Unfavorable Reactions Research Articles

Interface engineered Zn/Co-S@CeO2 heterostructured nanosheet arrays as efficient electrodes for supercapacitors

Bimetallic sulfides with superior electrochemical activity are extensively explored as electrode materials for electrochemical energy related applications. However, their utilizations are impeded due to unfavorable faradaic reaction kinetics and poor electrochemical stability. To overcome these defects, this study reports interface engineering of heterogeneous nanosheet arrays on Ni foam (NF) through surface modification of metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived zinc cobalt sulfide (Zn/Co-S) with CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs). MOF-derived porous Zn/Co-S nanosheets have highly exposed electrochemical active sites and abundant channels for charge transport. The strong interfacial coupling between Zn/Co-S and defective CeO2 leads to fast charge transfer, thereby improving electrochemical activity. The CeO2 can also prevent Zn/Co-S from degrading in KOH solution. Moreover, the self-supported electrode shows high electronic conductivity and strong adhesion with the conductive substrate. Therefore, the specific capacity and electrochemical stability of resulting Zn/[email protected]2/NF are significantly higher compared with Zn/Co-S/NF. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on Zn/[email protected]2/NF and activated carbon (AC) exhibits high energy storage capability (42.4 Wh kg−1) and outstanding operating durability (91.1 % after 8000 cycles). These results demonstrate that the as-prepared electrode is a superior candidate for electrochemical devices.

Quenching Detrimental Reactions and Boosting Hole Extraction via Multifunctional NiOx /Perovskite Interface Passivation for Efficient and Stable Inverted Solar Cells.

Nickel oxide (NiOx ) is one of the most promising hole transport materials for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, its application is severely restrained due to unfavorable interfacial reactions and insufficient charge carrier extraction. Herein, a multifunctional modification at the NiOx /perovskite interface is developed via introducing fluorinated ammonium salt ligand to synthetically solve the obstacles. Specifically, the interface modification can chemically convert detrimental Ni≥3+ to lower oxidation state, resulting in the elimination of interfacial redox reactions. Meanwhile, interfacial dipole is incorporated simultaneously to tune the work function of NiOx and optimize energy level alignment, which effectively promotes the charge carrier extraction. Therefore, the modified NiOx -based inverted PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.93%. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices obtain a significantly enhanced long-term stability, maintaining over 85% and 80% of the initial PCEs after storage in ambient air with a high relative humidity of 50-60% for 1000h and continuous operation at maximum power point under one-sun illumination for 700h, respectively.

High-voltage electrolyte design for a Ni-rich layered oxide cathode for lithium-ion batteries

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) is one of the most promising cathode materials in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high capacity and low cost. However, it still suffers from irreversible capacity fading at high cut-off voltages. This is mainly because high voltage accelerates the hydrolysis reaction of lithium hexafluorophosphate with trace water to generate byproducts such as highly corrosive hydrogen fluoride (HF) resulting in an unstable cathode–electrolyte interface and continuous irreversible phase transitions. Here, we modify a conventional electrolyte by adding the dual additives of tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and lithium difluoroxalate borate (LiDFOB) to form a stable Ti-, B-, and F-rich interfacial layer to eliminate the unfavorable cathode-electrolyte side reactions and suppress deleterious phase transitions. Additionally, TBT can stabilize the electrolyte by removing H2O/HF. With the synergistic effect of the dual additives, the cycling stability of NCM811 at high voltages is enhanced considerably. The Li∣NCM811 cell with dual additives exhibits a high capacity retention rate of 86% after 200 cycles at 1 C and a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V. This strategy provides a reference for designing high-voltage electrolytes for LIBs.

