Unheated Condition Research Articles

Physical and chemical characterization of oil extracted from Citrofortunella microcarpa, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds

Consumable plant oils had been related with highly nutritional content and antioxidant source that provide crucial health benefits. Hence, in this study a series of experimental work and analysis were conducted to evaluate the practicability and the properties of oil extraction from seeds of calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The yield, antioxidant activities, iodine value, saponification value, and peroxide value of extracted seed oils were studied. Results obtained shown that among the three seeds species, calamansi seeds resulted in the highest yield of 32.7%, followed by roselle seeds with a yield of 11.00% and lastly, jackfruit seeds with the highest yield obtained was only 0.60%. Antioxidant activities conducted has shown that roselle with EC50 of 49.04 mg/mL has greater antioxidant properties as compared with calamansi with EC50 of 109.74 mg/mL. Iodine value determined for unheated oil has resulted in a value of 100.83 g I2/100g oil and 110.60 g I2/100g oil that has classified roselle and calamansi seeds oil under the non-drying oil categories and heating effect shown a slight decrease in the iodine value due to loss of unsaturation within the oil. Both calamansi and roselle seed oils did not show significance reduction in saponification value upon heating. Peroxide value for roselle and calamansi seeds oil under unheated condition was determined to be 10.36 meq/kg and 24.86 meq/kg respectively.

An experimental investigation of the flow characteristics and heat transfer properties of a heated and an unheated vertically positioned circular cylinder at different Reynolds numbers

This study investigated flow characteristics and heat transfer properties simultaneously around a heated circular cylinder vertically immersed in a water channel at different Reynolds (Re) numbers. The channel water temperature and heat flow were kept constant during the experiments. The results included time-averaged vorticity contours (<ω>), streamlines (<Ѱ>), turbulent kinetic energy (<TKE>), the root mean square value of the velocity component in the streamwise direction 〈Urms〉, and the root mean square value of the spanwise velocity component 〈Vrms〉. Thermal buoyancy forces disrupt the periodic vortex formation around the cylinder. Depending on the increased Richardson number, the dead flow zone grew significantly smaller and was eliminated at the value of Re=500 in such a way that it prevented flow separation. In the unheated condition, however, a higher turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) emerged around the junction in the wake region. In contrast, a high TKE was formed in the region closer to the cylinder wall with the cylinder being heated. At the Reynolds number of 5000, the effects of thermal buoyancy forces on the flow properties in the wake of the heated cylinder were found to be negligible. Even though the effects of the oscillations caused by thermal buoyancy forces persisted on the vortex formation due to the increased Reynolds number, the oscillation amplitudes significantly declined. It was noted that, at lower Reynolds numbers (especially Re=500, Re=1000, and Re=1500), the difference between the Nusselt (Nu) distribution around the cylinder was small and that the Nu distribution tended to form almost a straight line as a result of the increased thermal boundary layer thickness. The difference between the maximum and minimum Nusselt values around the cylinder increased directly to the rise in the Reynolds number. It, therefore, appeared that the higher the Reynolds numbers, the more the turbulence in such a way as to improve the heat transfer.

Developing a Noncontact Heating Matrix Spraying Apparatus with Controllable Matrix Film Formation for MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Matrix deposition plays an important role in obtaining high-quality and reliable molecular spatial location information for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). To control the matrix film formation, an automatic matrix spraying apparatus was developed with the introduction of a noncontact heating lamp. Compared with the unheated condition, the noncontact heating lamp suppressed the coffee-ring effect and the diffusion phenomenon of the analyte effectively by controllable matrix film formation. Meanwhile, the signal intensity was increased by 2-5 fold. To prove the ability of the matrix deposition apparatus, the apparatus combined with metabolomics analysis was used to show the spatial distribution of the substance in sprouted potato tubers. The potential biomarkers at m/z 868.5049 and m/z 852.5101 were identified as α-solanine and α-chaconine, and the synthesis pathways were further searched. To further demonstrate the quality of MALDI images including localization and spatial resolution, lipid distribution in rat brain tissue was investigated by the developed noncontact heating matrix spraying apparatus. An excellent match with distinguishable compartments of lipids in the rat brain was obtained between the H&E-stained sections and MALDI-MSI images. These results indicate that the developed noncontact heating matrix spraying apparatus is reliable and provides a low-cost, high-quality, rapid approach for MALDI-MSI.

