Unfavorable Situation Research Articles

Athletes' use of analgesics is related to doping attitudes, competitive anxiety, and situational opportunity.

This study aimed to investigate athletes' hypothetical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a behavior similar to doping, and its association with doping attitudes, competitive anxiety and situational opportunity. One hundred twenty-two sport science students completed an online survey assessing biographical information, doping attitudes, and competitive anxiety. Students' intention to use analgesics was measured via two different hypothetical situations using the vignette technique. The favorable situation included an absence of potential witnesses and presence of an attractive good whereas witnesses were present in the unfavorable situation and an attractive goal was absent. The results of two hierarchical multiple regression models showed that doping attitudes and competitive anxiety, especially worry, predicted the use of analgesics. In the situation featuring a favorable opportunity, worry was the strongest predictor, whereas in the situation of an unfavorable opportunity, doping attitudes was the strongest predictor for using NSAIDs. Results indicate that NSAID use is associated with positive attitudes toward doping and competitive anxiety, and that it is situationally dependent. Future research perspectives and practical implications are discussed.

Decision criteria and intelligent decision method for tunnel excavation scheme selection considering carbon emissions

The tunnel construction process is accompanied by high resource consumption and non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing the carbon emissions from this process is an issue that should be considered in the decision-making stage. For tunnel construction using the drill-and-blast process, selecting a reasonable excavation scheme is a feasible method for reducing carbon emissions. This paper proposes an evaluation index system that takes into account the stability of the tunnel construction process and the reasonable assessment of carbon emission levels. For various scenarios with different focus on stability requirements, theoretical deductions are used to filter out the key indicators that should be used as assessment items. For the determination of carbon emission assessment indicators, this study is guided by the life cycle theory, and in the determined calculation boundary, the reference of previous projects and expert opinions are selected as the item source to fill the unfavorable situation in which the carbon emissions of different excavation schemes cannot be accurately calculated because of the lack of bills of quantities in the engineering decision stage. This paper also proposes an intelligent decision method based on a support vector machine to better complete the task of calculating and ranking the utility of excavation schemes to adapt the proposed multi-factor parallel evaluation system. Finally, the proposed decision indicator system and decision method were applied to the selection of the excavation scheme in an engineering case, and reasonable and realistic scoring results were obtained.

Tuberculosis in Adults and Children in the Northwestern Federal District: Changes in Epidemiological Rates and Criteria for Their Assessment

The epidemic situation is monitored by numerous rates that may not reflect it objectively which will subsequently lead to higher incidence rates and severe forms of tuberculosis in both adults and children in the regions with the most unfavorable situation.The objective: to evaluate epidemiological rates for tuberculosis in the Northwestern Federal District to identify the most significant, and assess the epidemic situation in the region using these most significant rates.Subjects and Methods. We analyzed the main epidemiological rates of pediatric tuberculosis according to federal statistics (Forms 8 and 33) in 11 districts of the Northwestern District in 2019-2021. Annual figures were obtained from open demographic data of the state statistics (https://www.fedstat.ru). Statistical analysis was pe`rformed using the free software R (v.3.5.1) and the commercial Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0, IBM Corp., 2016). Hierarchical cluster analysis and k-means clustering were used with the selection of the lowest and highest values of rates. A formula is proposed for calculating the coefficient of full coverage with preventive screening (COP) for tuberculosis of the population which allows adjusting the analyzed epidemic rates taking into account the maximum coverage of the population with preventive screening and determining the accuracy of previous analysis.Results. According to the data obtained, in 2017 and 2018, Vologda Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug were epidemically favorable regions, while in 2020 and 2021 Kaliningrad, Leningrad and Novgorod Oblasts were regarded as favorable regions that were steadily improving their performance. Regions with unfavorable tuberculosis situation include Pskov Oblast, St. Petersburg and the Komi Republic. At the same time, the first two regions occupy this position stably from 2017 to 2021. The use of the coefficient of low coverage with screening for tuberculosis made it possible to determine that Murmansk Oblast, St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Pskov Oblasts in 2020 and 2021 are prognostically unfavorable regions despite a decline in official tuberculosis rates. The data obtained correlate with a high percentage of positive tests with the tuberculosis recombinant tuberculosis allergen (TRA) in children in the regions mentioned above.Conclusions. The analysis of the data clearly demonstrates the possibility of determining the epidemically most favorable or unfavorable regions using four rates: coverage with preventive screening, incidence in the adult population, incidence in children aged 0 to 17 years, and tuberculosis mortality. Cluster analysis using these rates, calculation of rates using the developed coefficient of low coverage with screening for tuberculosis, and analysis of positive results of TRA test in children allows identifying the most epidemically unfavorable regions, despite the decrease in some rates that can be regarded as favorable.