Overcoming Thermodynamically Driven Retro‐Diels–Alder Reaction through a Cascade One‐Pot Process Exemplified for a Bio‐Based Platform Chemical

AbstractIn this contribution, we describe a new approach to apply thermodynamically unfavored reactions in synthetic chemistry and to integrate them in cascade processes. By means of a new developed procedure for multi‐step one‐pot syntheses, we succeeded in nearly completely converting a thermodynamically labile Diels–Alder adduct, which strongly tends to react back, to the target product with high conversion of >99 % and in excellent yield by coupling with a rapid subsequent hydrogenation reaction. In detail, the process is based on the use of a rotating reaction vessel to form a thin product film of the thermodynamically labile Diels–Alder product from 2‐methylfuran and maleic acid anhydride (as two bio‐based raw materials), which then slowly dissolves into solution and is immediately converted by hydrogenation to the target product. Such a combination of Diels–Alder reaction and hydrogenation in a sequential one‐pot process without by‐product formation enables the efficient production of the product, which represents a valuable bio‐based platform chemical. In addition, this process concept generally opens a perspective for the integration of thermodynamically unfavorable reaction steps in multi‐step one‐pot cascade processes while obtaining the desired target products in high yields.

Co-process intensification in the synthesis and design of reactive double dividing-wall distillation columns

In most cases, the reactive single dividing-wall distillation column (R-SDWDC) and its corresponding conventional reactive distillation system (CRDS) fail to yield the best performance in the separations of reacting mixtures with unfavorable reaction kinetics and/or unfavorable thermodynamics properties. In this work, a novel methodology of co-process intensification is proposed for the synthesis and design of reactive dividing-wall distillation columns. The methodology leads to the establishment of a reactive double dividing-wall distillation column (R-DDWDC), and the included intermediate separating section plays a vital role in coordinating these two kinds of process intensification and consequently guarantees its optimum performance. In terms of two example systems involving the separations of the ideal quaternary reversible reaction with a somewhat unfavorable ranking of relative volatilities (A + B ↔ C + D with αA > αC > αB > αD) and the transesterification of methyl acetate with n-propanol, the proposed methodology is evaluated. The R-DDWDC is found to yield much better performance than the CRDS and R-SDWDC in the separations of the reacting mixtures with somewhat unfavorable ranking of relative volatilities, and such outcomes definitely corroborate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed methodology for process development. Although the proposed methodology is developed solely based on the separations of the reacting mixtures with somewhat unfavorable ranking of relative volatilities, it is of great implication to the separations of the other reacting mixtures with unfavorable reaction kinetics and/or unfavorable thermodynamics properties.

Gambaran Persepsi Masyarakat Penerima Vaksin Covid-19 di Desa Penfui Timur RT 18

The Covid-19 vaccine is one of the government's breakthroughs to fight and deal with Covid-19 in the world, especially Indonesia. The goal of the Covid-19 vaccination is to reduce the spread of Covid-19, reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by Covid-19, achieve immunity and protect the public from Covid-19, so that it can protect society and the economy. This study aims to describe the Perception of the Community Recipient of the Covid-19 Vaccine in East Penfui Village Rt.18. This research was conducted using a type of qualitative research using a descriptive survey method. The population in this study is all the people in RT 18, East Penfui Village. The population of this research study is the people who live in RT 18, East Penfui Village with a total of 400 people and the sampling technique uses simple random sampling technique with a sample size of 200 people. The results showed that the majority of the people of RT 18, East Penfui Village believed in the safety and availability of the Covid-19 vaccine, namely 137 residents or 68.5%, while 63 residents (32.5%) were unsure about the safety and availability of the vaccine. Covid-19. the entire community of RT 18, East Penfui Village has received the Covid-19 vaccine under the brands Sinovac, Astrazeneca, Pfizer, Novavax, Moderna and with the complete dose, namely the first dose and the second dose (100%). The people of RT 18, East Penfui Village gave an unfavorable response or reaction to the addition of the third dose of the Covid-19 vaccine, namely 104 residents (52%). Suggestions for the Government Provide education about the importance of the Covid-19 vaccine and strive to foster a sense of trust, safety, and comfort in administering the Covid-19 vaccine.