Two-point radiation statistics from large-scale turbulent structures within supersonic jets

The noise from large-scale coherent turbulent structures within jets remains the dominant source. For the purpose of developing future control systems for the large-scale noise source, we investigate the statistics between upstream and downstream radiating waves. We investigate two off-design supersonic jet flows with instability theory and associated noise radiation, large-eddy simulation (LES), and experiments. We compare the auto-correlation, cross-correlation, coherence, and other statistics predicted by aeroacoustic instability theory. As instability waves are closely connected with the formation of large-scale turbulent structures, they yield insight into large-scale noise statistics. We investigate two nozzles at two supersonic off-design conditions. The first is a biconic nozzle operating at an unheated condition, and the second is a NASA nozzle operating at a heated condition. We find that for these jets, the noise from instability waves is coherent between 0.40 to 0.70 at large-scale radiation frequencies between the downstream and upstream radiation directions.

DnaJA4 is involved in responses to hyperthermia by regulating the expression of F-actin in HaCaT cells.

BackgroundHyperthermia in combination with DnaJA4-knockout (KO) obviously affects the anti-viral immunity of HaCaT cells. The mechanisms of this process are not yet fully explored. However, it is known that DnaJA4 interacts with actin cytoskeleton after hyperthermia. Our aim was to investigate the effects of DnaJA4 on F-actin in HaCaT cells following hyperthermia.MethodsWild-type (WT) and DnaJA4-KO HaCaT cells were isolated at either 37°C (unheated) or 44°C (hyperthermia) for 30 min followed by testing under conditions of 37°C and assessing at 6, 12, and 24 h after hyperthermia. The cytoskeleton was observed with immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of F-actin and relevant pathway protein.ResultsDnaJA4-KO and hyperthermia changed the cytoskeleton morphology of HaCaT cells. F-actin expression levels were elevated in DnaJA4-KO cells compared with WT cells (6364.33 ± 989.10 vs. 4272.67 ± 918.50, P < 0.05). In response to hyperthermia, F-actin expression levels of both WT and DnaJA4-KO cells showed a tendency to decrease followed by an obvious recovery after hyperthermia (WT cells: unheated vs. 6 h after hyperthermia or 24 h after hyperthermia: 0.34 ± 0.02 vs. 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.31 ± 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05; DnaJA4-KO cells: unheated vs. 6 h after hyperthermia or 24 h after hyperthermia: 0.44 ± 0.01 vs. 0.30 ± 0.01, 0.51 ± 0.02, P < 0.001, P < 0.01). WT cells restored to baseline levels observed in the unheated condition, while DnaJA4-KO cells exceeded baseline levels in the recovery. As the upstream factors of F-actin, a similar profile in rho-associated serine/threonine kinase 1 (ROCK 1) and RhoA expressions was observed after hyperthermia. While E-cadherin expression was decreased in response to hyperthermia, it was increased in DnaJA4-KO cells compared with WT cells.ConclusionsHyperthermia affects the expression levels of F-actin in HaCaT cells. DnaJA4 knockout increases the expression of F-actin in HaCaT cells after hyperthermia. DnaJA4 regulates the expressions of F-actin and the related pathway proteins in response to hyperthermia in HaCaT cells.