Implementation of Migration Attitudes of Young People of the Volgograd Region in the Conditions of Digitalization

In difficult socio-economic conditions, studies are being updated to identify factors affecting the labor migration of young people, as well as studies focused on predicting the situation in regions with an unfavorable demographic situation. Labor migration is the result of the formation of new behaviors of young people studying and working, but the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has had a great impact on this process today. In the regions, conditions have been created for the organization of remote work, management processes are being optimized, etc. The purpose of this study is to identify the migration attitudes of young people in the Volgograd region, as well as to assess the impact of the development of remote forms of employment on the prospects of youth labor migration. The paper presents the data of a sociological study conducted in 2021 by a mass survey of young people aged 18 to 35 years living in the Volgograd region (quota sample, n=576). As well as data from an expert survey of employer representatives and specialists involved in the implementation of the federal project “Personnel for the Digital Economy”, strategic objectives for the development of remote technologies were identified and the impact of digitalization on the adaptation of young people in the labor market was assessed. The study made it possible to systematize the conditions in which young people are ready for labor migration, as well as the prospects for reducing the outflow of young people to large cities. The results obtained in the course of the study will serve as a basis for further search for resources to stabilize migration flows in the region and create conditions for self-realization of young professionals in the labor market.

Antioxidant Effects of Bioactive Glasses (BGs) and Their Significance in Tissue Engineering Strategies.

Elevated levels of oxidative stress are usually observed following injuries, leading to impaired tissue repair due to oxidation-related chronic inflammation. Several attempts have been made to manage this unfavorable situation, and the use of biomaterials with antioxidant activity is showing great promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches. Bioactive glasses (BGs) are a versatile group of inorganic substances that exhibit an outstanding regenerative capacity for both hard and soft damaged tissues. The chemical composition of BGs provides a great opportunity for imparting specific biological activities to them. On this point, BGs may easily become antioxidant substances through simple physicochemical modifications. For example, particular antioxidant elements (mostly cerium (Ce)) can be added to the basic composition of the glasses. On the other hand, grafting natural antioxidant substances (e.g., polyphenols) on the BG surface is feasible for making antioxidant substitutes with promising results in vitro. Mesoporous BGs (MBGs) were demonstrated to have unique merits compared with melt-derived BGs since they make it possible to load antioxidants and deliver them to the desired locations. However, there are actually limited in vivo experimental studies on the capability of modified BGs for scavenging free radicals (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)). Therefore, more research is required to determine the actual potential of BGs in decreasing oxidative stress and subsequently improving tissue repair and regeneration. The present work aims to highlight the potential of different types of BGs in modulating oxidative stress and subsequently improving tissue healing.

The influence of bio-fuels on the injection and combustion processes in a diesel cylinder

Introduction (statement of the problem and relevance). The need for vehicles motor fuels is growing from year to year. Limited oil resources lead to the need to replace them with alternative ones. The necessity to find a solution of the problem is also encouraged by the current unfavorable environmental situation. The possibility of using alternative fuel resources in existing engines requires the study of their influence on various aspects of engine operation, including the process of fuel supply and combustion in the engine cylinder.The purpose of the current research was to obtain the characteristics of fuel supply and combustion in a diesel engine operating on methanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil.Methodology and research methods. As an object of study, a tractor diesel engine with a dimension of 2Ч 10.5/12.0 air-cooled with volumetric mixing was chosen. The characteristics presented in the work were taken in the nominal mode at the crankshaft speed n = 1800 rpm and the average effective pressure in the cylinder pe = 0.588 MPa, as well as in the maximum torque mode n = 1400 rpm, pe = 0.594 MPa. Pilot fuel supply in all modes was constant and fixed. The fuel injection advance setting angles were also constant and amounted 34° of the crankshaft rotation to the top dead center for each of the fuels.Scientific novelty and results. The article considered the bench tests results of a diesel engine operating on methanol and rapeseed oil methyl ester in two characteristic modes. The indicators of fuel supply and combustion process in the diesel cylinder have been presented. The analysis of these indicators allowed determining the influence of the fuel supply process on the combustion characteristics in the engine.The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the obtained results to improve the operation of diesel engines on alternative renewable fuels.