Transition Metal Oxides as the Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Capacitors

The research of energy-storage systems has been encouraged in the last ten years by the rapid development of portable electronic gadgets. Hybrid-ion capacitors are a novel kind of capacitor-battery hybrid energy storage device that has earned a lot of interest because of their high power density while maintaining energy density and a long lifecycle. Mostly, lithium-based energy storage technology is now being studied for use in electric grid storage. But the price increment and intermittent availability of lithium reserves make lithium-based commercialization unstable. Therefore, sodium-based technologies have been proposed as potential substitutes for lithium-based technologies. Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) are acknowledged as potential innovative energy storage technologies which have lower standard electrode potentials and lower costs than lithium-ion capacitors. However, the large radius of the sodium ion also contributes to unfavorable reaction kinetics, low energy density, and brief lifespan of SICs. Recently, transition metal oxide (TMO)-based candidates have been considered potential due to the large theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, and low cost for SICs. This brief study summarizes current advancements in research of TMOs and sodium-based TMOs as electrode candidates for SIC applications. Also, we have covered in detail the state of the exploration and upcoming prospects of TMOs for SICs.

Comparative characterization between autologous serum and platelet lysate under different temperatures and storage times

Therapies using autologous serum and platelet lysate have shown promise among blood and biological products in the treatment of various diseases. The autologous serum has been shown to be a superior alternative to traditional eye drops in treating eye diseases in ophthalmology. Figurelet lysate (PL) has recently been considered a more interesting alternative for the treatment of multiple tissues, as it does not have the unfavorable reactions seen with traditional platelet-rich plasma (PRP), making it a valuable blood derivative for use in ocular therapy. There is no definitive comparison in veterinary medicine between PL and autologous serum in terms of the content of Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-1), which is known to have chemotactic, mitogenic, matrix formation, and angiogenesis effects on tissues, and beneficial proteins in ocular tissue. This study aimed to estimate the concentrations of TGF-1, total protein, and albumin, as well as autologous serum and platelet lysate, in horses over an 8-day storage period at temperatures of 4 °C and 37 °C. To produce autologous serum, 63 ml of blood was collected from each animal in seven 9 ml tubes without anticoagulant. For platelet lysate, 180 ml of blood was collected in 50 tubes of 3.6 ml with 3.2% sodium citrate. The most significant findings were the positive relationship between the baseline platelet count in the blood and the final platelet concentration in PRP. Specifically, we found a correlation (R = 0.9) with a p - value of 0.005 between the average baseline platelet level of seven animals and their corresponding PRP results, both on an individual level and as a group. Additionally, there was a correlation between growth factor concentration and PRP platelets, with the highest growth factor concentration in PL. The temperature storage group exhibited higher concentrations of total protein and serum albumin, as well as the maximum amount of growth factor for both products at a temperature of 37 °C.

Experiences and impacts of stuttering on Vietnamese adults who stutter: A qualitative study

Findings of experiences and impacts of stuttering on adult people who stutter (PWS) from previous qualitative studies may not be true for PWS in Vietnam, because of cultural, social, and environmental differences. Until now, there has been no study of stuttering in adult Vietnamese PWS, therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the experiences and impacts of stuttering in adult Vietnamese PWS across their lifespan and on different areas of their lives. This is a qualitative descriptive study. Participants were recruited via the social networking site of the Vietnamese stuttering community (ECHO Vietnam). Each person was screened for developmental stuttering by an experienced and independent speech language therapist. Semi-structured interview was used for data collection. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Fear of stuttering, being teased by friends, unfavorable family reactions made PWS less confident, self-isolated, thereby having negative impacts on studying, working, and social relations. Beside negative experiences, a few showed empathy and support from teachers, relatives, and friends. PWS had low access to stuttering treatment because of lacking of official information on stuttering treatment. Self-help groups have played an active role in the treatment and emotional support for PWS. This study provided preliminary information about the experiences and impacts of stuttering in Vietnamese adult PWS. Further studies are needed to obtain deeper and more comprehensive information. It is necessary, through mass media, especially the internet, to provide information about treatment facilities, or organizations that PWS can join to get counseling about treatment.