Evaluation of heterosis on yield and fruit number of hybrid bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in unheated greenhouse condition

Evaluation of heterosis on yield and fruit number of hybrid bell pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) in unheated greenhouse condition

Study on axial wetting length and evaporating heat transfer in rectangular microgrooves with superhydrophilic nano-textured surfaces for two-phase heat transfer devices

Advanced thermal management solutions for various applications in energy systems have promoted the developments of novel hybrid wicks for two-phase heat transfer devices (TPHTD). In this study, a novel micro-nano hybrid wick combined rectangular microgrooves with superhydrophilic copper hydroxide nano-textured surfaces is developed. Comparative experiments on the axial wetting lengths, evaporating flow characteristics and evaporating heat transfer performance are systematically conducted for different microgrooves-based wick samples, i.e., the pristine rectangular microgrooves (RMs) and rectangular microgrooves with superhydrophilic nano-textured surfaces (RMSNSs). The distilled water and ethanol are both used as working fluids. The experimental results indicate that the RMSNSs wick produces remarkable increases in axial wetting lengths compared to the pristine RMs wick. Under the unheated condition, the total wetting length (Lt) of water in RMSNSs is more than 4 times of that in RMs. Under the same condition of heat flux, the Lt of RMSNSs is also distinctly larger. The improved axial wetting characteristics can be attributed to the effect of surface wettability enhancement, which have a critical influence on the evaporating heat transfer. The sample temperature of RMSNSs is much lower at each given heat flux and the decrement is more than 15 °C. The maximum incremental ratio of heat transfer coefficient can approach 100%. The enhanced evaporating heat transfer highly depends on the significantly increased thin liquid film area. Furthermore, a theoretical model is presented to facilitate the understanding on axial wetting and heat transfer enhancements effect of RMSNSs. The proposed model is applicable and satisfactorily accurate to predict the axial wetting lengths for microgrooves-based wick sample under the evaporating heat transfer condition. This study provides an in-depth insight into the enhanced axial flow and heat transfer characteristics of micro-nano hybrid wick incorporating microgrooves and nanostructures, and consequently can facilitate the further optimization design of microgrooves-based wick for advanced TPHTD. It is believed that this superior hybrid wick with advantages of facile and rapid fabrication is highly promising in the applications of heat energy transfer, conversion and management.

Physicochemical and rheological properties and oxidative stability of oil bodies recovered from soybean aqueous extract at different pHs

Soybean oil bodies (OBs), naturally pre-emulsified soybean oil, have great potentials to be used in foods and cosmetics. In this study, OBs were recovered from soybean aqueous extract at pH 6.8, 8.0, 9.5, and 11.0, and recovered OBs contained decreased extrinsic protein amount and composition with increasing recovery pH. In unheated condition, particle size and viscosity decreased, whereas isoelectric point (pI) and oxidative stability increased in the order of pH 6.8-, 8.0-, 9.5-, and 11.0-OB. By heating, it was observed that 1) coalescence of OBs occurred in pH 6.8-OB emulsion, but not occurred in pH 11.0-OB emulsion; 2) pIs of all OB emulsions increased; 3) pH 9.5-OB emulsion showed the highest viscosity, followed by pH 8.0- and 6.8-OB, and pH 11.0-OB still showed the lowest viscosity; 4) gels were formed from OB emulsions with solid content of 40% except pH 11.0-OB; 5) oxidative stability was greatly improved for all OB emulsions. This study is meaningful for supplying fundamental information for selecting proper conditions for aqueous extraction of soybean OBs.

Investigation of fundamental flow mechanisms over a corrugated waveform using proper orthogonal decomposition and spectral analyses

This study investigates the interactions between the underlying turbulent features that together make up the complex flow behaviour observed in corrugated channel flows. Higher order analyses using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and wavenumber spectra were conducted on the turbulent velocity data for heated and unheated air flow through the channel. Results showed that at a given flow rate, the turbulent flow energy was produced by the corrugation and transported into the bulk flow at both heated and unheated conditions. At low flow rates, the heated wall increased the total turbulent energy and affected its distribution across the modes. Strong energies were seen close to the corrugations, which contributed to sustaining structures at higher modes, while the flow energy was more evenly distributed for the unheated condition. At the highest flow rate, the energy strength and distribution was very similar at low modes (n ≤ 20) and heating effects were most prominent at high modes with higher energies associated with small-scale flow patterns. It is observed that the corrugation waveform has a larger impact on the turbulence generation compared to heating. The addition of heat primarily increased and maintained the strength of turbulent structures.

