Unified Transport System Research Articles

Трематоды рода Apophallus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) в фауне многоклеточных паразитов Perca fluviatilis (Perciformes, Actinopterygii) в дельте Волги

The living conditions of aquatic organisms in the Volga-Caspian Sea Shipping Canal are determined by a high level of complex multifactor anthropogenic load. As a link in a unified international transport system, the canal serves as an invasive corridor for the settlement of alien organisms, including parasites. The fauna of multicellular parasites Perca fluviatilis (Perciformes) in the canal area was studied. 6 taxa of parasitic organisms have been registered. The nematode Eustrongylides excisus occupies a dominant position in the fauna of macroparasites P. fluviatilis. An alien trematode, Apophallus muehlingi, was discovered associated with the invasive mollusk Lithoglyphus naticoides; the parasite has the status of a codominant species. A specific parasite widely distributed in perch fish populations in the Volga delta, Apophallus donicus, has not been registered. The high degree of invasion of perch by A. muehlingi during the three-year study period indicates the stability of the parasitic subsystem “A. muehlingi – P. fluviatilis”, previously uncharacteristic for this host species in the lower reaches of the Volga. Currently, more favorable conditions have developed for the invasion of perch A. muehlingi than A. donicus in certain areas of the Volga delta. Thus, structural changes were found in the host-parasite relationships systems of the trematodes of the genus Apophallus, which appear in the form of a partial restructuring of the species and host structure of the fauna of macroparasites P. fluviatils in the investigated area of the river. This situation is determined by factors that are largely anthropogenic in nature – changes in the living conditions of hosts and parasites, caused by a combination of fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea and the discharge of the Volgograd hydroelectric station, intensive shipping (large volume of cargo transportation) and high fishing pressure. The most likely significant additional factor of changes in the nature of infection of P. fluviatils by trematodes of the genus Apophallus is currently a decrease in the stocks of populations of some massive species of cyprinid fish – the second intermediate hosts of A. muehlingi, for which the parasite is defined as specific.

Aviation industry is a basic element of the national economy and the system of international economic relations

It is proved that air transport is a driving force and a means of formation and development of the domestic market, which ensures the process of integration of the national economy into the world economy. The role and place of the air transport industry in Ukraine's unified transport system are determined, and the advantages and disadvantages of air transport and its role in ensuring international integration processes are analyzed. The essential advantages of air transport that distinguish it from other modes of transport (sea and land) are the highest speed and time savings for transportation; high reliability and safety of transportation; geographical accessibility of departure and arrival points for passengers and cargo, predictability of transportation time, the level of autonomy of passenger service and cargo handling processes; lower costs for cargo insurance. The main disadvantage of air transportation is the high cost of transportation services. At the same time, an increase in transportation distance leads to its reduction, and in some cases, the cost of air transportation may even be lower than other types of transportation due to the grouping of small cargo. This is actively used in modern supply chains. Endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the pricing process in the air transportation industry are investigated. The systemic and non-systemic factors of influence are described, and the need for diversification as the most effective tool for reducing risk in global instability is determined. The author outlines the most critical tasks for developing the Ukrainian air transportation market, which are actualized with its unblocking. The specifics of the elements of the strategic development model, which should be considered in strategic planning in the air transport industry, are scientifically substantiated. Keywords: air transport industry, air transportation, strategic development, international integration, national economy, international economic relations.

Mechanism of formation and development factors of international transport corridors

International transport corridors are developing under the influence of a complex of factors and conditions. The decisive factor in the development of international transport corridors is the spatial localization of transport routes in neighbouring countries and the possibility of their integration into a unified transport system. In addition to territorial proximity, the formation and development of international transport corridors are also influenced by economic, military, legal, and institutional factors. The effect of these factors can be both stimulating and limiting in relation to the country’s participation in the transport corridor. This study analyses the essence, factors of formation and development of international transport corridors, examines the structure and mechanism of their creation based on the integration of transport systems of neighbouring countries to ensure stability and stable passage of transport and logistics flows through their territory.

