean square approximation error O(ϵ2) is at worst a factor O(log(1∕ϵ)) higher with the mass-shifted estimator than with the standard one.

Functional inequalities for non-symmetric stochastic differential equations

A non-symmetric Markov semigroup usually has better properties than the corresponding symmetric one.For example, Wang (2017) provides a class of non-symmetric Markov semigroups which are hypercontractive (and thus converge exponentially in both $L^2$ and entropy),but the symmetric ones are even not ergodic. In this paper, we consider the inverse problem: search for reasonable conditions to ensure that a non-symmetric Markov semigroupand its symmetrization share the properties of exponential convergence, uniform integrability, hypercontractivity, and super boundedness.Since in the symmetric case these properties are precisely characterized by functional inequalities of the Dirichlet form,the key point of the study is to prove these inequalities for non-symmetric Markov processes. Stochastic differential equations driven by Brown motion or Levy jump process are investigated.

Data driven time scale in Gaussian quasi-likelihood inference

We study parametric estimation of ergodic diffusions observed at high frequency. Different from the previous studies, we suppose that sampling stepsize is unknown, thereby making the conventional Gaussian quasi-likelihood not directly applicable. In this situation, we construct estimators of both model parameters and sampling stepsize in a fully explicit way, and prove that they are jointly asymptotically normally distributed. High order uniform integrability of the obtained estimator is also derived. Further, we propose the Schwarz (BIC) type statistics for model selection and show its model-selection consistency. We conducted some numerical experiments and found that the observed finite-sample performance well supports our theoretical findings.

The two-loop five-particle amplitude in mathcal{N} = 8 supergravity

We compute for the first time the two-loop five-particle amplitude in mathcal{N} = 8 supergravity. Starting from the known integrand, we perform an integration-by-parts reduction and express the answer in terms of uniform weight master integrals. The latter are known to evaluate to non-planar pentagon functions, described by a 31-letter symbol alphabet. We express the final result for the amplitude in terms of uniform weight four symbols, multiplied by a small set of rational factors. We observe that one of the symbol letters is absent from the amplitude. The latter satisfies the expected factorization properties when one external graviton becomes soft, and when two external gravitons become collinear. We verify that the soft divergences of the amplitude exponentiate. We extract the finite remainder function, which depends on fewer rational factors. By analyzing identities involving rational factors and symbols we find a remarkably compact representation in terms of a single seed function, summed over all permutations of external particles. Finally, we work out the multi-Regge limit, and present explicitly the leading logarithmic terms in the limit. The full symbol of the IR-subtracted hard function is provided as a supplementary file.

A Study on the Performance Comparison of 3D File Formats on the Web

3D file formats typically include OBJ (Wavefront file format), STL (STereoLithography), and FBX (Filmbox). Each format has limitations depending on its configuration and usage, and supported formats are different depending on the software application. glTF helps uniform integration of 3D file formats and allows for more efficient transmission of large 3D geometry files by organizing them in a binary format. This paper presents explanation on OBJ, FBX, and STL which are major examples of existing 3D file formats. It also explains the concept and characteristics of glTF and compares its performance with other 3D file formats on the web. The loading time and packets of each 3D file format are measured according to the web browser environment by means of Google Chrome, Firefox and Microsoft Edge. Experimental results show that glTF is the most efficient and that it exhibits the best performance. As to STL, relatively excessive traffic was observed. This study is expected to contribute to reducing rendering time on the web as 3D file formats are used.

Statistical Convergence with Respect to Power Series Methods and Applications to Approximation Theory

In this article we introduce the concepts of -statistical convergence and Pp-strong convergence that are introduced via power series methods. Introducing a new type of uniform integrability with the help of power series method we obtain a relationship between these concepts which is actually a characterization of the concept of Pp-strong convergence. As an application we give a Korovkin type approximation theorem by using Pp-statistical convergence and also present an example to illustrate that Pp-statistical approximation is stronger than uniform approximation.