Improving the Energy Efficiency of a Ship’s Power Plant by Using an Autonomous Hybrid System with a PMSG

In ship systems, diesel power generators are used in various systems of autonomous power plants to ensure power supply security. This article presents an autonomous hybrid system of a ship power plant with a diesel generator with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and electricity storage in parallel topology (the permanent magnet synchronous generator is connected directly to the receiving network). The electricity storage through the active converter is connected to the receiving network in parallel with the permanent magnet synchronous generator. The decoupled control of the reactive and active power in the active converter enables stabilization of the voltage in the ship’s electrical power grid while ensuring the possibility of obtaining different operating regimes of the power plant at various stages of the ship’s operation. The innovative method of voltage stabilization presented in this article is based on the compensation of the unfavorable reaction of the permanent magnet synchronous generator armature through the optimal transmission of negative inductive reactive power from the active converter to the generator using the electromagnetic properties of the synchronous generator. The active converter controls the direction of the active power transmission between the DC source, the grid, and the permanent magnet synchronous generator. This paper proposes a hybrid autonomous power plant system using battery storage in place of a single diesel generator set against the commonly used two diesel generator sets, working in parallel, to increase the energy efficiency of the power plant by minimizing the specific fuel consumption of the diesel generator set. The article examines the possibilities of such a mechatronic system design based on analytical research and analysis of electromagnetic and energy characteristics using the Matlab-Simulink program.

Surface selenation engineering on metal cocatalysts for highly efficient photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methanol

Solar-driven reduction of CO2 and H2O to methanol is highly desirable owing to multiple advantages of green and renewable liquid fuels, whose efficiency and selectivity are restricted by sluggish charge kinetics and unfavorable surface reaction dynamics in conversional semiconductor photocatalysts. This study proposes a surface selenation strategy on metal cocatalysts to improve the photocatalytic performance in CO2-to-CH3OH conversion. Electron microscopy observation shows the formation of a stacked structure with crystalline Rh core sandwiched between semiconductor substrate and amorphous selenated Rh (RhSe) shell after the treatment. The combination of experimental characterizations with theoretical simulations reveals that Rh core smoothens the migration of photoelectrons from light-harvesting semiconductor to RhSe shell, while the selenation of Rh shell not only reduces the rate-limiting barriers required for CH3OH production, but also inhibits the occurrence of side H2 evolution. Enabled by such a design, significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities (41.2 μmol gcat-1 h-1) and selectivties (91.2%) in CH3OH generation are achieved by the Rh@RhSe semi-core-shell cocatalysts, 12.7 and 6.4 times as high as that of pristine Rh, respectively. Moreover, the generalized strategy can be extended to other metal cocatalysts for improved CO2-to-CH3OH transformation, which opens a new avenue for powering the future with liquid sunshine.

Suppression of Dehydrofluorination Reactions of a Li0.33La0.557TiO3-Nanofiber-Dispersed Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Electrolyte for Quasi-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries by a Fluorine-Rich Succinonitrile Interlayer.

Solid-state lithium-metal batteries have great potential to simultaneously achieve high safety and high energy density for energy storage. However, the low ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte and large electrode/electrolyte interfacial impedance are bottlenecks. A composite solid electrolyte (CSE) that integrates electrospun Li0.33La0.557TiO3 (LLTO) nanofibers, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is fabricated in this work. The effects of the LLTO filler fraction and morphology (spherical vs fibrous) on CSE conductivity are examined. Additionally, a fluorine-rich interlayer based on succinonitrile, fluoroethylene carbonate, and LiTFSI, denoted as succinonitrile interlayer (SNI), is developed to reduce the large interfacial impedance. The use of SNI rather than a conventional ester-based interlayer (EBI) effectively decreases the Li//CSE interfacial resistance and suppresses unfavorable interfacial side reactions. The LiF- and CFx-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), derived from SNI, on the Li metal electrode, mitigates the accumulation of dead Li and excessive SEI. Importantly, dehydrofluorination reactions of PVDF-HFP are significantly reduced by the introduction of SNI. A symmetric Li//CSE//Li cell with SNI exhibits a much longer cycle life than that of an EBI counterpart. A Li//CSE@SNI//LiFePO4 cell shows specific capacities of 150 and 112 mAh g-1 at 0.1 and 2 C (based on LiFePO4), respectively. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, 98% of the initial capacity is retained.

