Unidirectional Data Transfer Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Advanced Extensible Interface using Verilog

Abstract: Advanced eXtensible Interface, is an interface protocol defined by ARM as part of the AMBA standard. They comprise of AXI4, AXI4 Lite, AXI4 Stream. The AXI specification describes a point-to-point protocol between two interfaces, a master and a slave. The AXI protocol uses 5 channels, 2 for read transactions and 3 for write transactions. One of the key features of AXI4 is its support for burst transactions, which allows for efficient transfer of multiple data items in a single transaction, enhancing data throughput. AXI4-Lite is designed to provide a lightweight and efficient interface for communication between a master device and simpler peripheral devices or memory-mapped registers in a digital system. AXI4-Stream is developed for highthroughput, unidirectional data transfer between different components in a digital system. The design is done in Verilog.

Architecture of Hardware and Software for Unidirectional Data Transmission in Computer Networks

The results of a study of the architecture of hardware and software for unidirectional data transmission in computer networks are presented. The architecture is presented in the form of optical galvanic isolation, media converters and proxy servers, excluding bidirectional data transmission at the hardware level. Work on unidirectional data transmission is carried out on the basis of the UDP transport protocol, which provides operation without establishing bidirectional interaction. Unidirectional data transfer is carried out by a proxy server running a special sender’s software that performs unidirectional data file transfer. This software converts the source data file into a unidirectional stream of UDP datagrams. To receive a unidirectional stream of UDP datagrams, a proxy server is used, on which the recipient’s special software is running. The receiving proxy server receives, processes and generates the source data file. The reliability of the unidirectional transmission of data files is ensured by redundancy (multiple transmission) and checksum verification.

Exploring Half-Duplex Communication of NFC Read/Write Mode for Secure Multi-Factor Authentication

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a prominent short-range, contact-less communication technology, which is rapidly getting popular in modern smart devices. For communication between two active devices via NFC, applications generally choose the peer-to-peer operation mode. In this paper, we exploit the possibility of using the NFC read/write mode, designed primarily for unidirectional data transfer from an active NFC reader to a passive NFC tag, for bi-directional half-duplex communication between two active NFC devices. The advantages of using the NFC read/write mode include low protocol overhead and permitting different data formats. However, the challenges are avoiding the reader collision problem, maintaining a secure session, and completing all transactions in an acceptable time frame. In this paper, we address the above challenges and propose a methodology for efficient communication between active NFC devices using NFC read/write mode. To evaluate the scheme, we design a secure Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) system that requires bi-directional communication for mutually authenticating two NFC devices. The proposed methodology is experimentally verified using NFC-enabled Android smartphones and a Kerberos server as the third-party authenticator.

The on-line coupled atmospheric chemistry model system MECO(n) – Part 5: Expanding the Multi-Model-Driver (MMD v2.0) for 2-way data exchange including data interpolation via GRID (v1.0)

Abstract. As part of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), the Multi-Model-Driver (MMD v1.0) was developed to couple online the regional Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO) model into a driving model, which can be either the regional COSMO model or the global European Centre Hamburg general circulation model (ECHAM) (see Part 2 of the model documentation). The coupled system is called MECO(n), i.e., MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times. In this article, which is part of the model documentation of the MECO(n) system, the second generation of MMD is introduced. MMD comprises the message-passing infrastructure required for the parallel execution (multiple programme multiple data, MPMD) of different models and the communication of the individual model instances, i.e. between the driving and the driven models. Initially, the MMD library was developed for a one-way coupling between the global chemistry–climate ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) model and an arbitrary number of (optionally cascaded) instances of the regional chemistry–climate model COSMO/MESSy. Thus, MMD (v1.0) provided only functions for unidirectional data transfer, i.e. from the larger-scale to the smaller-scale models.Soon, extended applications requiring data transfer from the small-scale model back to the larger-scale model became of interest. For instance, the original fields of the larger-scale model can directly be compared to the upscaled small-scale fields to analyse the improvements gained through the small-scale calculations, after the results are upscaled. Moreover, the fields originating from the two different models might be fed into the same diagnostic tool, e.g. the online calculation of the radiative forcing calculated consistently with the same radiation scheme. Last but not least, enabling the two-way data transfer between two models is the first important step on the way to a fully dynamical and chemical two-way coupling of the various model instances.In MMD (v1.0), interpolation between the base model grids is performed via the COSMO preprocessing tool INT2LM, which was implemented into the MMD submodel for online interpolation, specifically for mapping onto the rotated COSMO grid. A more flexible algorithm is required for the backward mapping. Thus, MMD (v2.0) uses the new MESSy submodel GRID for the generalised definition of arbitrary grids and for the transformation of data between them.In this article, we explain the basics of the MMD expansion and the newly developed generic MESSy submodel GRID (v1.0) and show some examples of the abovementioned applications.