ПРОБЛЕМИ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В АГРАРНОМУ СЕКТОРІ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article addresses the critical issue of modernization of transport support for the effective functioning of the agricultural sector of the economy. It is proven that today the material and technical support of the agricultural sector is experiencing a crisis and urgently requires modernization. Reforms in agriculture are changing the needs and creating market foundations for farms, procurement organizations, and processing enterprises, necessitating a reevaluation of the entire logistics and transportation infrastructure. The current state of the fleet of agricultural enterprises leads to significant difficulties in farming operations and ensuring the quality of agricultural products. Many agricultural enterprises face challenges with outdated and inefficient transport equipment, which increases operational costs and decreases productivity. It is noted that the evolving needs of agricultural enterprises in trucks, tractors, and other mechanisms are becoming increasingly objective and critical, underscoring the necessity for a modern, reliable transport infrastructure. Problems with the physical wear and tear of the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises are compounded by the increasing competition among transport enterprises and the complexity of transport maintenance. These challenges demand a review of scientific approaches and innovative management solutions. A holistic strategy is essential to address these issues, considering the interplay between ecological sustainability, economic viability, and social responsibility. For the effective operation of the agricultural sector, it is necessary to modernize the transport system to align with contemporary market conditions. This modernization should integrate ecological, economic, and social factors of the external environment, ensuring that transport solutions are sustainable and efficient. A comprehensive approach is required, involving the adoption of advanced technologies, the development of integrated transport networks, and the enhancement of logistical coordination. Key initiatives include the procurement of new transport units and equipment, the establishment of a unified electronic transport system, and the modernization of the infrastructure of auto transport enterprises and farms. Implementing these initiatives will lead to significant improvements in the efficiency and reliability of transport services, reducing downtime and operational costs. Moreover, the development of new management methods based on mutual benefits between motor transport companies and customers of services in the agricultural sector is crucial. These methods should focus on creating synergies through collaboration and shared goals, enhancing the overall efficiency and productivity of the agricultural sector. Addressing the modernization of transport support in the agricultural sector involves a multi-faceted approach that considers the dynamic needs of modern agriculture. By focusing on technological advancements, infrastructure improvements, and innovative management practices, the agricultural sector can overcome current challenges and achieve sustainable growth and development.

Current Issues of International Legal Regulation of the Convergence of Transport and Logistics Systems within the EAEU

With the development of integration processes on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union, the convergence of transport and logistics systems is a necessary condition for both transport connectivity and the development of trade relations. The current geopolitical situation, which led to an increase in traffic and within the EEU and the redirection of transport flows to the East, requires a change in the paradigm of the legal regulation of the transport industry at the interstate level.Aim . Reveal the main problems of international legal regulation of the convergence of transport and logistics ecosystems in the Eurasian region.Tasks. It is proposed to consider the main trends of the formation of an array of legal regulation of the transport and logistics industry in the EAEU as part of the implementation of a common transport policy and the implementation of major infrastructure projects, such as the Eurasian transport framework, to analyze the relevance of the main EAEU documents in the field of transport and logistics, to present the basic elements of the new paradigm of the EAEU unified transport system, including railway transport.Methods. When conducting the research, comparative-legal, formal-legal methods, synthesis, deduction, induction, as well as abstraction and the systematic method were used.Results . The necessity of a significant change in the approach to the formation of an effective model of international legal regulation of transport integration within the EAEU, clarification of the main directions of a common transport policy of the member states of the association, ensuring its competitiveness at the world level, transport and technological sovereignty of Russia and other partner countries, full realization of the transit potential of the union, as well as the effective functioning of the industry in the conditions of Industry 4.0 is substantiated.Conclusions . The proposed integrated approach will make it possible to fully implement the adopted Strategic Directions for the development of Eurasian economic integration until 2025, to lay the foundations for a new stage of integration of transport and logistics systems within the EAEU with the achievement of the set significant milestones in the interests of the countries and peoples of our integration association.

FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF OUR COUNTRY

Automobile passenger transport is an integral part of the country’s unified transport system and ensures its territorial integrity and accessibility of its regions. Today, in our country, much attention is paid to the development of public transport, which can improve passenger traffic and partially reduce the movement of personal cars in the winter in the northern regions of our country. However, the solution to this problem requires a reliable, comfortable off-road bus fleet. And in the northern regions, this problem remains constantly acute due to the insufficient number of vehicles for transporting passengers, especially in winter.
 Purpose – To study the need for the development of road passenger transport in the northern regions of the Russian Federation.
 Method or methodology of the work: the article used a statistical method of analysis.
 Results: the feasibility of using automobile passenger transport in the northern regions of Russia was investigated, a possible design of a passenger bus was proposed depending on the climatic features of the northern regions.
 The scope of the results: conducting research aimed at creating new technologies in the development of road passenger transport, depending on the geographical location and climatic features of the country’s regions.

Railways of India. Time to update and upgrade

By the second decade of the XXI century, the railway transport of India came up with an important result — the Program announced on April 1, 1992, called Unigauge for the transfer of the railway network to a single gauge of 1676 mm was basically completed. In 2022, the operational length of wide-gauge roads on the Indian railway network was 65,094 km, or 95.7 % of its entire length. This opened up the possibility of creating a modern unified railway transport system and organizing its optimal interaction with other modes of transport.The management of the railway transport of India, represented by the Ministry of Railways, has focused efforts on the modernization of all components of the large railway economy — strengthening track structures, upgrading bridge facilities, introducing modern means of ensuring train traffic and transportation safety, updating rolling stock. The basis for improving the work of railway transport is the electrification of railways, the completion of which is planned in the next decade.All decisions taken to modernize railways are aimed at reducing operating costs, improving efficiency, environmental cleanliness, comfort and speed of passenger travel, reducing the delivery time of goods, as well as improving the safety of transportation by rail.

Regulation of environmental safety at the stages construction of main pipelines

Pipeline transport plays a special role in the unified transport system of the Russian Federation. Today, almost the entire volume of gas is delivered through the main pipelines. The technology of transportation of natural gas, oil, condensate and their byproducts, constructive solutions of the linear part and ground facilities influence the natural environment. Therefore, the issue of compliance with environmental protection rules in constructing pipeline transport facilities is relevant. It is of special significance due to the construction of new transport routes in the Asian region. The article analyzes legal documents on the stages of construction of linearly extended objects such as oil and gas pipelines. It was revealed that the compliance with the construction requirements reduces the damage to nature, but does not eliminate it. It was concluded that the production improvement is the most rational method of reducing the negative impact of construction on natural ecosystems. The analysis made it possible to provide recommendations for amending the environmental protection legislation.

Analysis of the Interconnected Development Potential of the Oil, Gas and Transport Industries in the Russian Arctic

This article describes the hydrocarbon reserves in the oil and gas provinces of Russia’s Arctic territory, as well as specific features of the region’s raw hydrocarbon potential. It has been noted that the implementation of Arctic hydrocarbon-associated projects requires that a unified transport and logistics system be created, with the Northern Sea Route being the basis. The factors affecting the volume of cargo transportation along the Arctic routes are presented. It has been established that the hydrocarbon extraction and liquefied natural gas production in the Russian Arctic zone is the most important factor in the formation of cargo flows along the Northern Sea Route. The most significant oil and gas projects that comprise the bulk of freight traffic flow along the Arctic transportation corridors have been reviewed. The ports, as the main element of the Arctic transport system, are described in terms of their state and infrastructure. It has been indicated that the construction, modernization, and operation of the Arctic ports are closely related to the creation of long-distance railway corridors, and the construction of new railway lines leading to the Arctic Basin ports can serve as a reliable basis for the growth of the Northern Sea Route’s cargo potential. A conclusion has been drawn about the special significance of the Murmansk region for the formation of the Arctic transport system.