Interfacial regulation and protection by conductive graphene coating induces highly reversible zinc behavior for durable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have the merits of high specific capacity, intrinsic safety, pro-environment, high abundance and facile battery assembly process. However, the metallic zinc anodes are troubled by uncontrolled growth of dendrite and unfavorable side reactions, resulting in inferior cycling durability and hindering its practical application. Herein, an effective strategy for regulating uniform electrochemical plating/stripping of zinc metal and alleviating side reactions via introducing a thin graphene coating on the metallic zinc substrate is provided. As expected, the achieved Zn@graphene electrode exhibited outstanding cyclic durability for over 4000 h with an extremely low voltage hysteresis (28 mV at 0.2 mA cm−2) and could withstand repeated plating/stripping process without significant voltage fluctuations for 480 cycles at ultra-high current density (10.0 mA cm−2). Furthermore, when switching between cycling and resting modes, the Zn@graphene electrode manifested highly reversible zinc behavior of 1500 cycles with remarkably stable voltage response, revealing the excellent anti-corrosion property and high reversibility. Comprehensive studies show that graphene coating could not terminate the dendrite formation and side reactions, but would guide uniform Zn-ion/electrolyte flux and homogenize electric field distribution to regulate the evenly electrochemical plating/stripping of zinc metal, and also serve as a protective barrier to reduce the risk of being pierced by the growing dendrite and randomly distributed by-products, thereby enhancing the electrochemical properties and improving the safety of aqueous ZIBs.

Suppressing Unfavorable Interfacial Reactions Using Polyanionic Oxides as Efficient Buffer Layers: Low-Cost Li3PO4 Coatings for Sulfide-Electrolyte-Based All-Solid-State Batteries

The poor electrochemical performance of all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) that use sulfide electrolytes can be attributed to undesirable side reactions at the cathode/sulfide-electrolyte interface; this issue can be addressed via surface coating. Ternary oxides such as LiNbO3 and Li2ZrO3 are generally used as coating materials because of their high chemical stabilities and ionic conductivities. However, their relative high cost discourages their use in mass production. In this study, Li3PO4 was introduced as a coating material for ASSBs, because phosphates possess good chemical stabilities and ionic conductivities. Phosphates also prevent the exchange of S2- and O2- in the electrolyte and cathode and, thus, inhibit interfacial side reactions caused by ionic exchange, because they contain the same anion (O2-) and cation (P5+) species as those present in the cathode and sulfide electrolyte, respectively. Furthermore, the Li3PO4 coatings can be prepared using low-cost source materials such as polyphosphoric acid and lithium acetate. We investigated the electrochemical performance of the Li3PO4-coated cathodes and found that the Li3PO4 coating significantly improved the discharge capacities, rate capabilities, and cyclic performances of the all-solid-state cell. While the discharge capacity of the pristine cathode was ∼181 mAh·g-1, that of 0.15 wt % Li3PO4-coated cathode was ∼194-195 mAh·g-1. And the capacity retention of the Li3PO4-coated cathode over 50 cycles was much superior (∼84-85%) to that of the pristine sample (∼72%). Simultaneously, the Li3PO4 coating reduced the side reactions and interdiffusion at the cathode/sulfide-electrolyte interfaces. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of low-cost polyanionic oxides, such as Li3PO4, as commercial coating materials for ASSBs.

