Unique Curve Research Articles

A unified formalism for estimating photon absorbed fractions in spherical biovolumes: analytical equations without fitting parameters

A new analytical formalism, previously developed for estimating electron-absorbed fractions, was extended for estimating photon absorbed fractions in soft-tissue spheres, containing uniformly distributed photon-emitter. Analytical equations were formulated for calculating values of photon-absorbed fractions. The method involves a rescaling procedure with transformation of real biological sizes to unitless effective ones, combining information of photon energy, object’s size, and material. Rescaling was applied to large published datasets of photon absorbed fractions in soft-tissue spheres, computed with Monte Carlo codes. A new effect was demonstrated in which the rescaled data formed a single smooth ‘unified curve’ with saturation. The unified curve for photon absorbed fractions was described analytically, using simple equations without fitting parameters. The new method was tested for a wide range of spheres—from 1 mg up to 1000 kg, and wide range of photon energies—from 0.02 up to 5 MeV. For larger spheres, a close agreement between analytical values and Monte Carlo datasets was demonstrated. For small biovolumes, analytical equations predict higher values than available Monte Carlo data. The unified formalism is now available for direct calculating radiation absorbed fractions in soft-tissue spherical organs and organisms without Monte Carlo codes.

A Novel Double-Gate MOSFET Architecture as an Inverter

In this work, a novel structure of a double-gate MOSFET is proposed and simulated. The CMOS inverter action in a single device realized by combining p-mode and n-mode MOS transistors is presented. The main advantage of the proposed device is fewer transistors for implementing sequential and combinational circuits. The significant reduction of the transistors, while designing a combinational circuit, will enhance the electronic industry with less power consumption. In our proposed device, a single substrate is used in comparison to the conventional CMOS inverter. The proposed device reduces short channel effects at lesser channel length. For Lg = 50nm, the proposed device, as an inverter, offers a unique VTC curve, SNM, V-curve along with sound values of performance parameters individually for p-mode and n-mode. A significant reduction in the junctions, wells and oxide regions can be seen from the proposed inverter design. Besides the performance of the device, the fabrication steps and the layout of the DGMOSFET-I are also presented in work.

Prospective Study of Proton Therapy for Lung Cancer Patients with Poor Lung Function or Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Simple SummaryUnderlying lung disease can affect the pulmonary toxicity after radiotherapy for lung cancer, but treatment outcomes after proton beam therapy (PBT) for lung cancer patients with underlying lung disease have been limited to small retrospective studies. In this prospective study, we aimed to assess pulmonary toxicity following PBT for lung cancer with poor lung function or pulmonary fibrosis. We found that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was associated with severe pulmonary toxicity and poor survival even after PBT, while PBT seems to be a safe treatment modality for lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.PBT has a unique depth–dose curve with a Bragg peak that enables one to reduce the dose to normal lung tissue. We prospectively enrolled 54 patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with definitive PBT. The inclusion criteria were forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ≤ 1.0 L or FEV1 ≤ 50% of predicted or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLco) ≤ 50%, or pulmonary fibrosis. The primary endpoint was grade ≥ 3 pulmonary toxicity, and secondary endpoints were changes in pulmonary function and quality of life. The median age was 71.5 years (range, 57–87). Fifteen (27.8%) and fourteen (25.9%) patients had IPF and combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, respectively. The median predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, and DLco were 77% (range, 42–104%), 66% (range, 31–117%), and 46% (range, 23–94%), respectively. During the follow-up (median, 14.7 months), seven (13.0%) patients experienced grade ≥ 3 pulmonary toxicity. Seven months after the completion of PBT, patients with IPF or non-IPF interstitial lung disease (ILD) experienced a decrease in the FVC but the decrease in DLco was not significant. Under careful monitoring by pulmonologists, PBT could be a useful treatment modality for lung cancer patients with poor lung function or pulmonary fibrosis.