Complex Operation of Types of Transport in the Conditions of Military International Transportation

The article identifies the priority approaches to the technical and technological modernization of the main modes of transport of Ukraine and allied countries to ensure high-quality transportation of various goods, especially military goods, in the conditions of hostilities and during the period of economic recovery. The author proposes an algorithm for the formation of logistics chains for the delivery of military cargoes according to two schemes (from the United States and Western Europe). The necessity of creating a unified transport system, addressing the issue of further proportional development of the unified transport system and each of its components (modes of transport, structural units) is described. The main aspects that will affect the prospects for the development of a unified transport system are identified. The main tasks of the transport system that need to be solved to meet the needs of the state economy and the population in transportation are described. It is determined that when establishing the priority and order of restoration of the economic and social sectors destroyed by the war, it is necessary, first of all, to direct all resources (financial and material) to the restoration and development of transport, primarily rail and air transport. This is the only approach to solving the complex problem of improving the quality of transport. The complexity of its solution lies in ensuring, taking into account the actual volumes of transportation, the proportional development of each element of the transport modes.

Methodology for economic substantiation of assessment of the integrated use of organizational and technological solutions for land allocation for road and bridge construction

Background: Nowadays, the high dynamics of transport support for economic, military, socio-demographic and environmental security in a market economy require new approaches to the development of methods for allocating land for road and bridge construction. The problems of economic and military-economic justification for decisions in the field of integrated use of the country's unified transport system are especially acute. Methods: Studies have been carried out on the development of the concept of an integrated transport system of rational correlation of general transport infrastructure using general scientific methods - system analysis, logical and mathematical modeling, systems theory, as well as methods of operations research and economic and mathematical methods, economic-visual modeling, research methods of operations. Results: The necessity of reducing the problem of efficiency criteria and limitations to a system-target model based on the structure hierarchy of the transport system and the corresponding modeling of the reconstructed system of transport support goals is substantiated. The elemental base of land allocation for road and bridge construction at the construction site has been formed. The value of a land plot is determined using a specific example of calculating the value of a land plot for the construction of a 10-kilometer highway. Conclusion: The method of substantiating the economic efficiency of the calculation in the selection and justification of the optimal technology for land allocation for road and bridge construction is considered. Control tasks for calculating the value of a land plot for the construction of a highway are presented.

Аналіз конструкції кузова вантажного транспортного засобу

Transport is an important component of the unified transport system of our country, which helps to meet the needs of the population and social production in passenger transportation and cargo delivery. Special attention is paid to specialized rolling stock of road transport. The design parameters of modern truck bodies should take into account the defining properties of the transported cargo, operating conditions and special requirements for their transportation. The purpose of the body actually determines the scope of the vehicle (or vice versa). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bodies of vehicles in terms of their purpose, design, and layout, which are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and must meet the stated requirements. A truck is a vehicle that is designed and equipped for the transportation of goods. It is divided into general purpose, specialized and special purpose. The basis for building a family of trucks is the basic chassis. Since the cargo (products) differ in their properties, certain requirements are imposed on the vehicle body for its transportation, in particular - for sand, gravel - an open body is required; - for cement, animal feed - a closed body with the possibility of constant mixing; - for liquids (food and chemical products) - sealed tanks, in which the liquid should not react with the tank material; - for perishable products - isothermal refrigerators that can be used for cooling or heating; - for building materials, long materials, floor panels, a special frame structure is required. Depending on the body design, it is possible to produce a frame, semi-frame or frameless body. The cross-section of the body is selected for different cargoes based on the need to ensure a lower center of gravity of the cargo, complete unloading of the cargo, and the required structural rigidity. An additional requirement for the design of bodies is compliance with specified thermal properties, which are achieved through the use of insulating materials and a cooling system. Based on the data obtained from the analysis of the body design, taking into account the requirements for the transported cargo and operating conditions, it is possible to develop basic criteria for improving the quality of transportation and selecting rolling stock, both for each individual cargo, transportation in general, and for industry purposes.

Challenges in developing integrated transport space over the world economic integration associations

Institutional, organisational, managerial, and financial problems typical for the development of transport systems of regional integration associations, major transport and logistics projects, such as EU or BRI, have been systematised by the author. The interrelation of the highlighted problems from the point of view of limitation of maximization of efficiency of transport and logistics processes and functioning of the unified transport system as a result of their influence is shown. Particular attention is paid to managerial, financial and economic problems in the sphere of transport integration.

