Unified Standards Research Articles

The Evolution of Terrorism in the Digital Age: Investigating the Adaptation of Terrorist Groups to Cyber Technologies for Recruitment, Propaganda, and Cyberattacks

This paper delves into the critical and evolving challenge posed by terrorist organizations' adaptation to cyber technologies, as the proliferation of these technologies significantly impacts societal and security dynamics globally. The paper highlights the case of ISIS as a prime example, illustrating the group's sophisticated use of cyberspace for purposes ranging from global recruitment to attack planning, thereby demonstrating the complexity and reach of modern cyberterrorism. Aiming to investigate the adaptation of terrorist groups to cyber technologies, the study primarily focuses on methods used for recruitment, propaganda, and execution of cyberattacks. The research employs a quantitative methodology, relying on a survey strategy to gather data, and it significantly engages with consultants and policy specialists in counter-terrorism, alongside cybersecurity experts. The findings reveal a substantial impact of digital platforms on the global reach and influence of terrorist groups, the increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, and the extensive socio-economic repercussions of digital-age terrorism. The study culminates in offering insightful recommendations, urging a multifaceted response integrating technological, social, and international measures. It emphasizes enhancing digital literacy and public awareness to combat the influence of extremist narratives and misinformation. The necessity of international cooperation and intelligence sharing is underscored, highlighting the global nature of the threat and the need for unified standards in regulating digital spaces. Additionally, the paper advocates for stringent regulatory measures and advanced detection technologies to counter the misuse of drones and 3D-printed weapons, pointing to the necessity of collaborative efforts across various sectors to strike a balance between security and innovation.

Detection of Rehabilitation Training Effect of Upper Limb Movement Disorder Based on MPL-CNN.

Stroke represents a medical emergency and can lead to the development of movement disorders such as abnormal muscle tone, limited range of motion, or abnormalities in coordination and balance. In order to help stroke patients recover as soon as possible, rehabilitation training methods employ various movement modes such as ordinary movements and joint reactions to induce active reactions in the limbs and gradually restore normal functions. Rehabilitation effect evaluation can help physicians understand the rehabilitation needs of different patients, determine effective treatment methods and strategies, and improve treatment efficiency. In order to achieve real-time and accuracy of action detection, this article uses Mediapipe's action detection algorithm and proposes a model based on MPL-CNN. Mediapipe can be used to identify key point features of the patient's upper limbs and simultaneously identify key point features of the hand. In order to detect the effect of rehabilitation training for upper limb movement disorders, LSTM and CNN are combined to form a new LSTM-CNN model, which is used to identify the action features of upper limb rehabilitation training extracted by Medipipe. The MPL-CNN model can effectively identify the accuracy of rehabilitation movements during upper limb rehabilitation training for stroke patients. In order to ensure the scientific validity and unified standards of rehabilitation training movements, this article employs the postures in the Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb Rehabilitation Training Functional Assessment Form (FMA) and establishes an FMA upper limb rehabilitation data set for experimental verification. Experimental results show that in each stage of the Fugl-Meyer upper limb rehabilitation training evaluation effect detection, the MPL-CNN-based method's recognition accuracy of upper limb rehabilitation training actions reached 95%. At the same time, the average accuracy rate of various upper limb rehabilitation training actions reaches 97.54%. This shows that the model is highly robust across different action categories and proves that the MPL-CNN model is an effective and feasible solution. This method based on MPL-CNN can provide a high-precision detection method for the evaluation of rehabilitation effects of upper limb movement disorders after stroke, helping clinicians in evaluating the patient's rehabilitation progress and adjusting the rehabilitation plan based on the evaluation results. This will help improve the personalization and precision of rehabilitation treatment and promote patient recovery.

MEDIATION IN FAMILY CASES ACROSS THE EU AND BEYOND. IS A NEW HARMONIZED APPROACH TO EUROPE’S POLICY FOR SOLVING FAMILY CONFLICTS NEEDED?

