Unidirectional Relationship Research Articles

Unpacking the Myth in the Associations Between Self-control and Gaming Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Comparison Between Traditional and Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model Analyses

AbstractInternet gaming is becoming increasingly popular; however, children and adolescents are highly vulnerable to gaming disorder due to the underdevelopment of cognitive control. Longitudinal research providing empirical evidence confirming the stability and direction of the association between self-control and gaming disorder is scarce. This study is aimed at clarifying whether prospective relationships exist between self-control and gaming disorder in children and adolescents or whether they are associated due to common causes. We examined the temporal dynamics of the associations between self-control and gaming disorder symptom severity using a traditional cross-lagged panel model (CLPM; aggregating between- and within-person variance) and a random intercept CLPM (RI-CLPM; disaggregating between- and within-person effects) with three-annual wave data from a large cohort of primary and secondary students (N = 1359, mean age 12.67 (SD 1.40), 834 (61.7%) girls). The traditional CLPM indicated a unidirectional negative relationship from self-control to later gaming disorder (B with 95% confidence interval [CI] = − 0.12 [− 0.19, − 0.040]), whereas the RI-CLPM analysis revealed no prospective relationship between self-control and gaming disorder (95% CIs of Bs all contain 0), indicating that self-control was neither the cause nor the result of gaming disorder in children and adolescents. Our study revealed that the nature of the relationship between self-control and gaming disorder tends to be correlational but not causal. The potential common underlying factors for future research are discussed.

Immigration, Growth and Unemployment: Panel VAR Evidence From Ε.U. Countries

AbstractMigration is primarily propelled by economic and security considerations. As of 2021, the European Union (EU) housed 23.7 million non-EU citizens, emphasizing the crucial need to evaluate the economic ramifications of migration within the EU. This research seeks to scrutinize the impact of migration on economic development and unemployment across the 27 EU nations from 1990 to 2020, utilizing a PVAR model. The Pesaran CIPS test (2007) was employed for second-generation unit root testing, while cointegration was examined using the ARDL panel model. The ARDL panel model and error correction model were employed to assess causal relationships and their directions. Initial tests indicated that the fixed effects model was the most suitable, and there existed cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity among EU countries. Furthermore, second-generation unit root tests indicated that the variables were integrated at order I(0) or I(1). The study’s findings demonstrate a significant positive correlation between both GDP per capita and the unemployment rate with the net migration rate to EU countries. Causal effects revealed a bidirectional long-term causal relationship between migration and unemployment, as well as a unidirectional long-term causal relationship between growth and migration, and growth and unemployment. Short-term Granger causality indicated a bidirectional causal relationship among all the variables under examination.

PENGARUH KETERLIBATAN ORANG TUA TERHADAP AKHLAK SISWA

This research aims to determine the influence of parental involvement on student morals. This research uses a quantitative approach, and the type of research used is a survey. The results show that there is an influence between parental involvement and student morals. This is known from the results of the level correlation test (Spearman rank). Researchers produced a significance value of 0.007 which is lower than 0.05. Based on the basis of decision making, there is an influence between variables x and y if the significance value is less than 0.05, but there is no influence between variables x and y if the significance value is higher. Apart from that, it is known that the coefficient number is 0.353, which means it has a positive value, which means that when X and Y increase, there is a unidirectional relationship, and the coefficient classification is at a low level of strength/relationship.

Effects of Financial Inclusion and Out of Pockets Cost on Human Health (1990 - 2020)

Abstract This study examined the dynamic relationship amongst financial inclusion, out of pocket expenditure and health outcome proxied by life expectancy. This was with the view to investigate the effects of financial inclusion and out-of-pocket medical expenses on health outcomes as well as the causal connections between various variables in Nigeria. Time series data from 1990 through 2020 were analysed using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and pairwise granger causality as the estimation technique. The study found a positive relationship between financial inclusion and health outcomes and there was a bidirectional causal relationship between financial inclusion and life expectancy and a unidirectional causal relationship running from out-ofpocket expenditure to life expectancy at 5% significance level and vice versa. The study also revealed that financial inclusion had a positive and significant effect on life expectancy in Nigeria. Also, out of pocket expenditure had revealed not to be statistically significant on life expectancy in the long-run.