On the Crime Prevention Potential of Universal Genomic Registration

The examined problem is highly relevant because an unfavorable criminogenic situation - with growing organized crime, extremism and terrorism - strengthens the role of preventing crime through a system of criminalistic registration. One of the effective areas of criminalistic prevention is genomic registration. The authors show that in case of a large-scale implementation of genomic registration through the creation of a DNA database of all citizens, a person planning a crime will be aware of the inevitability of their identification and the establishment of their involvement in the action. This could lead to a multifold reduction in the number of crimes. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of using the potential of a universal genomic registration for fighting crimes of corruption (specifically, for identifying the persons who held documents and banknotes in their hands). Topical problems of organizing, accumulating and using universal genomic registration in investigating and preventing extremist crimes are analyzed. Mathematical calculations were conducted to prove the effectiveness of universal genomic registration in identifying persons involved in crimes and, thus, in creating a strong feeling of the inevitability of punishment among all population groups. The authors analyze public opinion regarding the idea of universal genomic registration and the age at which such registration should take place. They also develop recommendations for solving organizational and methodological problems connected with such registration, and identify opportunities for improving the quality of investigating and solving crimes through a smart organization of a universal genomic registration of Russian population, including a wider international cooperation in this sphere. The article contains a brief overview of the achievements of Russian genetic scientists in creating codes, SNP panels, and IT support of universal genomic registration.

Reporting the Case of Violence Against a Healthcare Worker in Detikcom during COVID-19

This research was motivated by the news of violence that happened to a nurse at Pameungpeuk Health Center, Garut Regency. The incident of violence was recorded by CCTV surveillance cameras and went viral online, as published by Detikcom. This study aims to explain the level of text, social cognition, and social context of reporting violence cases against the healthcare worker. The research method used was descriptive and qualitative in line with a critical paradigm. The data collection techniques conducted were through in-depth interviews, observation and literature study. The results showed that at the text level, the elements of macro structure, superstructure and micro structure explained an unfavourable situation experienced by the victim or nurse who had been beaten. Social cognition shows that the journalists’ point of view in cases of violence against health workers have had an impact on their psychological condition. In this case journalists must provide information objectively, so the victim gets justice. The social context in this news discourse is the practice of power performed by Detikcom on publishing news and power of full access in handling cases by Pameungpeuk Sector Police and Garut Resort Police. The implication of this research is that the media can broadcast balanced news, uphold the ideals of journalists, provide a sense of security and increase public awareness that media discourse affects social life. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, social cognition, social context, violence, healthcare worker.

Динамика численности многодетных семей среди сельского населения Гудаутского района Республики Абхазия в 1964–1976 гг. и 2005–2016 гг.

This work is devoted to the problem of reducing large families (with three or more children) of families in the Gudaut region of Abkhazia in 1964-1976 and 2005-2016. Its relevance of the study is due primarily to socio-economic changes that form more prestigious plans, displacing the reluc-tance of modern residents of the region to have over two children. The work is based on the analy-sis of archival and field materials, economic books of the villages of the Gudauta region of the Republic of Abkhazia for 1964-1976 and 2005-2016 and official statistics. The reasons for the un-favorable situation of reproductive behavior of women among the rural population of the region in the Soviet period from 1964 to 1976 were revealed their involvement in various spheres of the na-tional economy, and increased interest in improving the educational level, and the mass departure of young people to the cities of the republic. After the Georgian-Abkhaz war in 1922 - 1993, the socio-economic and political transformations that occurred led to a decrease in the indicators of natural population growth. It has been established that in the rural areas of the studied region from 2005 to 2016, the population is declining because of incessant migrations. This leads to a reduc-tion in the number of large families. In the republic, there is a slight increase in the total number of large families. These indicators are not reflected in an increase in the coefficient of natural growth of the republic’s population. For the practical solution of demographic problems; the state has established measures to stimulate the birth rate and support a large family. Certain benefits and benefits are aimed at actively supporting a large family in all spheres of its life at the legisla-tive level, still not enough to solve all the problems of a large family.