This paper seeks to address the question of the need for revising the existing EU policy in the field of family mediation. The author argues there is a necessity for a single EU methodology for managing national and cross-border family disputes through their referral to mediation, which will serve as the basis for the revision of the EU policy in the field of family mediation and will trigger a discussion for the adoption of a new Directive on the subject. This is grounded in the increase in divorce rates in the EU according to the European Parliament, the growing mobility of spouses and the spread of cross- cultural families, all of which lead to a rising number of family disputes occasionally caught between various jurisdictions and applicable laws. Possible revisions aim to set up a unified modus operandi through which national and transnational family disputes are managed across the EU through their referral to mediation, to propose clear guidelines for child inclusion in the mediation process following the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), to establish standards for mandatory family mediation for those countries who opt-in for such a model and the professional qualifications for EU family mediators. Such an idea is ambitious in its pursuit to set unified standards on the manner through which family mediation is practiced in the EU, how children are integrated as part of the process, and what unified requirements apply to EU family mediators. The author suggests that the ultimate impact of the above would be to open the discussion for EU policymakers to consider setting up a uniform methodology for family mediation, outlining the specific processes for mandatory family mediation for Member States opting-in in a model and revising the EU mediation policy in the field of family justice.

Data standards based Mine Side Data Integration Governance Platform Research and Applications

INTRODUCTION: With the advent of the mining digitalization era, the rapid growth and diversity of mine-side data make mining production management more complex. In this context, it becomes crucial to build a set of mine-side data integration and governance platforms based on data standards. The establishment of this platform aims to solve the problems of mining data fragmentation and inconsistent standards and to improve the efficiency of data management and utilization.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to construct an efficient mine-side data integration and governance platform by studying and applying data standards to address the challenges of data heterogeneity and fragmentation. Through the development of unified data standards, the Author can realize the standardized management of mining data, improve data quality, and provide more reliable support for mining production.METHODS: The study adopts a comprehensive approach. First, a comprehensive understanding of the problems and needs facing mining data management was obtained through a literature review and field research. Second, data standards applicable to mine-side data are developed to ensure that all types of data can be consistently understood and processed. Next, a data integration and governance platform based on these standards is established, and advanced data mining and artificial intelligence technologies are applied to realize automatic integration and cleaning of multi-source data.RESULTS: Through experiments, this study proved that a mine-side data integration governance platform based on data standards was successfully constructed. The platform realizes efficient integration and cleaning of data and improves the consistency and quality of data. In practical application, the platform provides more accurate data support for mining production management and achieves remarkable results.CONCLUSION: This study provides strong theoretical and practical support for the research and application of mine-side data integration and governance platforms based on data standards. Through the development of data standards, an efficient data management platform has been established, which provides practical solutions for solving mining data management challenges. In the future, the performance of the platform can be further optimized, and the updating and maintenance of data standards can be strengthened to adapt to the constant changes in the digital development of the mining industry. This research has a positive impact on promoting the construction of mining industry informatization and improving the level of production management.

A comprehensive review on enhancing wind turbine applications with advanced SCADA data analytics and practical insights