Ugly produce and food waste management: An analysis based on a social cognitive perspective

Despite a proliferation of literature exploring and testing marketing measures to overcome consumer barriers towards ugly produce, acceptance of it and the adoption of sustainable behaviours remain far from unanimous. The current research explores the role of an #imperfect-produce Instagram community in fostering shared knowledge and beliefs that establish positive social norms towards ugly produce. We employed a non-random sampling methodology to analyse the #imperfect-produce community on Instagram, chosen for its active and abundant nature in documenting visually imperfect produce. Following a comprehensive inclusion/exclusion criterion, we collected a sample of posts spanning May 2021 to May 2023 and conducted a thematic approach to analyse the data through manual sifting and coding. Four themes of shared content emerged within the hashtag thread, highlighting distinct unidirectional causal relationships among the three factors (Behavioural, Personal and Environmental) of social cognitive theory (SCT). The findings indicate that online communities formed by like-minded individuals create supportive communities that normalise sustainable behaviours and encourage social modelling. This research offers managers and marketers valuable insights into leveraging online communities and provides a foundation for future research. It also addresses a critical gap in SCT literature, which has previously neglected the impact of contextual factors.

Mineral resources and intellectual capital: Asymmetrical impacts and sustainable development outcomes

The existence and use of natural resources, and the impact that they have on sustainable development is a topic that has received significant attention, with a particular focus on the “resource curse hypothesis.” However, there is limited research that explores the combined role of natural resources and human capital, specifically when it comes to the realm of endogenous sustainable development. This study, therefore, takes into account this research gap, and investigates the interrelationship between natural resources, human capital, and sustainable development, specifically in the context of China. By conducting an advanced econometric analysis, we have examined the influence of oil rents, forest rents, and mineral rents on China's economic growth from the years spanning from 1992 to 2022, while considering the control variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI) and research and development (R&D) expenditures. Our findings have revealed an asymmetric impact of mineral rents and oil rents on economic growth, while forest rents have shown a positive and considerable influence as well. This essentially indicates the presence of beneficial effects from forest resources. Moreover, we have also observed a positive association between human capital and economic expansion. in addition to this, expenditures such as those pertaining to FDI and R&D are shown to stimulate economic growth in China. Furthermore, this study also finds bi-directional causality between oil rents, FDI, and human capital, while forest rents, mineral rents, and R&D expenditures show an uni-directional causal relationship with economic growth in China. Our study contributes towards the understanding of the complex dynamics that exist between natural resources, human capital, and sustainable development in China. These findings have policy implications for sustainable development through resource management, human capital development, and technological innovation.

ICT penetration and life expectancy in emerging market economies: panel evidence from asymmetric causality analysis

BackgroundLife expectancy is a significant result indicator of public health and sustainable development. Therefore, one of the final objectives of all economic and social policies is to increase the life expectancy. In this context, a limited number of researchers have investigated the relationship between ICT penetration and life expectancy. However, multiple interaction channels exist between ICT penetration and life expectancy. Furthermore, the studies have usually focused on the effect of ICT penetration on life expectancy through regression and ignored the effect of life expectancy on ICT penetration to a large extent. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the empirical literature by investigating the causal relationship between ICT indicators and life expectancy.MethodsThis study uses symmetric and asymmetric causality approaches to investigate the two-way interaction between ICT indicators and life expectancy in emerging market economies over the 1997–2020 period. Employment of the asymmetric causality test enables us to analyze the hidden relationships between ICT indicators and life expectancy, unlike the traditional causality test.ResultsThe results of the symmetric causality test uncover a bidirectional causal interaction between mobile subscriptions and life expectancy but a one-way causal relationship from life expectancy to internet usage. However, the asymmetric causality test results uncover a unidirectional causal relationship between mobile subscriptions and life expectancy in China, Colombia, Czechia, Egypt, Greece, India, Kuwait and Turkiye due to positive shocks from mobile subscriptions. On the other hand, a bidirectional causal interaction exists between internet usage and life expectancy in all countries due to negative shocks from internet usage and life expectancy. Last, a unidirectional causal relationship exists between internet usage and life expectancy in all countries due to positive shocks from internet usage.ConclusionICT indicators significantly influence life expectancy health in a sample of emerging market economies. Therefore, internet usage and mobile devices are significant tools to improve life expectancy.

Private and Public Investment: Are they Substitute or Complementary in Driving Economic Growth in Nigeria?

The paper investigates the relationship between government and private investment with a view to ascertaining their complementarity or substitutability in driving economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1981-2021. To achieve the objective, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) models and nonlinear Granger causality tests were employed to analyze annual secondary data which were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Findings show that government investment expenditure displayed a positive and long-term influence on private investment, suggesting a “crowding-in” effect where increased public investment stimulates private investment thereby fostering overall economic growth. Economic adversities or reduced public investment exerted a substantial negative impact on private investment, underscoring the complementarity of government investment expenditure in driving economic growth in Nigeria. Also, the nonlinear Granger causality tests reveal unidirectional relationship as government investment expenditure causes private investment across various embedding dimensions, emphasizing the positive influence of government investment on private investment. The findings generally suggest the need for balanced fiscal policies, prioritizing productive government investments, encouraging private investment, controlling inflation, and making time-sensitive policy decisions to promote economic growth in Nigeria.