제로카본 그린홈의 실내 열환경 및 난방에너지 사용량 평가

In total 80% of new residential buildings in Korea are multi-residential buildings. Compared with Europe, where most residential buildings are low-rise, there are a lot more households that live in these high-rise buildings in Korea. In this research, energy consumption rates were measured for 15 households in an eight-story apartment tower, named Zero Carbon Green Home (ZCGH). Three types of experimental conditions were considered in this research regarding the ZCGH: 1) households with controlled heat but with no residents, 2) household with residents, and 3) vacant household. Temperatures measured in the living room and the bedroom of each unit were compared and analyzed with the aim to understand the effect of occupancy within the households. In order to observe the change in indoor temperature in an unheated condition, the experiments were carried out without the boiler operation. With the use of energy consumption data recorded within the energy monitoring system, different energy consumption pattern was observed based on the size and location of each household. In considerance with the amount of wood pellets used for the boiler, the heating energy consumption amount in ZCGH was compared with the conventional apartment. The analysis results derived from this experiment will provide fundamental data to design high-rise apartments with the appropriate passive strategies and to distribute zero-carbon homes in the future.

Study of the Effect of Hot Gas on Atomization Quality of Spray Forming

In the spray forming process, the atomizing quality is not very good under the low pressure. This article attempts to improve the quality of atomization through heating the gas. A mathematical model is built and calculated according to the existing knowledge, and then the influence of airflow temperature in the spray forming is theoretical calculated and analyzed. The experimental results show that the average grain size is 54μm when the gas is not heated; the average grain size is 39 μm which decreases by 27.7% than airflow unheated when the gas is heated to 150 °C. The calculation results show that when the gas is not heated, the first time atomization grain size is 201 μm, the second time atomization grain size is 15 μm, the total atomization time is 92 μs. And the velocity of atomization droplets is 80 m/s; when the airflow temperature is 150°C, the above results are 131 μm, 10 μm, 76 μs and 127 m/s respectively, the atomization quality has a certain improvement compared to the unheated condition. At the same time, the grain shape becomes more round as the temperature of airflow increases, and the holes between the grains also become smaller.

Comparative analysis of nutritional quality of five different cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas (L) Lam) in Sri Lanka.

Nutritional attributes of flours obtained from five different cultivars of sweet potato roots commonly available in Sri Lanka showed significant differences in the tested parameters. The starch level ranged between 33% and 64% on the dry basis and the extractability from fresh tubers was governed by the quantity of starch. The crude fiber level ranged between 2.1% and 13.6% on dry basis and the highest level was observed in swp7 (CARI 273) and resistant starch ranged from 14.2% to 17.2%. Higher percentage of resistant starch from total starch was found in Wariyapola red (swp1) cultivar resulting in lower digestion level while higher levels of digestion was evident in cultivars with lower levels of resistant starch with high level of total starch. Low levels of calcium and significant levels of iron were found in the five cultivars studied. Crude protein level was in the range of 1.2–3.3% on dry basis and trypsin inhibitor activity level (TIA) was significantly different (P > 0.05) in the cultivars studied while heating resulted in a significantly high reduction in the TIA level than in unheated condition. Polygonal or round shaped starch granules were in the range of 16.8–23.5 μm and low level of starch digestion was shown in cultivars containing larger granules. Total amylose content lies in the range 15.4–19.6% and cultivars having higher percentage of amylose showed higher level of in vitro pancreatic digestion (Pallepola [swp4] and swp7). The starch digestibility of sweet potato flour was in the range of 36–55% and the highest digestion was observed in swp7. Orange fleshed cultivars (swp4 and swp7) were comparatively rich in nutrients and digestibility than the other three studied cultivars.