AbstractThe aim of this study is to explore the potential and economic benefits of utilising Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data to improve wind turbine operation and maintenance activities. The review identifies a gap in the current understanding of how to effectively use SCADA data in wind turbine applications. It emphasises the need for pre‐processing SCADA data to ensure data integrity by addressing outliers and employing interpolation techniques. Additionally, it highlights the challenges associated with early fault detection methods using SCADA data, including the development of physical models, data‐driven machine learning models, and statistical regression models. The review also recognises the limitations caused by the lack of public data from wind turbine developers and the imbalance between normal operation data samples and abnormal data samples, negatively impacting model accuracy. The key findings of the review demonstrate that SCADA data‐driven techniques can lead to significant improvements in wind turbine operations and maintenance. The application of data‐driven technologies based on SCADA data has proven effective in reducing operation and maintenance costs and enhancing wind power generation. Moreover, the development of robust decision support systems using SCADA data minimises the need for frequent maintenance interventions in offshore wind farms. To bridge the gap and further enhance wind turbine applications using SCADA data, several recommendations are provided. These include encouraging greater openness in sharing SCADA data to improve the robustness and accuracy of AI models, adopting transfer learning techniques to overcome the scarcity of quality datasets, establishing unified standards and taxonomies, and providing specialised resources such as software applications with interactive graphical user interfaces for easier storage, annotation, and analysis of SCADA data.The authors’ review paper identifies a gap in the current understanding of how to effectively utilise SCADA data in wind turbine applications. It emphasises the importance of pre‐processing SCADA data to ensure data integrity by addressing outliers and employing interpolation techniques. Furthermore, the authors highlight the challenges associated with early fault detection methods using SCADA data, including the development of physical models, data‐driven machine learning models, and statistical regression models.

Ghana’s Health Professions Regulatory Bodies Act, 2013 (Act 857) and its Adequacy in Governing Healthcare Delivery and Medical Negligence Issues

Ghana instituted the Health Professions Regulatory Bodies Act, 2013 (Act 857) as landmark legislation seeking to enhance accountability, quality, and ethics in healthcare delivery through establishment of Regulatory Councils governing licensing, practice standards, continuing education and discipline across doctors, nurses, pharmacists and allied health professions. This analysis evaluates adequacies and shortcomings in Act 857’s frameworks to uphold standards of care and address medical negligence five years post-enactment. Progress is visible in standardized licensing protocols enabling oversight on practitioner competence via license issuance premised on education levels cleared by exams and checks. Channeling complaints through uniform procedures and linking license retention to ethical practice foster transparency. However, Act 857 falls short on comprehensively governing healthcare delivery systems issues beyond workforce such as infrastructure standards and access inequities exacerbating quality limitations and negligence risks. Narrow focus on professional self-regulation also constrains capacities to fully enforce broader quality benchmarks relating patient experience, technology support etc. Additionally, while intending to elevate conduct, complainant-driven procedures and restrictive litigation limitation periods instituted constrain efficacies in optimizing deterrence, accountability and access to justice for victims of medical negligence. Considerable legislative reforms are imperative to institute unified healthcare infrastructure standards and access equity provisions while rebalancing laws to enable equitable patient protections when harmed by substandard care. Implementation strategies also require realignment, beyond workforce to system-wide accountability, to actualize healthcare delivery enhancement goals via Act 857.

Navigating Lp(a) Measurement Challenges: From Guidelines to Laboratory Perspectives

This comprehensive review delves into the evolving landscape of Lp(a) measurement standardsand examines the discordance and challenges in cardiovascular risk assessment in the contextof Lp(a). Acknowledging the shifting trends towards universal screening for Lp(a) endorsed by international societies working on risk assessment, management, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, this review highlights the divergence in recommendations and the lackof consensus on Lp(a) risk thresholds. Ethnic variations in Lp(a) levels and ongoing clinical trial stargeting Lp(a) underscore the urgency of a unified and standardized approach to Lp(a) measurement. This article explores the intricacies of Lp(a) isoform size heterogeneity, availablemeasurement approaches, and the reporting unit challenge for the molecule. Emphasis is placed on collaborative efforts, transparent calibration, and the pivotal role of laboratories in ensuring the precision and reliability of Lp(a) measurements. The discussion encompasses thecall for unified calibration standards, highlighting the need for continuous external quality assessment and transparent reporting in clinical laboratories until a standardized Lp(a) measurement system is established.