Monodromy bootstrap for SU(2|2) quantum spectral curves: from Hubbard model to AdS3/CFT2

We propose a procedure to derive quantum spectral curves of AdS/CFT type by requiring that a specially designed analytic continuation around the branch point results in an automorphism of the underlying algebraic structure. In this way we derive four new curves. Two are based on SU(2|2) symmetry, and we show that one of them, under the assumption of square root branch points, describes Hubbard model. Two more are based on SU(2|2) × SU(2|2). In the special subcase of zero central charge, they both reduce to the unique nontrivial curve which furthermore has analytic properties compatible with PSU(1, 1|2) × PSU(1, 1|2) real form. A natural conjecture follows that this is the quantum spectral curve of AdS/CFT integrable system with AdS3 × S3 × T4 background supported by RR-flux. We support the conjecture by verifying its consistency with the massive sector of asymptotic Bethe equations in the large volume regime. For this spectral curve, it is compulsory that branch points are not of the square root type which qualitatively distinguishes it from the previously known cases.

Instrumental Tip-of-the-iceberg Effects on the Prompt Emission of Swift/BAT Gamma-ray Bursts

Abstract The observed durations of prompt gamma-ray emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are often used to infer the progenitors and energetics of the sources. Inaccurate duration measurements will have a significant impact on constraining the processes powering the bursts. The “tip-of-the-iceberg” effect describes how the observed signal is lost into background noise; lower instrument sensitivity leads to higher measurement bias. In this study, we investigate how observing conditions, such as the number of enabled detectors, background level, and incident angle of the source relative to the detector plane, affect the measured duration of GRB prompt emission observed with the Burst Alert Telescope on board the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift/BAT). We generate “simple-pulse” light curves from an analytical fast rise exponential decay function and from a sample of eight real GRB light curves. We fold these through the Swift/BAT instrument response function to simulate light curves Swift/BAT would have observed for specific observing conditions. We find duration measurements are highly sensitive to observing conditions and the incident angle of the source has the highest impact on measurement bias. In most cases duration measurements of synthetic light curves are significantly shorter than the true burst duration. For the majority of our sample, the percentage of duration measurements consistent with the true duration is as low as ∼25%–45%. In this article, we provide quantification of the tip-of-the-iceberg effect on GRB light curves due to Swift/BAT instrumental effects for several unique light curves.

Experiences to date with the logistical management of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine.

The logistical management of an injectable therapy for the treatment of HIV can be expensive, time consuming, frustrating and riddled with barriers. In this Commentary, we describe our experiences to date with acquiring, storing, handling, administering and billing for long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine through four scenarios, each of which have presented their own unique obstacles and learning curves. At the time of writing, we have successfully transitioned four patients from the CUSTOMIZE trial to long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine. In doing so, we encountered a variety of barriers to acquiring, handling and administering the medication for both insured and uninsured patients; it is expensive, on a limited number of insurance formularies, and often requires a prior authorization from the provider. Cold-chain handling of the injectable therapy, along with individual patient characteristics, present barriers to management and administration of this therapy. Whilst a seemingly very attractive option for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults, long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine present a variety of challenges to pharmacists, providers and clinic staff on how to obtain it for and administer it to the patient. We plan to continue documenting our experiences, progress and successes, or lack thereof, in order to fine-tune our process and share with others.

On the determination of oil charge history and the practical application of molecular maturity markers

Determining the thermal maturity and the charge history of crude oil to any reservoir, has key implications for understanding petroleum generation, accumulation history and hence identification of exploration potential. In this paper we combine studies of several source rock sequences and associated crude oils using quantitative component concentration data in addition to traditional molecular marker ratio parameter approaches. The case history studies include examination of organic-rich sapropelic marine source rocks from the Second White Speckled Shale Formation (2 WS Fm.), in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the upper Jurassic Draupne Fm. in the North Sea and their related oils. Each molecular component in the petroleum has a unique concentration evolution curve during source rock maturation, in which n-alkanes, light aromatic hydrocarbons and diamondoid hydrocarbons increase in concentration with increasing maturity, while biomarkers decrease in concentration with maturity. This maturity dependent concentration variation plus the ubiquitous mixing of multiple oils in the reservoir is a key process that complicates the direct application of qualitative molecular marker ratio approaches to analysis of petroleum systems. We suggest an alternative maturity assessment approach using maturation calibrated curves of absolute concentrations of biomarkers and other alkanes in petroleum, coupled with selected aromatic hydrocarbon ratios to track the maturity/petroleum mass fraction relationships for a reservoired oil mixture in a more complex but realistic manner. Isoprenoid alkanes show less variation in concentration with maturity than other components and may be used as an internal reference point for mass fraction maturity and charge history assessment. Using component concentration data normalized to the concentration of the isoprenoid alkanes and calibrated using source rock analyses at different maturity levels from a single petroleum system (2WS), a simple mass balance model was constructed that allowed aggregate concentration data to be calculated for any mixture of oils produced in a prescribed oil charge history. In principle any charge history can be simulated using this approach and comparing the modelled and actual quantitative compositional profiles of crude oils allows differentiation of the more plausible and implausible oil charge histories for that particular reservoir. Clearly considerable refinement of this approach is needed but it appears that such a procedure has the potential, if developed further, to be a useful addition to the arsenal of petroleum geochemists and basin modelers. Knowing what a typical complete charge mass fraction maturity profile would look like for a given source rock type, enables the estimation of missing charge in the basin, allows the detection of complex multi-history charge scenarios, and provides a much more robust and complete data set for calibration of basin model charge history assessments. It also, with further development may be integrated into stochastic basin modelling approaches to study petroleum systems.