Growing PV generation and EV loads in a world of declining net metering: impacts on household-level economic, emission, and energy benefits

ABSTRACT While electric vehicle (EV) and residential solar photovoltaic (PV) panel capacities and adoption increase, US Federal states are rolling back their policy and technical support for net metering. This unfavourable situation is studied with a system dynamics model that simulates: 1) The impact of 5%–15% EV/PV capacity growth on net-metered electricity and economic, emission, and energy benefits; 2) The impact of 5%–15% Value of Solar (VoS) tariff decline on household economics; 3) The impact of introducing Time-Of-Use (ToU) rates on expenditures. The results show that net-metered electricity increases by up to 25% in the scenario where PV capacity grows by 15% and EV capacity – by 25%; emissions do not decline by more than 2–3% either. ToU, however, can mitigate revenue loss from declining VoS tariffs and reduce bills by 30% to 362%. The article recommends ToU rates and policies for energy storage and smart charging in the U.S.

Внутренний туризм в российской экономике: анализ современного состояния отрасли

The current difficult geopolitical situation, as well as the unfavorable epidemiological situation, have formed a new way of life, consumption and labor activity among Russians. Today, Russians are increasingly choosing neighboring or distant regions of our country for tourist trips, giving a new impetus to the development of domestic tourism. The article describes the current trends in the functioning of domestic tourism and its role in the socio-economic development of the country and individual regions.

MISCARRIAGE: A MODERN VIEW

The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors of miscarriage in modern medical literature. A number of adverse factors and possible risk factors of miscarriage in women of child-bearing age, the latest issues of diagnosis and prevention were scrutinized. In Ukraine, the studies of genetic and demographic processes conducted in recent years have shown that the socially determined demographic crisis observed in the country is significantly deepening due to reproductive losses, which are manifested in an increase in the frequency of lost pregnancies and the birth of inferior offspring in women with diseases of the reproductive system. The frequency of miscarriage ranges from 10% to 30% and does not show a downward trend. In these conditions, the preservation of each pregnancy is important for the demographic development of Ukraine and a factor of national security. The physiological effect of the reproductive function in women occurs due to the harmonious functioning of hormonal, morphological, and immunological mechanisms. The achievements of molecular genetics in recent years have supported the suggestion that miscarriage is not only a polyetiological, but also a multifactorial condition. The recent molecular genetic studies have brought much to deeper understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of miscarriage. The study of genetic factors that can underlay the occurrence of miscarriage is a promising direction for the prevention of reproductive losses. The demographic crisis in Ukraine and the unfavourable situation in the field of reproductive health of the population require the development and implementation of complex approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of miscarriage that needs further in-depth investigation of the problem. A significant number of existing methods for predicting and diagnosing miscarriage indicates that there is currently no highly effective and specific method, and the main disadvantages of existing methods for predicting miscarriage, according to the studied literature sources, are low specificity and laboriousness. Among the important tasks, there will be assessment of the population-level data on pregnancy loss and the development of strategies of its prevention.

Lifelong Learning and Development for Social Workers

Aim. In the paper, the authors demonstrate the influence of the education and educational level of social workers on the quality of social work as a profession that helps people in unfavorable situation. They point to the importance of lifelong learning, which is essential for advancing the knowledge and competences of social workers in practice. Concept. Lifelong education for social workers is currently a necessity for their functioning not only on the basis of the rapid, dynamic changes in their problems and social clients, but also for rapid and dynamic changes in the use of methods and techniques of social work. Method. The study deals with the educational development of employees in the profession of social worker. It defines and identifies forms of continuous education of social workers, which can have different methods and which can result in different competencies of a social worker. Results. The study confirms that the lifelong learning of social workers requires constant access to support and information about education, but also to set opportunities and thus facilitate access to the education of social workers. It is necessary to realise that the competences of the social worker must be in accordance with the education that the social worker has. Conclusion. The scientific articles and contributions that we offer in this study point to lifelong learning, which has the effect of expanding the possibilities of a social worker’s work with several types of clients, increases his competences and thus acquires a lot of knowledge and skills that are subsequently applied in practice.