Continuous Optimization of Business Environment for Power Grid Timing Control

How to optimize the business environment is a very difficult issue. Now the stability of the timing control of the power grid is poor and the energy cost is high. This paper uses literature reviews and case studies to study the optimization of the business environment of the timing control of the power grid. Through collecting and analyzing relevant literature and combining actual cases, the current business environment problems of timing control of power grids are discussed, and corresponding solutions are proposed. The research results show that the stability of the power grid of this technology is up to 99%, and the continuous optimization of the business environment of the power grid timing control can reduce energy costs. It is necessary to conduct business interconnection and share timing signals, and through the formulation of unified technical standards, data security protection, management and supervision mechanism improvement, and fair investment and cost sharing mechanism, enhance the efficiency of power grid timing control and energy exploitation.

Agri-Food Fraud in a Geographic Area in Relation to Global Health: A Probe into the Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Concerns of Cameroonian

Objective: This study probes into the perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and concerns of Cameroonians on agri-food fraud intra-/inter-Cameroon trade borders about the local and global health of consumers. Results: Two hundred and two Cameroonians (56% male and 44% female; including business people, entrepreneurs, farmers, students, etc) responded to the online questionnaire. Many participants (81%) were interested in the origin and authenticity of food they consume. Their perception on authentic agri-food product is mostly influenced by feedbacks from other consumers (59%), besides other factors (price/cost, labeling, packaging, and taste). Most participants (58%) sought information about the food products from other consumers (46.4%), in addition to the internet, self-intuition, product labels, and from retailers and suppliers. Participants (54%) considered canned food, fish, red palm oil, honey, spices, milk, meat, palm wine, cookies, wine, brewed, and powdered products to be vulnerable to fraud. Participants specified that intake of authentic food makes consumers healthier (73%) and nurtures confidence in the brand (36%), while dietary exposure to manipulated foods may result in sicknesses (80%), and a decrease in consumers’ confidence in the food brand. Participants think agri-food fraud across Cameroon trade borders is commonplace (91%), as such food products should be bought cautiously (88%). The majority of participants indicated that to ensure the authenticity and safety of food products across the Cameroon trade borders, there is a need for proper regulations and standards (81%), effective traceability systems (69%), technology such as blockchain (48%), and multi-stakeholder collaboration (48%) including international collaborations focusing on shared intelligence (76%), unified food standards (53%), accompanied by joint inspections (59%) and data exchange (48%). Participants speculated that the global disease burden may be linked to the consumption of manipulated foods (91%). Conclusion: There is speculation on agri-food fraud in Cameroon and across its trade borders. Thus, there is a need for proper agri-food fraud information, education, and communication to improve consumers’ awareness and health protection. There is a needfor a wareness raising on agri-food fraud from multistake holder view-point (e.g. consumer advocacy groups) at national and international levels.

АНАЛІЗ ДОТРИМАННЯ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ: ЦИВІЛЬНІ ЗАРУЧНИКИ – ВИКЛИК ДЛЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО СВІТУ, ПИТАННЯ ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