Eastward Motion of Peter the Great's Empire

The time of Peter the Great is notable not only for the reforms that transformed the country, but also for the emergence of new ideas of the place of Russia as a great power in the world. Peter the Great's imperial dreams went far beyond the establishment of Russia’s domination in the Baltic. He was mindful of the problem of the West-East relationship. It is important to take into account the tsar’s economic considerations. He was fascinated by the ideas of mercantilism and dreamed of turning Russia into a transit space between the West and the East. It would allow enriching the country. He wanted to create a unified transport system (mainly waterway) that would connect the Baltic and the East. In addition, the myths about the fabulous wealth of the East heated Peter the Great's imperial imagination. It manifested itself in sending expeditions to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. Their purpose was not only to explore, but also to annex new territories. Peter the Great's imperial dreams were expressed most vividly during the Persian campaign, the aim of which was not only to conquer the northern part of Persia, but also to create a base there for an expansionist campaign to India. Peter the Great's plans were extensive. He intended to create a new city-port in the mouth of the Kura similar to St. Petersburg and a center of eastern trade. Thus, he planned to transfer the traditional trade routes between the East and the West to the territory of Russia. However, the tsar’s death prevented him from realizing these and other grandiose plans of conquest.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF ALLOCATION OF LAND FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC ROADS

The article reveals the theoretical issues and the procedure for allocating land for the construction of public roads.
 The road system is an integral part of the national unified transport system. Over the years, the composition of the traffic flow has changed, the road network has expanded and planning has improved. Also, the networks of international and domestic transport corridors were expanded and the road infrastructure was modernized.
 Solving the problems of the road complex development of Ukraine requires significant streamlining on the basis of modern innovations. It is determined that the economic, social and environmental components are the basis of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. Positive results cannot be achieved without taking into account the national characteristics of the entire industry management system. Therefore, to ensure the integrity of the system in the industry, it is necessary to have in-depth analysis of key aspects of traffic characteristics.
 The complexity of the legal regulation of land relations in the field of road transport determines the urgency of solving the problem of rational land use, and its legal framework requires further study and implementation in economic activities.

Organizational and technological solutions for managing the processes of building transport systems using economic and mathematical methods

Purpose. The study analyzes the formation of indicators and criteria for the effectiveness (quality) of the use of certain modes of transport. A feature of this group of criteria is the same element base for all transport modes. The graphic and mathematical models for the development of a methodology for substantiating the economic efficiency of improving the certification system aimed at creating a database for predicting the inter-maintenance period of asphalt concrete pavements, the contradiction between the needs of the practice of the integrated use of the transport system and the state of the scientific and methodological base of the road industry are considered. Methods. Research has been carried out on the development of the concept of an integrated transport system for the judicious mix of general transport infrastructure using general scientific methods - system analysis, logical and mathematical modeling, systems theory, as well as methods of operations research, economic and mathematical methods, economic and visual modeling, research methods of operations. Results. Development of criteria for assessing intelligent systems of economic efficiency of the use of information modeling technology in the organization of construction production of transport systems (automobile and road complex). The necessity of the problem of efficiency criteria and restrictions is substantiated to be reduced to a system-target model based on the hierarchy of the structure of the transport system and the corresponding modeling of the reconstructed system of transport support goals, the contradiction between the needs of the practice of improving the certification system for the integrated use of the transport system and the state of the scientific and methodological base for predicting the inter-maintenance period of asphalt concrete pavements. The scientific task of developing methods and models of the economic efficiency of the organization and technology for the construction of access roads with asphalt concrete pavement during the preliminary construction period is being formed. Conclusion. The problem of assessing the quality and choosing a system of requirements for the technology of preparing any material in order to improve quality is one of the cardinal tasks of construction. Compliance with technical standards and technological regulations guarantees the quality of materials and constructions. The considered method of substantiating the economic efficiency of calculating the inter-maintenance period of asphalt concrete pavements includes: substantiation of the rational volume of samples from the standpoint of statistics to obtain reliable results; principle of forming a database for each parameter obtained during testing and inspection of specific construction sites and asphalt concrete plants (ACP); statistical method of data processing; substantiation of control time points for determining inter-maintenance periods; method of calculation based on the proposed methodology of time intervals, which will provide an opportunity to develop recommendations for its development in the interests of strengthening economic and environmental security. The results are described by a mathematical model in the form y(x)=a·ln(x)+b. The methodology allows balancing the interests of enterprises of the economy and citizens, transport organizations and enterprises with the interests of investors. These interests are often contradictory and even opposite. In similar situations, a system of state regulation is recommended for managing the joint activities of all participants in the functioning of the unified road transport system.