Torso Heating of Divers in Cold Water

Cold water immersion could compromise both the effectiveness and safety of a diver. This paper reports an evaluation of the utility of providing external heating to divers in cold water. Seven U.S. Navy divers wearing semidry suits were submerged in 7.2 degrees C water for 2 h. In the heated condition, a total of 35 W was delivered to each of four heating pads (total area 2477 cm2) placed on the torso of the divers. In the unheated condition, the participants received no external heating. The participants believed they were more comfortable in the heated, than the unheated condition. However, objective data did not support this perception. In fact, heating the torso had a significantly detrimental effect on the body's thermoregulatory ability, and lacked a positive effect on manual dexterity. Cognitive test performance was not affected by the exposure. Heating the torso did not have a positive effect on diver performance. Moreover, heating the torso of a diver may actually increase susceptibility to hypothermia.

The Cognitive and Physiological Effects of Heating the Torso of a Submerged Diver

Seven U.S. Navy divers were submerged in 7.2 °C water for a maximum of two hours wearing a semidry suit. In one of the conditions they were provided with external heating, and in the other they were unheated. In the heated condition, a total of 35 W was delivered to each of four heating pad (total area 2,477 cm2) placed on the torso of the divers. Statistical analysis demonstrated that providing heating to the divers afforded no benefits in reducing the effects of cold water exposure on the skin temperature of the body extremities (fingers and toes) or in enhancing manual dexterity, grip strength, or cognitive performance when the effects of such heating were compared to those of the unheated condition. However, the participants reported that they would rather dive with the heating system than without it.

Characterization of sputtered NiO thin films

Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering process at different RF powers and substrate temperatures in a pure oxygen atmosphere. The structural, optical and electrical properties of NiO films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), visible spectrum and Hall effect measurements. The dependences of film properties on substrate temperature, crystalline structure and natural aging effect were studied. The results show that the resistivity increases as sputtering power increases from 100 to 200 W at constant temperature. The lowest resistivity and Hall coefficient obtained are 16.7 Ω cm and 1.99 cm 3/C, respectively, as the sputtering power is 100 W and substrate temperature is 350°. The highest carrier concentration obtained is 3.13×10 18 cm −3 as the sputtering power is 100 W and substrate temperature is 350°. The crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. The preferred orientation of NiO film changes from (111) to (200) when the substrate temperature varies from unheated condition to 350°. Electrical properties of NiO films were unstable and show a natural aging effect. Resistivity of NiO films increases as the time of natural aging increases. Under the substrate-unheated condition, the transmittance of as-deposited samples is lower compared to the film prepared at substrate temperature of 350 °C. The change in transmittance may be due to the microstructural change in the material. It is suggested that the sputtering power affects the preferred orientation of NiO film. Higher substrate temperature induces larger grain size and more perfect crystalline structure, which lead to low resistivity of NiO film.

Expired air temperature during steady-state running

While some metabolic measurement systems measure expiratory temperature to standardize gas volumes, other systems use only an estimate. This study investigated the effect of prolonged exercise on expiratory temperature near the pneumotachometer to provide a basis for its estimation when actual measurement is unavailable. Seven active females each performed two 45-min treadmill runs at identical speeds (64.5% +/- 11.8% of VO2max) in which the pneumotachometer heater control was either set to 37 degrees C or turned off. Expired air temperatures were monitored with thermocouples at the nonrebreathing valve (VAL) and 1 cm upstream (UPS) and downstream (DNS) from the pneumotachometer screens. There were no temperature differences over time for any of the conditions, and there were no differences in the VAL or UPS temperatures between the heated and unheated conditions. DNS temperature was higher during the heated condition at all time periods (P < 0.01). Mean DNS temperatures for the heated and unheated condition were 30.2 +/- 1.0 degree C and 27.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that expired air temperatures near the pneumotachometer remain stable during extended steady-state exercise regardless of whether the pneumotachometer is heated or not.