The article addresses the pressing issue of the illegal detention and sentencing of civilians within the context of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, emphasizing the significant challenges posed by the lack of coherent international legal mechanisms to safeguard human rights. In-depth analysis reveals how this legal vacuum complicates the protection of civilian rights during conflicts, highlighting the specific difficulties in verifying abuses and holding the aggressor state accountable. The study explores the nuanced roles that various international and national organizations play in protecting civilians, particularly focusing on the strategic initiatives led by newly established working groups in Ukraine. These organizations and coalitions are crucial in advocating for and protecting the rights of detained civilians, emphasizing the necessity for international cooperation and robust legal frameworks to address and mitigate such humanitarian crises effectively. The absence of unified international legal standards for the treatment of civilians in conflict zones leads to significant challenges. The International Committee of the Red Cross in Ukraine, for instance, notes numerous complications in the detention processes, which depend heavily on the specifics of the charges and legal statutes applied. The status and rights of civilians detained by occupying forces are not adequately addressed by existing international laws, leading to a gap in legal protections and oversight. One of the major obstacles identified is the difficulty in gathering and verifying evidence related to illegal detentions. The conditions of armed conflict severely restrict access to detention sites, making independent and unbiased investigations almost impossible. This not only hinders the prosecution of the aggressor state but also limits the ability of international bodies to monitor and intervene in such situations. Additionally, the article discusses the strategic use of historical legal principles by the occupying powers, specifically the maxim "nullem crimen, nulla poena sine lege" — no crime and no punishment without pre-established law. This principle is exploited to avoid international accountability, allowing the aggressor to conceal their actions and evade international sanctions and legal repercussions. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are examined as the foundational frameworks of international humanitarian law that explicitly prohibit any form of violence against civilians, including hostage-taking. However, the ongoing violations of these laws, particularly by the aggressor state, underscore the challenges of enforcing these international norms. The research highlights the urgent need for comprehensive approaches to address the plight of civilian detainees in conflict zones. This involves enhancing international legal standards and improving the coordination among international bodies to ensure the effective protection of human rights. The creation of working groups under the auspices of the Ukrainian Ombudsman exemplifies proactive measures taken to address these issues, facilitating dialogue and action to safeguard civilian rights and ensure compliance with international humanitarian law. In conclusion, the article calls for a concerted international effort to develop and implement more effective mechanisms to respond to human rights violations in conflict zones. Strengthening the legal and operational frameworks for protecting civilian populations not only restores fundamental human rights but also contributes to the broader goals of peace and justice in international relations. This comprehensive approach is vital for the long-term resolution of conflicts and the protection of vulnerable populations in war-torn regions. Key words: civilian hostages, armed conflicts, international law, human rights, unlawful detentions, international organizations, Ukraine, working group.

Technical System Construction for Total Factor Library of Management Manual for Shanghai Planning Implementation Platform

At present, with the continuous advancement of urban development, an increasing number of regional overall development projects utilize the planning implementation platform to carry out design control and construction throughout the full life cycle of the project. However, the lack of relevant standards and research leads to some problems in practical projects, such as the unchanged thinking mode of planning management and control, and the lack of unified standards for the preparation of technical documents like the regional master plan and management manual of the planning implementation platform. To this end, this paper will focus on the content and composition of the management manual, clarify its construction logic and content, construct a factor library for this manual, provide references for the application of related projects, and promote the orderly development of project construction and development.

Stock Price Co-movement Prediction Based on Stock Market Technique Indicators

In the research of financial market analysis, the correlation research between different companies’ stock prices has important theoretical value and practical significance, but there is still a lack of unified standards for the construction and selection of technical indicators. In this paper, a comprehensive review of technique indicator for stock price correlation is designed and the stock price correlation research is carried out. Based on the calculation method of indicators and the meaning of indicators, this paper designs a stock price correlation indicator system. Various related indicators are extracted from the actual market data, combined with the time series clustering model K-Shape and random forest classification model. This paper tries to describe the synchronous correlation of stock prices among listed companies and further analyzes the mechanism leading to these correlations. By using the correlation indicator classification system proposed in this paper, the synchronous correlation relationship of stock prices of different companies is analyzed, and the synchronous correlation relationship of stock prices of corresponding companies in the future can be predicted, and the synchronous correlation relationship between listed companies can be analyzed and explained in practice to a certain extent.

Constitutional and legal status of the subject during biomedical research.

Aim: To find out the peculiarities of constitutional and legal status of the subject during biomedical research. Materials and methods: A synergistic approach helps predict possible fluctuations and vectors of development, taking into account various social and technical processes of influence on the status of the subject; comprehensive - involves the analysis of the research subject within the framework of a combination of different scientific schools, concepts and methods and provides opportunities for the development of unified standards, benchmarks, principles and general norms of legal regulation. Conclusions: The constitutional-legal status of the subject is the position of the subject (patient, object of research) established and established by the norms of constitutional law, which distinguishes him as a special subject of legal relations in the process of conducting biomedical research and consists of a set of rights and obligations and specifics of the legal liability of its participants.