Extra-transport effect in quality management of transport companies

Railway transport is an integral part of the unified transport system and a key link in the Russian economy. The general trend in the development of transport companies is the increase in the efficiency of transport services for the economy and the population. The purpose of the scientific article is to identify aspects of the non-transport effect, taking into account the quality and efficiency of work on the example of railway transport enterprises. Formed the relationship of environmental and economic indicators in the activities of transport companies. Methods for calculating the effectiveness of environmental protection measures in the work of transport companies are described. The analysis of the main performance indicators of JSC "Russian Railways" in 2017-2019 was carried out. A full account of the components of the off-transport effect when assessing the socio-ecological and economic efficiency is carried out in order to improve the quality and increase the efficiency of transport services. The implementation of various measures in transport (primarily focused on expanding supply and demand - building new railways, improving the quality of transport services, etc.) gives a significant effect outside the transport industry.

Creating a safe transportation system as a strategic goal to improve the quality of life

The article justifies the dependency of the quality of life on development of the national transportation system. Creating a balanced transport system ensuring traffic safety of the unified transport system, monitoring of the technical condition of vehicles, and economic efficiency of its participants are the ways to improve the quality of life. Stable functioning of all system elements, permanent comfortable transport communication, safety and high-quality roads are pre-requisites of safety, mobility, and comfort. Statistical data of the Unified Automatized Informational System for Technical Inspection were used to analyze the injury rate on the roads related with faults and failures of vehicles, which helped in systematization of the motor transport system issues. This signifies the clashes of interests in ensuring safety of people based on mandatory technical inspection of vehicles.The article also provides the analysis of transport system development programs in Russia and Belarus in order to improve the quality of life of population. Effects from addressing the issues of the motor transport system on implementation of national goals and strategic objectives of country development have been analyzed.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕЖИМА ЗЕМЕЛЬ ТРАНСПОРТА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article examines the problems of the legal regime of land transport. Transport is the most important component of the production and social sphere, in connection with which the problems of legal regulation of transport lands are urgent. The authors refer to the problems of the legal regime of transport lands: the problem of imbalance in the development of a unified transport system of the Russian Federation; the problem of legal uncertainty in the practice of applying legislation in the field of legal regulation of lands of various types of transport; the legal problem of land use of transport lands in the process of formation of Russian urban settlements. According to the authors, in order to resolve legal conflicts, it is necessary to correlate the norms of transport legislation with the norms and documents of territorial planning, which are established by state authorities and local self-government bodies, which are local by-laws. This condition is necessary, among other things, to ensure the safety of transport infrastructure facilities.

Development of digitalization in the management system of a logistics complex

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the development of digitalization in the management system of the logistics complex. The transport complex serving important sectors of the economy is considered, with special emphasis on the development of the unified transport system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, modernization and efficiency improvement of all its elements in the resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other state documents. It was also noted that the transport sector of the republic plays a special role in ensuring the further dynamic and sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan, the implementation of the state strategy for its integration into the world economy. The development of the transport sector should take into account the current state and prospects of economic development, as well as the best international practices in the development of transport and logistics systems. Hence, the high relevance of solving issues aimed at the development of transport and logistics, which led to the importance of choosing the author's research and research in this area as a real sector of the economy of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors considered the stages of implementation of the state program “Digital Kazakhstan” on the basis of the basic principles, identified goals and objectives. The system nature of the design work of the intelligent transport system is shown. The solution of tasks for the implementation of the program “Roadmap for the formation of the food belt of Astana for 2017-2018” is justified. Based on the results of a study of the transport sector in the context of the modern development of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the authors identified problematic issues and made appropriate conclusions.