A type-curve method for two-phase flowback analysis in hydraulically fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs

As a powerful technique for quantitative production data analysis, type curves play an essential role in estimating reservoir and fracture properties. However, two-phase flow after hydraulic fracturing furthers the governing equation's nonlinearity and introduces substantial errors in type-curve analysis, which must be extended to two-phase systems. This study presents a new type-curve method to characterize hydraulic fracture (HF) attributes and dynamics by analyzing two-phase flowback data from multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The proposed method is, to the best of our knowledge, the first semi-analytical type-curve approach that not only considers the two-phase flow in both fracture and matrix, but also takes variable BHP and rate conditions. Meanwhile, a new set of dimensionless groups are proposed to incorporate the complexity of the coupled two-phase flow in fracture and matrix into one unique curve, rather than families of curves, which significantly reduces the non-uniqueness issue of type-curve matching for MFHWs. Unlike other two-phase type curves, the pressure and saturation dependent parameters in the dimensionless groups are rigorously evaluated at the average properties within the HF based on the material balance equations. The accuracy of the proposed method is tested using the synthetic data generated from six numerical simulation cases for shale gas and oil reservoirs. The numerical validation confirms the unique behavior of type curves during fracture boundary dominated flow and verifies the accuracy of the type-curve analysis in the characterization of fracture properties. For field application, the proposed method is applied to two MFHWs in Marcellus shale gas and Eagle Ford shale oil. The agreement of interpreted results between the proposed method and straight-line analysis not only demonstrates the practicality in field application but also illustrates the superiority of the type-curve method as an easy-to-use technique to analyze two-phase flowback data.

Establishing long-term nitrogen response of global cereals to assess sustainable fertilizer rates

Insight into the response of cereal yields to nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental to improving nutrient management and policies to sustain economic crop benefits and food sufficiency with minimum nitrogen pollution. Here we propose a new method to assess long-term (LT) regional sustainable nitrogen inputs. The core is a novel scaled response function between normalized yield and total net nitrogen input. The function was derived from 25 LT field trials for wheat, maize and barley in Europe, Asia and North America and is fitted by a second-order polynomial (R2 = 0.82). Using response functions derived from common short-term field trials, with soil nitrogen not in steady state, gives the risks of soil nitrogen depletion or nitrogen pollution. The scaled LT curve implies that the total nitrogen input required to attain the maximum yield is independent of this maximum yield as postulated by Mitscherlich in 1924. This unique curve was incorporated into a simple economic model with valuation of externalities of nitrogen surplus as a function of regional per-capita gross domestic product. The resulting LT sustainable nitrogen inputs range from 150 to 200 kgN ha−1 and this interval narrows with increasing yield potential and decreasing gross domestic product. The adoption of LT response curves and external costs in cereals may have important implications for policies and application ceilings for nitrogen use in regional and global agriculture and ultimately the global distribution of cereal production.

Universal Scaling for the Exit Dynamics of Block Copolymers from Micelles at Short and Long Time Scales.