2016–2021年海南文昌菜地土壤微生物数据集

With the rapid development of tropical-specific and efficient agriculture coupled with changes in planting structures, the uncertainty regarding the implications of new farming management patterns on vegetable ecosystems has heightened. As important indicators for assessing soil quality, soil microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining soil function. Therefore, monitoring microbial community composition and function and metabolism under the cropping system in tropical region is particularly important for investigating microbial community successions and their driving factors and unraveling intricate processes like nutrient cycling and other microscopic mechanisms.. Based on soil microbial DNA/RNA molecular biology techniques, this dataset was integrated with high-throughput sequencing data of soil bacteria and fungi under three fertilization patterns: chemical fertilizer alone, straw return, and chemical fertilizer + straw return in vegetable fields in Wenchang City, Hainan Province during 2016-2021. The processes of site setting, observation and maintenance, sample collection, sample preparation and preservation, data filling and quality control are strictly implemented in accordance with the unified standards of China Ecological Research Network (CERN). The dataset is of great significance for studying the nutrient cycling of vegetable ecosystems in tropical regions, analyzing the interaction mechanism between environmental elements and production systems, adjusting crop cultivation management methods and nutrient inputs, and improving the service functions of tropical agroecosystems.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF TRANSFORMATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE'S EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

The article reveals the epistemological context of transformations of anti-corruption legal requirements in the conditions of European economic integration of Ukraine. It has been established that the elimination of the dominance of human defects by the tools of legislation and law enforcement practices becomes effective when the reproducible knowledge reflects the scientific awareness. The subject of knowledge is the whole complex of issues of fostering the manifestation of good virtues and their suppression. Otherwise, both economic reproduction and economic progress are excluded. For Ukraine, both processes now depend on an understanding of the respective progressive solutions that the highly developed nations of the EU have to offer. In fact, integration into the EU is historically determined and currently historically inevitable, and therefore requires meaningful dynamic transformations of domestic legislation. The most urgent direction of these transformations requires interdisciplinary knowledge related to the fight against corruption and its minimisation. It has been established that the epistemological context of the creation and application of anti-corruption legal norms consists of scientifically proven, comprehensive knowledge about the mechanism of neutralisation of corruption by means of coercion and stimulation. The methodology of gaining knowledge through human consciousness involves the use of logical resources, namely 1) rational conclusions of formal logic; 2) contradictions and patterns of dialectical logic; 3) actions and events of historical logic; 4) artefacts of art logic. The truth of knowledge, verified by these means of reasoning and empirical experience, is then partly expressed by mathematical and linguistic symbols, and the rest is conveyed in an intuitive way. The understanding of that which does not fit into the forms of words and numbers is done mentally and sensitively. At this point, it should be emphasised that the praxeological dimension of pure epistemology requires taking into account the characteristics of the cognitive subjects of a specific social community. This requirement extends the scientist's sphere of responsibility beyond epistemology and involves mastering knowledge of its historical determinants. It is concluded that the teleological attitudes of the Ukrainian nation include the study of the values of European nations, which have united for the purpose of economic well-being. Integration into the EU requires knowledge of the mechanisms for combating human vices, eliminating corrupt distortions and using human virtues in EU structures. Regional civilisational stratification persists due to both intra-national and international dishonesty. Accordingly, global integration based on fundamentally unified legal standards requires the elimination of counterproductive factors at both levels of social communication. The focus of attention on good virtues is determined differently from the existing configuration of national associations. Economic and other issues of cultural heritage are first a consequence and then a cause of the manifestation of good virtues. At the same time, military alliances confirm the deep ideological contradictions of nations. This shows the denial of the possibility of creating a global union of nations based on the manifestation in legal reality of the good virtues of its members. It is on the basis of the legal manifestation of the degree of virtue that nations and their associations are formed in the modern world.