Urbanisation and Economic Growth: Some Insights from the Himalayan State of Sikkim

Sikkim has experienced rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, particularly since the implementation of the North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy in 2007 (NEIIPP 2007). Though urbanisation and economic growth are inextricably linked, previous research findings on their causal relationships appear to be contradictory. Increased urbanisation/industrialisation seemed to enrage the Sikkimese, not because of revenue generation or environmental concerns, but because of their disproportionate share of employment opportunities in comparison to outsiders. Using secondary data, this article investigated two critical research questions: (a) Whether urbanisation is a result of or a cause of economic growth; and (b) Has Sikkim’s industrialisation, largely fuelled by the NEIIPP 2007, benefited locals? The causality test revealed a unidirectional relationship between the two, with urbanisation causing economic growth. Despite attracting migrant labour, Sikkim’s increased industrialisation/urbanisation has significantly reduced poverty and unemployment. JEL Codes: H20, L59, O10, O15, O25, R23

Impact of Rural Infrastructure on Agricultural Growth in Tamil Nadu: Econometric Analysis by VECM

The present study examined the impact of rural infrastructure investment on the agriculture and economic growth of Tamil Nadu, applying the VECM. The study further examined the causal relationship between dependent and independent variables using the VECM Granger-causality test from 1990-91 to 2020-21. The study considered the influence of economic reforms on economic growth. The estimated results of co-integration showed that there was a long-run relationship among the variables. The VECM results confirmed a long-run relationship among the variables. The estimated results of the Granger-causality analysis indicated a unidirectional causal relationship between AC and GAP was significant statistically and no relationship between GSDP and AC. The decomposition results suggested that the economic growth variation was explained mainly by agriculture credit. The findings would be helpful to policymakers in developing appropriate strategies in the state.

Causal Association of Telomere Length and Loss of Bone: a Directional Mendelian Randomization Study of Multi-Outcomes.

This study employed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the relationship between telomere length and marginal bone loss (MBL), a marker of bone health and aging. Telomere length, a biological indicator of aging, was analyzed alongside several serum markers of bone loss. Following a screen for appropriate instrumental variables, telomere length was designated as the exposure variable. We conducted the main analysis using random-effects inverse variance weighting (IVW) and supplemented it with MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode analyses, employing a total of five methods. Positive outcomes underwent scrutiny through heterogeneity analysis, horizontal multiplicity analysis, and leave-one-out plot. Subsequently, the effective gene locus was chosen for a reverse MR analysis, with positive results serving as the exposure variable. We found a causal relationship between telomere length and the expression of osteocalcin (OC), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), key markers of bone metabolism. Our findings suggest that telomere wear and shortening may contribute to increased activity of OC, MMP-3, and MMP-12, thus affecting bone metabolism. However, reverse Mendelian randomization analysis did not indicate a significant impact of OC, MMP-3, and MMP-12 on telomere length, implying a unidirectional relationship. Overall, this meta-analysis underscores the association between telomere length and bone loss, highlighting the importance of timing and duration of telomere wear and shortening in influencing bone metabolism.

The role of outward foreign direct investment as a filter for high energy intensity economies in the European Union

This study examines the effects of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on energy intensity among the member countries of the European Union between 2000 and 2021. This relationship is deemed important in elucidating whether there is a process of filtering out energy-intensive companies where the use of FDI is employed to lead out production and improve energy intensity in the source country of the investment. To estimate this relationship, we employ feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) and panel corrected standard error (PCSE) for robustness purposes. Additionally, we complement our results with an estimation of the Granger causality relationships between our variables. Our findings reveal a highly significant trend wherein outward FDI from European Union countries tends to reduce energy intensity, thereby enhancing the productivity of the source countries of the investment. Conversely, only the technological productivity ratio exhibits a unidirectional causal relationship with energy intensity, while GDP per capita and natural resource rents serve as causes of energy intensity and vice versa. From this study, some policy recommendations can be derived whereby the European Union can continue to incentivize this filtering process to ensure better technological advancement in its production system, thereby improving the efficiency of the European industrial fabric.