The correlation function for the exit of poloxamer copolymers from equilibrated micelles is found to show up to four regimes depending on the chain flexibility: an initial fast reorganization, a logarithmic intermediate regime, followed by an exponential intermediate regime, and a final exponential decay. The logarithmic intermediate regime has been observed experimentally and attributed to the polydispersity of the polymer samples. However, we present dynamic single-chain mean-field theory simulations with chains of variable flexibility which show the same logarithmic relaxation but with strictly monodisperse systems. In agreement with our previous studies, we propose that this logarithmic response arises from a degeneracy of energy states of the hydrophobic block in the micelle core. For this to occur, a sufficiently large number of degenerate conformational states are required, which depend on the polymer flexibility and therefore should not be present for rigid polymers. Experimental results for monodisperse polymeric samples claiming the absence of such a logarithmic response may also lack a sufficient number of hydrophobic blocks for the required number of configurational states for this type of response to be seen. The insight gained from analyzing the simulation results allows us to propose a modified Eyring equation capable of reproducing the observed dynamic behavior. On scaling experimental results from different sources and systems according to this equation, we find a unique master curve showing a universal nature of the intermediate regimes: the logarithmic regime together with the secondary exponential decay. The terminal exponential regime at long times proposed by the standard Halperin and Alexander model is beyond the range of the data analyzed in this article. The universality observed suggests an entropic origin of the short-time dynamic response of this class of systems rather than the polydispersity.

Effect of Delamination and Grain Refinement on Fracture Energy of Ultrafine-Grained Steel Determined Using an Instrumented Charpy Impact Test.

Improving the balance of strength and toughness in structural materials is an ongoing challenge. Delamination and grain refinement are some of the methods used to do this. In this paper, two different steels, 0.15% C–0.3% Si–1.5% Mn–Fe and 0.4% C–2% Si–1% Cr–1% Mo–Fe (mass %), were prepared. Two steel bars with an ultrafine elongated grain (UFEG) structure were fabricated via multipass warm caliber rolling. The UFEG steels were characterized by a strong <110>//rolling-direction fiber texture. The transverse grain size, dt, was 1.0 µm for the low-carbon steel and 0.26 µm for the medium-carbon steel. For comparison, conventional heat-treated steels were also fabricated. An instrumented Charpy impact test was performed, and the impact load (P) and deflection (u) during the test were recorded. The P–u relations at the test temperature at which delamination fracture occurred exhibited a unique curve. Delamination effectively enhances the low-temperature toughness, and this was characterized by a plateau region of constant load in the P–u curve. Assuming no delamination, two routes in the P–u curves, the ductile route and the brittle route, were proposed. The results showed that the proposed methods can be predicted by an energy curve for ultrafine grained steels. Delamination is a more effective method of enhancing toughness for ultra-high-strength steels.

Establishing Stage–Discharge Rating Curves in Developing Countries: Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia

A significant constraint in water resource development in developing countries is the lack of accurate river discharge data. Stage–discharge measurements are infrequent, and rating curves are not updated after major storms. Therefore, the objective is to develop accurate stage–discharge rating curves with limited measurements. The Lake Tana basin in the upper reaches of the Blue Nile in the Ethiopian Highlands is typical for the lack of reliable streamflow data in Africa. On average, one stage–discharge measurement per year is available for the 21 gaging stations over 60 years or less. To obtain accurate and unique stage–discharge curves, the discharge was expressed as a function of the water level and a time-dependent offset from zero. The offset was expressed as polynomial functions of time (up to order 4). The rating curve constants and the coefficients for the polynomial were found by minimizing the errors between observed and predicted fluxes for the available stage–discharge data. It resulted in unique rating curves with R2 &gt; 0.85 for the four main rivers. One of the river bottoms of the alluvial channels increased in height by up to 3 m in 60 years. In the upland channels, most offsets changed by less than 50 cm. The unique rating curves that account for temporal riverbed changes can aid civil engineers in the design of reservoirs, water managers in improving reservoir management, programmers in calibration and validation of hydrology models and scientists in ecological research.