Bidirectional Data Exchange between C++ and Prolog for Robot Task Planning in the Hybrid Control Architecture

To realize hierarchical robot task planning in the hybrid deliberative/reactive control architecture, C++ and Prolog are integrated to implement qualitative reasoning and quantitative calculation. With respect to a typical case in service robot operation studies, two experiments are conducted to examine “Prolog loading C++ programs” and “C++ loading Prolog programs”. They get the results of unidirectional data transfer and bidirectional data transfer between the two kinds of software, respectively. The research method is extendable to different engineering applications and different Prolog development environments.

Ultra Low Power Data Aggregation for Request Oriented Sensor Networks

Abstract —Request oriented sensor networks have stricter requirements than conventional event-driven or periodic report models. Therefore, in this paper we propose a minimum energy data aggregation (MEDA), which meets the requirements for request oriented sensor networks by exploiting a low power real-time scheduler, on-demand time synchronization, variable response frame structure, and adaptive retransmission. In addition we introduce a test bed consisting of a number of MEDA prototypes, which support near real-time bidirectional sensor networks. The experimental results also demonstrate that the MEDA guarantees deterministic aggregation time, enables minimum energy operation, and provides a reliable data aggregation service. Keywords —Data Aggregation, Energy Efficient, Low Power Listening, Medium Access Control, Request Oriented, Sensor Networks 1. I NTRODUCTION Over the last decade, the rapid advances in wireless sensor networks have enabled the development of a variety of sensor network applications. However, in spite of their diversity, most sensor network applications are designed based on an event-driven or periodic reportmodel. The event-driven model performs a periodic sensing function. Furthermore, only if a sensing target is detected or sensed value is above the predetermined threshold value will each sensor transmit the sensed data to the server through the sensor network. This model is mainly used in military, security, or surveillance applications. On the other hand, in the periodic report model, each sensor node transmits the sensed data to the server at a predetermined interval. Many applications for monitoring environmental changes in a certain area are mainly utilizing the periodic report model. However, since these two representative sensor network models are based on the unidirectional data transfer model, it is hard to deal with various queries or real-time requests from a server. Recently, demands for more flexible and extensible sensor network applications that are based on bidirectional communications, such as the service-centric sensor network model [1], in which a variety of tasks (services) are executed cooperatively according to various service requests or missions from a server, are arising. In order to support such applications, a request oriented sensor network model is required, instead of an event-driven or periodic report model. The request oriented sensor network model has the specific requirements, in addition to the

Performance modeling of the IrDA protocol for infrared wireless communications

This article presents a performance analysis of the IrDA protocol used for short-range IR data communication using an analytical mathematical model. The IrDA protocol specifies a protocol stack for reliable short-range infrared wireless data communication between devices with the data link layer (IrLAP) being an HDLC derivative. The mathematical model is based on unidirectional data transfer and uses the concept of the virtual transmission time, which provides the average end-to-end transmission time of a packet, incorporating the time for retransmissions if packet errors occur or other enforced delays. Analytical results are produced for throughput against packet size, BER and minimum turnaround time. They indicate certain limitations of the protocol for efficient throughput at high data speeds, and indicate that the maximum frame size and window size should be increased and the minimum turnaround time minimized for improved results.