Penjualan dan Biaya Operasional terhadap Laba Bersih pada PT. Ricky Putra Globalindo Tbk

This research aims to examine the influence of sales and operational costs on PT. Ricky Putra Globalindo Tbk 's net profit during that period. The research method used is a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The research sample involved 32 quarterly reports of PT. Ricky Putra Globalindo Tbk from 2015 to 2022. The research results showed that sales had a unidirectional or positive relationship and partially had a significant effect on net profit. On the other hand, operational costs have a unidirectional or negative relationship and partially have a significant effect on net profit. Conclusion, the implications of these findings can be used as a strategic basis for companies in managing sales and operational costs to increase financial stability. Keywords: Operational Costs, Net Profit, Sales

The Relationship of the Teachers’ Growth Mindset to the Students’Mutual Cooperation Character in Primary School

The teacher's mindset will influence learning strategies such as designing or implementing learning. Furthermore, the strategies created by teachers will influence student character development. This research is motivated by the absence of other research that discusses the relationship between elementary school teachers' growth mindset and the cooperation character of elementary school students. This research aims to describe the growth mindset profile of elementary school teachers and find the relationship between elementary school teachers' growth mindset and students' cooperation character. The research was an ex post facto correlational design involving 30 elementary school teachers as research subjects. Data was collected through non-test methods, using questionnaires and checklist sheets. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive and single predictor regression analysis techniques. The research results show that most teachers have a growth mindset with some fixed ideas. A correlation coefficient of 0.769 was also obtained, meaning there is a strong and unidirectional relationship between the growth mindset of elementary school teachers and the students' cooperative character. This research implies that more training can be held to shape the growth mindset of teachers so that they can take more of a role in improving students' cooperative character.

Associations between disturbed sleep and attenuated psychotic experiences in people at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Pre-diagnostic stages of psychotic illnesses, including 'clinical high risk' (CHR), are marked by sleep disturbances. These sleep disturbances appear to represent a key aspect in the etiology and maintenance of psychotic disorders. We aimed to examine the relationship between self-reported sleep dysfunction and attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) on a day-to-day basis. Seventy-six CHR young people completed the Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) component of the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction Study, collected through PsyMate® devices, prompting sleep and symptom questionnaires 10 times daily for 6 days. Bayesian multilevel mixed linear regression analyses were performed on time-variant ESM data using the brms package in R. We investigated the day-to-day associations between sleep and psychotic experiences bidirectionally on an item level. Sleep items included sleep onset latency, fragmentation, and quality. Psychosis items assessed a range of perceptual, cognitive, and bizarre thought content common in the CHR population. Two of the seven psychosis variables were unidirectionally predicted by previous night's number of awakenings: every unit increase in number of nightly awakenings predicted a 0.27 and 0.28 unit increase in feeling unreal or paranoid the next day, respectively. No other sleep variables credibly predicted next-day psychotic symptoms or vice-versa. In this study, the relationship between sleep disturbance and APS appears specific to the item in question. However, some APS, including perceptual disturbances, had low levels of endorsement amongst this sample. Nonetheless, these results provide evidence for a unidirectional relationship between sleep and some APS in this population.

Utilizing systematic Mendelian randomization to identify potential therapeutic targets for mania.

Mania has caused incalculable economic losses for patients, their families, and even society, but there is currently no effective treatment plan for this disease without side effects. Using bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization methods, potential drug target genes and key substances associated with mania were explored at the mRNA level. We used the chip expression profile from the GEO database to screen differential genes and used the eQTL and mania GWAS data from the IEU database for two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine core genes by colocalization. Next, we utilized bioinformatics analysis to identify key substances involved in the mechanism of action and determined related gene targets as drug targets. After differential expression analysis and MR, a causal relationship between the expression of 46 genes and mania was found. Colocalization analysis yielded six core genes. Five key substances were identified via enrichment analysis, immune-related analysis, and single-gene GSVA analysis of the core genes. MR revealed phenylalanine to be the only key substance that has a unidirectional causal relationship with mania. In the end, SBNO2, PBX2, RAMP3, and QPCT, which are significantly associated with the phenylalanine metabolism pathway, were identified as drug target genes. SBNO2, PBX2, RAMP3, and QPCT could serve as potential target genes for mania treatment and deserve further basic and clinical research. Medicinal target genes regulate the phenylalanine metabolism pathway to achieve the treatment of mania. Phenylalanine is an important intermediate substance in the treatment of mania that is regulated by drug target genes.