Some Considerations on the Principles of Administrative Procedure

December 15, 2023 The Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" will come into force and introduce new rules for the interaction of the state with individuals (citizens and business) on the basis of the principles of good administration. A similar procedure applies in all member states of the European Union. The value of principles for relations of administrative procedure is primarily manifested in their law enforcement effect. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to ensure the practical implementation of the principles, which allows to comprehend the purpose and content of the administrative procedure, which means to create conditions for the implementation or protection of the rights and interests of the person and direct the administrative body to the conscientious execution of the assigned powers. The article is aimed at studying the new principles of administrative procedure, which for the first time are recognized as starting points for the implementation of their powers by administrative bodies. The achievement of the outlined goal became possible thanks to the use of a set of methods of scientific knowledge, with the help of which the essence of the principles of administrative procedure was determined, the provisions of normative legal acts were analyzed, in order to ensure their practical significance. The work considers such principles as openness, efficiency, presumption of legality of actions and requirements of a person, formality and guarantee of effective remedies. The characteristic of these principles on the basis of scientific approaches in the legal literature is presented and the corresponding provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" on ensuring their practical implementation are analyzed. On the basis of the study, conclusions were formulated regarding the practical significance of the principles of administrative procedure. First, with their help, the administrative body achieves the correct application of material norms of law. Secondly, they provide minimum unified standards for ensuring the implementation and protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in administrative proceedings. Third, they interpret individual institutions and rules of administrative procedure. The obtained results of the study can be further used to assess the legality of the adopted administrative acts, procedural decisions and the performed procedural actions.

Монетарне золото як складова міжнародних резервів центральних банків

Introduction. International reserves of central banks (CBs) are used to support the exchange rate of national currencies and have an impact on the monetary policy. In the unified standards of the IMF, international reserves include only gold, and not all precious metals. The state can call on its reserves in case of emergencies, so they are often compared with the volume of imports. It was natural to expect changes in the structure of international reserves due to the coronavirus pandemic. Problem Statement. Monetary gold does not lose its weight as a stable component of reserves, despite the volatility of world prices and the comparative profitability of other components of these reserves. Countries differ in the dynamics and share of monetary gold in reserves, as well as the possibilities of mining and physical preservation of reserves. A serious problem is the adequate revaluation of precious metals, which affects the high volatility of international reserves of many countries. The purpose of the article is to assess the role of monetary gold as a component of international reserves for the implementation of monetary policy in conditions of systemic stress, such as the coronavirus pandemic. Methods. Comparative and correlational analysis was used to characterize changes in reserves; abstract-logical analysis - to generalize the reasons for differences in the levels of the gold reserve; statistical and economic analysis - to study the influence of these variability factors on gold. Results. The analysis made it possible to distinguish monetary gold from the general circle of precious metals, to structure non-monetary gold. Several types of risks related to the ownership of gold have been singled out, which the Central Bank should take into account when managing reserves: the threat of manipulation by large players on commodity and stock exchanges; high historical and expected price volatility; the probability of loss of gold during storage and transportation due to damage, robbery, counterfeiting, etc. Conclusions. Gold remains a valuable component of the country's currency reserves. At the same time, it should not be considered as an anti-inflation product for the short term, although it retains the status of a reliable asset. There is no significant correlation between the size of the gold reserve and its share in the reserves of the Central Bank. The hypothesis that a higher level of development of the country's economy corresponds to a smaller share of gold was not confirmed. In Ukraine, the National Bank should define, as a component of monetary policy, a separate strategy for monetary gold, taking into account the state of war and the prospects of post-war economic reconstruction. In the management of monetary gold reserves, central banks should take into account the risks inherent in it. At the same time, it can be successfully used to neutralize certain risks of general reserves and liquidity risk, soften fluctuations in the national currency rate and normalize the balance of payments. It is advisable to improve the toolkit of gold price forecasting and stress testing using hypothetical and historical scenarios.

ЦИФРОВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ БАНКІВСЬКОГО БІЗНЕСУ: СЬОГОДЕННЯ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ

This article delves into the nuances of digital transformation within the realm of banking, prompted by the pervasive global digitization of economies. This phenomenon has profoundly shaped the trajectory of financial technologies, giving rise to innovative banking products. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the essence of digital transformation and assess its efficacy in shaping the development of the banking sector.The digitization of banking involves the transformation of all associated processes and information. Consequently, the integration of digital technologies into the banking domain necessitates a comprehensive consideration of the needs of three key stakeholders: the consumer, the investor, and the bank itself. The authors conducted an analysis of the regulatory and legal landscape accompanying the digital transformation of the banking sector. The study concludes that the contemporary legal framework governing the use of digital technologies in banking is aligning with current global trends.The digital transformation of the banking industry is observed to manifest in several dimensions, encompassing remote and Internet banking, electronic payments, FinTech and innovation, blockchain and cryptocurrencies, cyber security systems, electronic identification and document circulation, as well as interoperability.The domestic banking system has exhibited noteworthy progress in digitalization in recent times. However, external factors, notably the incursion into Ukraine, have introduced certain adjustments. These include the outflow of intellectual human capital abroad, diminished financial literacy due to population migration, and the closure of bank outlets, particularly affecting territorial communities, especially rural areas, resulting in a loss of connectivity with banks.In light of these observations, it is asserted that future digital transformational endeavours in the banking sector should prioritize enhancing the financial literacy of consumers of banking services. Additionally, there is a need to fortify regulatory frameworks governing the cryptocurrency market in Ukraine and establish unified standards for the regulation and supervision of banks and FinTech companies providing digital financial services.

Great Challenges and New Paradigm of The In Situ Polymerization Technology Inside Lithium Batteries

AbstractIn situ polymerization technology is expected to empower the next generation high specific energy lithium batteries with high safety and excellent cycling performance. Nevertheless, the large‐scale commercial applications of most reported in situ polymer electrolytes are still full of challenges. Owing to the severe parasitic reactions caused by residual monomers, additional initiators and oligomers, lithium batteries using in situ polymer electrolytes often demonstrate limited specific capacity, poor cycling performance, and insufficient rate capability. However, this issue has not received adequate attention in previous reports. Furthermore, the design and evaluation of in situ polymer electrolytes still lack effective guidance and unified standards. Herein, the development history of in situ polymer electrolytes are systematically reviewed and critically disclose the great challenges. Then, from the aspects of monomers, initiators, separators, manufacturing technologies, safety and cycle life evaluation, unprecedentedly a new paradigm is provided for upgrading the in situ polymerization technology inside lithium batteries. It is hoped the novel paradigm will prompt much more insightful studies, expediting the commercialization of in situ polymerization technology in lithium batteries.

Legal Challenges for International Fintech Startups

Financial technology (Fintech) startups looking to scale globally often face complex regulations across jurisdictions inhibiting market access and rapid customer adoption. This research investigates legal obstacles frequently encountering international Fintech platforms through qualitative research methods. It aims to highlight recurring concerns like data sovereignty, interoperability, licensing barriers and talent acquisition issues for innovators attempting multi-country service availability. Though results indicate regulatory principles remain largely unharmonized currently, recommendations urge sectoral cooperation advancing unified standards spanning data management, oversight rules and open banking architectures. Phasing proportionate need-based compliances and controlled sandboxes can enable clearer policy signaling benefiting responsibly expanding startups. Effective policy incentives and dispute assistance schemes may ease market entry and sustain trust lacking today. However, truly unraveling Fintech possibilities requires expediting progressive, agile and internationally integrated legal systems protecting consumers while fostering inclusive innovation ecosystems.