Experimental investigation of ion recombination in a locally made low-voltage ionization chamber

In this study, the weak alpha radiation sources and the beta radiation by the effect of them on the electrical conductivity of air inside the ionization chamber are studied by measuring the produced current. The aim of this study is to make an ionization chamber to measure the ionization caused by weak radioactive sources which produce the electrical current at the order of femto- to pico-amperes and try to estimate the ion recombination coefficient at low ion densities. A parallel-plate ionization chamber with proper shielding and noise reduction circuits are made which measure data and sent them to a personal computer by USB port. The current-voltage characteristics of the ion chamber are measured when different radioactive sources are placed inside the chamber at the different separation of electrodes. The recombination constant obtained is estimated equal to 1.18 × 10−6 cm3/s. It is shown that current-voltage characteristic for ion chamber with different electrode separation lies on a unique curve by a proper normalization in the pico- and femto-ampere current range.

Обратная задача циклографического моделирования пространственной кривой

The objective of the present study is to justify the possibility of constructive and analytic solution to the inverse problem of cyclographic modeling of a curve of space R3 and development of a respective algorithm. The orthogonal projection and the two components of the cyclographic projection of a spatial curve form a triad of elements in plane z=0. These elements are the result of the direct problem solution and constitute the basis for the inverse problem solution. The direct problem consists in construction in plane z=0 of a cyclographic projection (a model) of a given spatial curve, while the inverse problem consists in determination of a spatial curve given its cyclographic projection. Insufficient knowledge on the inverse problem as well as its relevance in practical applications, e.g. in cutting tool trajectory calculation for pocket machining of mechanical engineering products on NC units, make urgent the definition and the solution of the inverse problem. In the present paper a simple convex closed curve is considered as the given cyclographic projection. It is proven that there exists a unique spatial curve, for which the given curve constitutes a cyclographic projection. The algorithm for the inverse problem solution is demonstrated on examples.

Robust measurements of the electron-neutral collision frequency using plasma impedance probes

Local measurement of ionospheric parameters such as electron density, electron neutral collision frequency, neutral density, and the background temperature has a great benefit to improve the empirical models and validate remote observations of the lower ionosphere. One of the well-established instruments that have been used on rocket payloads and satellites to study the dynamic and temporal evolution of the ionospheric plasma is the plasma impedance probe (PIP). The PIP consists of an electrically short antenna that has a radiating part when placed in a plasma environment. It has been shown that the variation of characteristic features of the antenna input impedance is modified by local plasma parameters which can be used to infer ionospheric parameters. This paper aims at combining different aspects of the PIP characteristic impedance curve in order to make the measurements of local plasma parameters robust. The idea of using two different antenna types on the same payload is investigated. The input phase information along with the input impedance amplitude is employed for the first time to examine the idea of using two antenna types as PIP on the same mission for exact ionospheric plasma and neutral density observations. The unique impedance characteristic curves of dipole and patch antennas are shown to be able to enhance the accuracy of the observations.

Two Leishmania species separation targeting the ITS-rDNA and Cyt b genes by developing and evaluating HRM- qPCR.

Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis as an infectious and neglected disease is increasing, for the diagnosis of which several traditional methods and conventional PCR techniques have been developed, employing different genes for species identification. Leishmania parasites were sampled, DNA was extracted, and new specific and sensitive primers were designed. Two ITS-rDNA and Cyt b genes were targeted by qPCR using the High- Resolution Melting method to identify Leishmania parasites. The standard curves were drawn, compared, and identified by high-resolution melting curve analysis. Melting temperature and Cycle of Threshold of ITS-rDNA was higher than Cyt b but Cyt b was more sensitive than ITS-rDNA when Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica were analyzed and evaluated. By aligning melt curves, normalizing fluorescence curves, and difference plotting melt curves, each Leishmania species was distinguished easily. L. major and L. tropica were separated at 83.6 °C and 84.7 °C, respectively, with less than 0.9 °C of temperature difference. Developing sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR based on EvaGreen could detect DNA concentration to less than one pmol. Precise identification of Leishmania parasites is crucial for strategies of disease control. Real-time PCR using EvaGreen provides rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of parasite's DNA. The modified High-Resolution Melting could determine unique curves and was able to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms according to small differences in the nucleotide content of Leishmania parasites.