Carbon Fixation in the Chemolithoautotrophic Bacterium Aquifex aeolicus Involves Two Low-Potential Ferredoxins as Partners of the PFOR and OGOR Enzymes

Aquifex aeolicus is a microaerophilic hydrogen- and sulfur -oxidizing bacterium that assimilates CO2 via the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA). Key enzymes of this pathway are pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OGOR), which are responsible, respectively, for the reductive carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate and of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, two energetically unfavorable reactions that require a strong reduction potential. We have confirmed, by biochemistry and proteomics, that A. aeolicus possesses a pentameric version of these enzyme complexes ((αβγδε)2) and that they are highly abundant in the cell. In addition, we have purified and characterized, from the soluble fraction of A. aeolicus, two low redox potential and oxygen-stable [4Fe-4S] ferredoxins (Fd6 and Fd7, E0 = -440 and -460 mV, respectively) and shown that they can physically interact and exchange electrons with both PFOR and OGOR, suggesting that they could be the physiological electron donors of the system in vivo. Shotgun proteomics indicated that all the enzymes assumed to be involved in the rTCA cycle are produced in the A. aeolicus cells. A number of additional enzymes, previously suggested to be part of a putative partial Wood-Ljungdahl pathway used for the synthesis of serine and glycine from CO2 were identified by mass spectrometry, but their abundance in the cell seems to be much lower than that of the rTCA cycle. Their possible involvement in carbon assimilation is discussed.

Direct ethyl acetate synthesis from ethanol over amorphous-, monoclinic-, tetragonal ZrO2 supported copper catalysts prepared from the same zirconium source

Direct ethyl acetate synthesis from ethanol was examined by supported Cu catalysts on various kinds of acid-base metal oxides, available ZrO2-based oxides, and homemade amorphous-, monoclinic- and tetragonal zirconia prepared from the same Zr source. XRD, XAFS, TG-DTA characterization and surface area measurement were performed. Effects of crystalline phase of ZrO2 support on selective ethyl acetate production was discussed based on the yields and products ratio (ethyl acetate to sum of C4-alcohols and aldehydes). Based on catalytic performance by 29 kinds of homemade catalysts, amorphous-type ZrO2 was found to be essentially the most suitable ZrO2 phase for the selective ethyl acetate formation in cases without any surface modifications. The acid site on the surface of monoclinic-type ZrO2 catalysts possibly promoted unfavorable acetaldehyde condensation reaction, but addition of Na+ for poisoning could increase selectivity of ethyl acetate formation. Coordination environment of Cu species for fresh and spent catalysts were discussed.

How did life become cellular?

How did life become cellular?

Dynamics and thermodynamics of bimolecular reactions at heterogeneous biological interfaces.

The behaviors of biomolecules at heterogeneous biological aqueous-nonaqueous interfaces markedly differ from those in bulk water. We found that various biomolecular reactions, including protein unfolding, protein-ligan binding, chlorophyll demetallation, redox reactions, and crystallization, are accelerated by a factor of 103 or higher at the interface of micron-sized water droplets (microdroplets) (PNAS, 2015; QRevPhys, 2015 and 2017). The FRET analysis revealed that molecules are highly localized at the nanoscale regime near the water surface, which is in part responsible for the observed accelerated dynamics (JPCB, 2020). Besides, the thermodynamics of biomolecular reactions are also altered near the water surface. We found that molecules are in highly ordered states near the aqueous-nonaqueous interface (Sci Adv, 2020, Sci Rep, 2020). This minimized entropy lowers entropic barriers so that thermodynamically unfavorable reactions such as phosphorylation and RNA formation can proceed without any enzyme or ATP energy source at room temperature (PNAS 2017, 2018). Moreover, the charge exchange between water molecules and biomolecules spontaneously occurs at the water interface, leading to the oxidation of water molecules and the reduction of biomolecules in the Krebs cycle (JACS, 2019; Nat Commun, 2018; PNAS, 2018, 2019; Chem Sci, 2019). Vibrational Stark spectroscopy coupled with stimulated Raman excited fluorescence microscopy showed the presence of a strong intrinsic interfacial electric field formed at the surface of the microdroplet (JPCL, 2020). This strong electric field, combined with the partial desolvation effect, can be responsible for the unusual behaviors of biomolecules at the aqueous-nonaqueous interface (Annu Rev Phys Chem, 2020). These findings suggest that the dynamics and thermodynamics of biomolecular reactions occurring in cells with various aqueous-nonaqueous interfaces and compartments may significantly differ from those in bulk water.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF AUTOLOGOUS SERUM THERAPY (AST) IN (+VE) AND (-VE) CHRONIC SPONTANEOUS URTICARIA PATIENTS

The Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is a common and distressing skin condition that causes red , raised , itchy and sometimes painful hives or wheals (raised rash or patches ) on the skin without known obvious trigger. It present daily for at least six weeks and is referred to as spontaneous when symptoms are not triggered by a known cause. The CSU is an unpredictable and debilating condition which can affects daily life in many ways, including sleep deprivation , anxiety and social isolation. Due to the lack of literature on CSU at the population level, proximal treatment algorithms are developed in limited resource countries. In this pragmatic approach, many studies have explored such treatment and challenges worldwide. The current study makes an effort to show the safety and effectiveness of autologous serum therapy in autologous serum therapy (+ve) and (-ve) groups in this setting. 200 (autologous serum therapy +ve and -ve) CSU known patients were administered autologous serum therapy in various time intervals (from the baseline to the eighth week). Each follow-up patient was closely observed, and any adverse events (safety and efficacy) were recorded. The Dermatologic Life Quality Index and the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS) were used to evaluate all patients (DLQI). According to the findings, there were substantial improvements in the UAS-7 and DLQI at the eight and twelfth weeks (P=0.001). Mild erythema and pain at the injection site were the only unfavourable reactions seen (9%) in participants overall, with strong specificity (98.11%), sensitivity (89.56%), PPV (75.42), NPV-(71.24), accuracy (80.52), and odds ratio (>1). In conclusion, many patients may benefit from this more recent medication, which has been proved to be more effective and safe.

Long-term photochemical stability of heteroaromatic dye-functionalised g-C3N4via covalent linkage for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

In this study, three typical D–π–A type heteroaromatic organic dyes containing carbazole (CBZ), phenothiazine (PTZ), and phenoxazine (POZ) moiety as electron donor cores and linked to g-C3N4 with amide covalent bonds were synthesized. Thereafter, we studied the long-term photochemical stability and degradation mechanism of the associated dye-sensitised g-C3N4 with covalent linkage or weak interaction. The results revealed that most of the dyes degraded and became unstable after absorption on g-C3N4 under light irradiation. Interestingly, after the target dyes were linked to g-C3N4 with amide covalent bonds, the photostability could be effectively promoted and improved to high levels of stability. For POZ-S dye covalent bond-linked sample g-C3N4/POZ-S, ∼90.5% percent of the dyes were reserved, whereas only ∼25.3% remained for the physically absorbed dye sample g-C3N4+POZ-S after 30 min of irradiation aging test. Moreover, the obtained g-C3N4/POZ-S sample exhibited enhanced H2 evolution activity with photocatalytic H2 production rates that were approximately 96- fold of that of pure g-C3N4. Then, we applied various instrumental analysis and DFT calculation to clarify the mechanism involved with dye photostability and degradation pathway. The typical decarboxylation process was confirmed, and such an unfavourable reaction process could be effectively inhibited if the target dye is linked to g-C3N4 with amide covalent bond instead of the weak interaction. Overall, the existed covalent bond is the key factor for enhancing both the photochemical stability and photocatalytic activity of organic dye-sensitised g-C3N4 for hydrogen evolution.