Monitoring of the Technical Condition and Optimisation of the Functioning of Small Hydraulic Structures in Poland: The Case Study of the Oświecim Weir

Successively conducted monitoring and inspections allow for the detection of emerging issues and their elimination. The objective of this study is the analysis of the administrative procedures related to the monitoring of the technical condition of small hydraulic structures in Poland. The case study of the Oświecim Weir on the Prosna River presents the parameters subject to assessment and further activities aimed at the elimination of the detected defects. The obtained results showed damage to its concrete structures, including cracks and cavities. The undertaken activities related to the complete remodelling of the Oświecim Weir and the incurred costs generally result from the environmental conditions (water flows in the Prosna River), directly causing the necessity for the stabilisation of water conditions in the area. In the context of the observed climatic changes, the problem is faced by more and more regions around the globe. The proper technical condition of hydraulic structures, resulting from diligent monitoring, provides the basis for the mitigation of this unfavourable situation.

СЛУЧАИ ЗАВОЗА ТРОПИЧЕСКИХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ НА ТЕРРИТОРИЮ ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Abstract. At present, the sphere of tourism, migration and immigration is actively developed, which contributes to the import of infections into the territory of the Russian Federation, including a number of especially dangerous ones, such as Ebola. Hemorrhagic fever Ebola is an acute viral especially dangerous infectious disease characterized by a severe course, pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome and a high mortality rate. The spread of the virus is Central and West Africa. The reservoir of the virus is rodents that live near human dwellings. Pathogen transmission mechanisms: aspiration, contact, artifact. Routes of transmission: airborne, contact, infectious. The virus is found in blood, saliva, nasopharyngeal mucus, urine, semen. Infection of people occurs during the care of the sick; in a domestic environment through hands and household items contaminated with the patient's blood and urine. Human susceptibility to the Ebola virus is high; does not depend on age and gender. Many imported diseases from the category of especially dangerous infections occur in a subclinical form, which complicates clinical diagnosis. The nature of the spread of the Ebola virus on the territory of the Tyumen region, in patients who arrived from foreign countries with an unfavorable epidemiological situation, was analyzed. A prospective observation of 4 patients admitted to the "Regional Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital" of the city of Tyumen in October - November 2014 from the Democratic Republic of the Congo with suspected subclinical course of an especially dangerous infection - Ebola fever was carried out. In the course of clinical trials, the diagnosis was confirmed. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, an algorithm was developed and approved when working with this group of patients at the Regional Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital in Tyumen. As the research data showed, the possibility of importing tropical infections to the city of Tyumen and to the territory of the Russian Federation was revealed. Timely organization and implementation of treatment, prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures made it possible to eliminate and prevent the spread of a particularly dangerous tropical infection in the Tyumen region.

Spór o "rewolucję seksualną"

Distinguishing between “legitimate” and “illegitimate” children, that is, born by a woman who was legally married or born out of wedlock, was always of great importance. This was due to the fact that the term ”family” was understood in the dynastic sense. For its preservation, the identity of the father was necessary, and that could not be definitively determined biologically until the beginning of the twentieth century; besides, it was not legally possible to assert paternity. The legal term “bastard” had a pejorative meaning, and stigmatized the children of unknown fathers. Even if the “bastard” came to property or significance, there was the burden of illegitimate origin; the child and mother fell into the category of people treated with contempt. In the nineteenth century there was an increase in the proportion of “illegitimate” births, which in historiography was taken as a sign of the sexual revolution resulting from the weakening of religion and customs; there was a separation of the sexual act from the duty of procreation. The unfavourable situation of “bastards” endured for a long time; in fact, we can only talk about radical change at the turn of the twenty-first century, in attitudes to sexual life and the character of the family. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the absence of a father no longer has a negative impact on children. Key words: the concept of “bastard”, “legitimate” children – “illegitimate” children, dynastic family, legal regulations regarding the family and illegitimate children, changes in religiosity and customs, thesis about the “sexual revolution ”, stigmatization of children without fathers

Renewable energy production capacity and consumption in Europe

Faced with the prospect of achieving 32 % renewable energy (RE) consumption by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050, Europe has embarked on a path of promoting the use of clean energy through policies and investments essential to its development. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present article is to analyse both RE production capacity and the determinants of RE consumption in a sample of 30 European countries for the period 2010–2019. Through the construction of a synthetic measure by the zero unitarization method, the four types of RE (hydro, wind, solar and biofuels) are jointly assessed, yielding a ranking of countries categorized as being in a favourable, fairly favourable, rather unfavourable, or unfavourable situation. Furthermore, the possible relationship between RE production capacity and consumption is estimated with a sample of panel data (fixed effects and random effects). The results show that Sweden (SM: 0.419), Austria (SM: 0.384) and the Netherlands (SM: 0.381) are at the top of the ranking, demonstrating their leadership in RE generation and providing a model to follow for Eastern European countries whose production levels are still well below average. Moreover, the study provides evidence that the RE production capacity (coefficient: 0.253***), low gas emissions (coefficient: −0.479***), energy productivity (coefficient: 0.333***), and the size of the country (coefficient: 0.016***) foster the use of RE. Overall, European countries are on the right track to achieve the goals set, although they may be progressing at different speeds.

Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) Applications in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Malaysia

In a world today, that is highly dependent on information technologies, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) has become one of advancement in spatial technologies that had been used to tackle the issue of an uncertain world. Primarily functioned with specialized capabilities in manipulating, analysing, and visualizing the massive data from multiagency, has opened new avenues for these technologies to be adopted in disaster management. Taking this into consideration, it leads to achieving disaster management objectives in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) which to reduce or minimize the exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise emergency preparation, and enhanced preparedness for an unfavourable situation. This paper aims to make a systematic review of literature in highlighting the significant potential of the GIS and remote sensing, integrating the aspect relevant to disasters socially and physically that helps in forming a comprehensive disaster management operation to reduce the vulnerability and strengthen the resilience to disaster. Accordingly, the paper has presented the outcomes and review of several researchers concerning the implementation of GIS and remote sensing in disaster management, specifically on disaster risk reduction.

EPIZOOTIC SITUATION OF ANIMAL EMCAR (BlACKLEG) ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN FOR 2010- 2020

The article presents the results of epizootological monitoring of emcar in animals based on the analysis of official reporting data of the veterinary service of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-2020 and the results of the authors' own research. The main epizootological indicators of the epizootic process in the country have been established, the incidence areas that affect the unfavorable and tense epizootic situation for this disease have been determined. The focality indicator on emcar, for this period of time, averaged from 1 to 4 animals, which indicates the non-contagiousness of the infection. By studying the occurrence of the disease onthe territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan over the years, the frequency of epizooties has not been established. An analysis of the monthly dynamics of the disease focus showed that blackleg manifests itself in a greater number mainly in October and November. Emcar foci are least or not registered at all in the winter months and early spring (December, January, February and March). For the period from 2010 till 2020 (11 years) on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a high degree of incidence was observed in 3 regions (West Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl), an average degree - in 3 regions (Almaty, Aktobe, Pavlodar), and in other 4 regions (Kostanay, Atyrau, Karaganda, Akmola) - the degree of incidence was low. Based on assessing and retrospective analysis of the established epizootological indicators, epizootological zoning maps were developed showing the balckleg status of each region. According to the compiled map of the epizootic situation, for the period from 2010 to 2020, 71.4% of the territory of 10 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan turned out to be disadvantaged for animal blackleg. The territory of the remaining 4 regions (28.6%) of the republic (Kyzylorda, North Kazakhstan, Mangystau, Turkestan) is safe from animal emcar. The obtained new scientific data on the dynamics of epizootic situation onemcar on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be used in drawing up a plan and carrying out preventive measures, development of effective measures to control animal emcar.

Metformin-induced alterations in gills of the freshwater fish Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) detected by histological and scanning electron microscopy.

The antidiabetic drug metformin is widely prescribed and found in different concentrations in the environment around the world, raising concern about potential impacts on aquatic life. Analyses of the effects of exposure of biological models to aquatic contaminants are important for assessing pollution effects on fish health. The gills of fishes represent primary targets of disturbance by pollutants, mainly because of the large surface of the respiratory epithelium and the high perfusion rate, which both help the entry of pollutants into this tissue. In this context, the aim of this work was to use gill histological analyses biomarkers to evaluate the toxicity of metformin on aquatic environmental systems, by means of chronic exposure for 90 days of Astyanax lacustris (lambari), an ecologically important neotropical species that can be used as an environmental bioindicator. Histopathological analyses were performed using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The main changes were lamellar fusion, telangiectasia hyperplasia and disappearance of microridges. The morphological changes observed possibly interfere with the gill physiology, indicating an unfavorable situation to the presence of metformin in the water, pointing to a concern that metformin may pose a risk to Astyanax lacustris and likely to other fish species, compromising the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem as a whole. Graphical abstract.