Curious Case of the Pretracheal Stethoscope

Curious Case of the Pretracheal Stethoscope

Pressure fluctuations due to ‘trapped waves’ in the initial region of compressible jets

An experimental study is conducted on unsteady pressure fluctuations occurring near the nozzle exit and just outside the shear layer of compressible jets. These fluctuations are related to ‘trapped waves’ within the jet's potential core, as investigated and reported recently by other researchers. Round nozzles of three different diameters and rectangular nozzles of various aspect ratios are studied. The fluctuations manifest as a series of peaks in the spectra of the fluctuating pressure. Usually the first peak at the lowest frequency (fundamental) has the highest amplitude and the amplitude decreases progressively for successive peaks at higher frequencies. These ‘trapped wave spectral peaks’ are found to occur with all jets at high subsonic conditions and persist into the supersonic regime. Their characteristics and variations with axial and radial distances, jet Mach number and aspect ratio of the nozzle are documented. For round nozzles, the frequency of the fundamental is found to be independent of the jet's exit boundary layer characteristics and scales with the nozzle diameter. On a Strouhal number (based on diameter) versus jet Mach number plot it is represented by a unique curve. Relative to the fundamental the frequencies of the successive peaks are found to bear the ratios of 5/3, 7/3, 9/3 and so on, at a given Mach number. For rectangular nozzles, the number of peaks observed on the major axis is found to be greater than that observed on the minor axis by a factor approximately equal to the nozzle's aspect ratio; the fundamental is the same on either edge. For all nozzles the onset of screech tones appears as a continuation of the evolution of these peaks; it is as if one of these peaks abruptly increases in amplitude and turns into a screech tone as the jet Mach number is increased.

Abstract 12548: Temporal Strain Data Reconstruction From Echocardiographic Strain Graphs

Introduction: Myocardial strain imaging provides a complex dataset that is often reduced to a single parameter, global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS). Raw temporal strain data is largely unexplored and restricted as studies often only save images of graphs lacking numerical data. While certain strain imaging packages do allow for the prospective export of raw data, the task is slow, rarely done, and cannot be done retrospectively. The troves of retrospective strain studies saved as images can be unlocked by reconstructing the numerical values contained in strain graphs. Such a dataset would be critical to future artificial intelligence strain analysis and morphological detection of disease modalities. This study aims to investigate the methods of extracting and reconstructing strain curve graphs to raw numerical outputs. Methods: By using vendor-specific color recognition algorithms, individual curves can be isolated as scattergram type plots of pixels. These pixel locations are converted to temporal strain values by defining scale factors for the graph. Intelligence-guided filtering, interpolation, and curve overlap filling can convert the pixel scattergrams into clean and complete temporal strain data. Using a set of 21 studies each containing 3 views (2Ch, 4Ch, APLAx) with each view containing 6 regional curves, 378 unique curves were reconstructed and compared to prospectively exported temporal strain data. Results: Results demonstrate that this method reconstructs the numerical data with high accuracy and precision. The reconstructed data was compared with the exported numerical data, yielding an average R 2 of .996 with an average runtime per study of 7.32s. The minute deviation from fidelity can be attributed to the finite resolution of the pixels in the analyzed graph. Discussion: Highly accurate temporal data can be extracted from routine strain graphs in clinical studies, which may allow for more nuanced assessment and deep learning of strain.

Detection of Unwanted Odors using Unmasking Odor Algorithm (UOA)

A new approach to detection of the existence of unwanted odors after spraying the smart home and vehicular environment with perfumes is considered in the work. The approach is based on registering the response curve of an array of sensors to perfumes and to odors such as herbs, then using the proposed intersection algorithm to uncover the ability of the perfume to mask specific odors. Three odors (herbs) and three perfumes are tried and resulted in the ability of perfumes to mask two of the herbs, one deeper than the other. The response curve intersection technique (RCIT) provides the ability to unmask unwanted odor existence, thus forms the heart of the unmasking odor algorithms (UOA). Mathematical equations are used to prove the concept with digital logic is further used to support the presented algorithm. The research found that using the proposed technique, an odor masked by spraying of perfumes can be unmasked using the RCIT as the case in herb 3 presented in the work. The work also showed the unique curve shape for both perfumes and herbs and the fact that some herbs can be easily masked and hidden within the response of perfumes. In addition, it is shown that the perfumes response is much more complex compared to herbs