Analysis of Factors that Influence Fishermen's Production Results in Prigi Nusantara Fishery Port (Ppn) Watulimo District, Trenggalek District

One of the economic sectors that contributes to the development of the national economy is the marine and fisheries sector. The fishing industry plays a bigger role during economic downturns, particularly when it comes to earning foreign exchange. Meanwhile, the aim of this research is to find out whether there is an influence of production capital on Product of the fishermen in the Trenggalek Regency's Prigi Village, Watulimo District Secondly, to determine if labor has an impact on the productivity of fishermen in Trenggalek Regency's Prigi Village, Watulimo District. The type of research used is a quantitative descriptive approach, basically emphasizing the statistical processing of data analysis in the form of numerical values. It is clear from the multiple linear regression analysis results that the capital value is 33,939, meaning it shows the direction of a positive or unidirectional relationship between capital and production results. The labor value of Labor -4210,909 shows a negative or unidirectional relationship with production results. Meanwhile, There is a duration of -132,287, indicating a negative or unidirectional relationship with production results.

Calculation and Cause Analysis of Hidden Unemployment—A Case Study of the Northeast State-Owned Forest Areas in China

The Northeast State-owned Forest Areas comprise the largest region of resources in China. The transformation of the Northeast State-owned Forest Areas is due to various stimuli, such as policies, systems, and markets. In the context of ecological construction and the reform of the state-owned forest system in Northeast China, these have undergone a transformation in terms of economy, society, and ecology. However, a mismatch persists between employment and industrial structures, leading to hidden unemployment. This study employs the framework of hidden unemployment theory, utilizing the Cobb–Douglas production function to quantify the hidden unemployment rate, revealing the relationship between transformation and hidden unemployment. Through this analysis, the underlying causes of hidden unemployment in Northeast China’s state-owned forest regions are scrutinized. There is a bidirectional causal relationship between ecological transformation and hidden unemployment, while there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic transformation and hidden unemployment. Variance decomposition analysis highlights the substantial contribution of social transformation, followed by economic transformation, with ecological transformation playing a comparatively smaller role. Based on the above research, this article proposes expediting the reforms within the forest industry groups, facilitating the separation of governmental and corporate interests. Additionally, it advocates for strategic forestry development planning to effectively absorb surplus labor, and proposes three policy directives aimed at supporting forest area employees, including provisions for job transfers and reemployment opportunities.

The Correlation between Thrombocyte, Hematocrit, and Leukocyte Count with Length of Hospitalization in Pediatric Patient with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus with mosquito vectors. Supporting examinations to determine the course of DHF include platelet counts, hematocrit values, and leukocyte counts. Length of hospitalization is the number of days when the patient receives treatment in the hospital, calculated when recorded as an inpatient until discharge from the hospital. This type of research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional research design. Cases of pediatric DHF at Bina Sehat Hospital Jember for the period 2020-2022 totaled 296 patients. Data were obtained using medical records. Of the 296 cases of pediatric DHF, samples were then taken by purposive sampling according to the researcher's criteria until 44 samples were obtained. The data were then analyzed using Rank Spearman. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a strong opposite relationship (p = 0.000; r = -0.562) between platelet count and length of hospitalization, a strong unidirectional relationship (p = 0.001; r = 0.495) between hematocrit value and length of hospitalization, and a strong opposite relationship (p = 0.005; r = -0.415) between leukocyte count and length of hospitalization. Suggestions for future research are to use other variables such as nutritional status, medical history, and other laboratory examinations. Keywords: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; Length of Hospitalization; Thrombocyte; Hematocrit; Leukocyte

Assessment of the Impact of Financial Intermediation on Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria from 1996 to 2022

This paper assesses financial intermediation in Nigeria and how it has impacted economic growth. The study sourced time series data between 1996 and 2022 from the Central Bank of Nigeria and utilized econometric techniques using Ordinary least square regression, Error correction model, and Pairwise Causality to assess the impact of the financial intermediation institutions on the growth of the nation's Gross Domestic Product. The paper focused on banks, capital markets, and the insurance industry being significant institutions in the financial system. The GDP is the dependent variable, while Credit to the Private Sector as a percentage of GDP (CPS/GDP) and Total Savings as a percentage of GDP (TS/GDP) were used as proxies for assessing banks' contributions to economic growth. Stock market capitalization was used as a proxy for the contribution of the capital market to economic growth, and Insurance industry assets were used as a proxy for the insurance industry's contribution to economic growth. The study revealed no co-integration and long-term relationship between economic growth and the financial intermediation variables. There was, however, a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and the banks and the capital markets. There was no causality between economic growth and insurance. We recommend that policymakers undertake periodic reforms to deepen the capacity of the institutions to support de-risking and funding small and medium enterprises and the agricultural value chain, which are vital channels for diversifying the economy. The regulatory authorities are pivotal in upscaling the institutions' contribution to economic development.