Unfavorable Comments Research Articles

Pelaksanaan Layanan Bimbingan Klasikal untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Bijak Bersosial Media pada Siswa di SMP N 7 Bukittinggi

This research was motivated by the fact that students were still found to be less wise in using social media in their daily lives. For example, there are still students who spend a lot of time playing on social media, there are still students who make unfavorable comments on social media, and there are still students who make negative posts. This research aims to: (1) determine the level of student policy regarding social media (2) determine the level of student social media policy before being given classical guidance services. (3) find out whether or not classical guidance services are effective in increasing students' social media skills. This type of research is Pre-Experimental Design using the One Group Pretest-Posttest model. The population in this study was class VIII.2. The sample for this research was 27 people taken using a total sampling technique, which means that the entire population was the sample for the research. Data was collected using a scale for developing wise social media skills. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used was the Wilcoxon test. The results of the research show that: (1) the wise description of students' social media before being given classical guidance services is in the medium category with a mean of 27.41. (2) after being given classical guidance services, they are in the medium category with an increasing score with a mean of 34.56. (3) classical tutoring services are effective in increasing students' social media skills. This statement is supported by the asymp sig (2-tailed) results, which obtained a value of 0.000, which means it is smaller than the α value of 0.05. So it can be said that Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected, meaning that classical guidance is effective in improving the social media skills of students at SMP N 7 Bukittinggi.

Mobile Phone Text Messages to Support People to Stop Smoking by Switching to Vaping: Codevelopment, Coproduction, and Initial Testing Study.

SMS text messages are affordable, scalable, and effective smoking cessation interventions. However, there is little research on SMS text message interventions specifically designed to support people who smoke to quit by switching to vaping. Over 3 phases, with vapers and smokers, we codeveloped and coproduced a mobile phone SMS text message program. The coproduction paradigm allowed us to collaborate with researchers and the community to develop a more relevant, acceptable, and equitable SMS text message program. In phase 1, we engaged people who vape via Twitter and received 167 responses to our request to write SMS text messages for people who wish to quit smoking by switching to vaping. We screened, adjusted, refined, and themed the messages, resulting in a set of 95 that were mapped against the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation-Behavior constructs. In phase 2, we evaluated the 95 messages from phase 1 via a web survey where participants (66/202, 32.7% woman) rated up to 20 messages on 7-point Likert scales on 9 constructs: being understandable, clear, believable, helpful, interesting, inoffensive, positive, and enthusiastic and how happy they would be to receive the messages. In phase 3, we implemented the final set of SMS text messages as part of a larger randomized optimization trial, in which 603 participants (mean age 38.33, SD 12.88 years; n=369, 61.2% woman) received SMS text message support and then rated their usefulness and frequency and provided free-text comments at the 12-week follow-up. For phase 2, means and SDs were calculated for each message across the 9 constructs. Those with means below the neutral anchor of 4 or with unfavorable comments were discussed with vapers and further refined or removed. This resulted in a final set of 78 that were mapped against early, mid-, or late stages of quitting to create an order for the messages. For phase 3, a total of 38.5% (232/603) of the participants provided ratings at the 12-week follow-up. In total, 69.8% (162/232) reported that the SMS text messages had been useful, and a significant association between quit rates and usefulness ratings was found (χ21=9.6; P=.002). A content analysis of free-text comments revealed that the 2 most common positive themes were helpful (13/47, 28%) and encouraging (6/47, 13%) and the 2 most common negative themes were too frequent (9/47, 19%) and annoying (4/47, 9%). In this paper, we describe the initial coproduction and codevelopment of a set of SMS text messages to help smokers stop smoking by transitioning to vaping. We encourage researchers to use, further develop, and evaluate the set of SMS text messages and adapt it to target populations and relevant contexts.

Évaluation de l’accès à l’avortement médicamenteux dans les cliniques d'avortement du Québec en 2021 – Partie I

ObjectiveIn 2020, 11.9% of abortions in Quebec were medication abortions, compared with 32.4% in Ontario. The objective of this evaluation was to assess the quality of access to medication abortion in Quebec abortion clinics, where 91% of these abortions are performed. MethodsQuebec abortion clinics were contacted by 2 mystery client clinical profiles between October 8 and November 17, 2021. Descriptive analyses and statistical tests were performed, as well as a qualitative analysis of collected comments. ResultsMedication abortion up to 63 days of gestational age or less was available in 39/47 abortion clinics, more in rural and remote areas than in urban or suburban areas (P = 0.013). The mean time from first call to first appointment was 6.2 calendar days (standard deviation [SD] 4.0), shorter in rural and remote areas (P = 0.005) and in clinics affiliated with a hospital or local community service center (P = 0.010). The mean number of visits required for medication abortion was higher than for surgical abortion (2.9 [SD] 0.9 vs. 2.3 [SD] 1.1) (P < 0.001). For one in three clinical profiles (26/78, 33%), a telemedicine visit was possible. Medication abortion entirely accessible through telemedicine was not available. Unfavorable comments about medication abortion were frequent. ConclusionAccess to medication abortion is difficult in Quebec and access through telemedicine is almost non existent. Restrictions imposed by the Collège des médecins du Québec (CMQ) and constraints imposed on patients limit access.

The Role of Typography in Loki Serial Title

This research discusses the use of typography in the title of the Loki series. As a title design, the Loki series received unfavorable comments, especially on its aesthetics. The purpose of this study was to find out how typographic elements are applied in the title of the Loki series. This type of research is qualitative using content analysis methods. It is known that the title of Loki series puts forward functions in the typographic design. So that the design is able to represent the content of the message in the story.

Sentiment Analysis in Social Media for Competitive Environment Using Content Analysis

Education sector has witnessed several changes in the recent past. These changes have forced private universities into fierce competition with each other to get more students enrolled. This competition has resulted in the adoption of marketing practices by private universities similar to commercial brands. To get competitive gain, universities must observe and examine the students’ feedback on their own social media sites along with the social media sites of their competitors. This study presents a novel framework which integrates numerous analytical approaches including statistical analysis, sentiment analysis, and text mining to accomplish a competitive analysis of social media sites of the universities. These techniques enable local universities to utilize social media for the identification of the most-discussed topics by students as well as based on the most unfavorable comments received, major areas for improvement. A comprehensive case study was conducted utilizing the proposed framework for competitive analysis of few top ranked international universities as well as local private universities in Lahore Pakistan. Experimental results show that diversity of shared content, frequency of posts, and schedule of updates, are the key areas for improvement for the local universities. Based on the competitive intelligence gained several recommendations are included in this paper that would enable local universities generally and Riphah international university (RIU) Lahore specifically to promote their brand and increase their attractiveness for potential students using social media and launch successful marketing campaigns targeting a large number of audiences at significantly reduced cost resulting in an increased number of enrolments.

Partnership with a Theater Company to Amplify Voices of Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students

Partnership with a Theater Company to Amplify Voices of Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students

What do others’ reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers’ body image perception

Studies have highlighted the influence of social media comments on users’ perceptual consequences, but whether this holds true in the body image context is still largely unknown. This experimental study investigated the effects of social media comments on ideal body perception and how it influences one’s own body satisfaction. Results showed that comments guided the viewers’ perceptions of what is considered as “ideal” body. Viewers of favorable comments to body posting reported greater idealization of the body imagery (i.e. ideal-enhancing effects), whereas viewers of unfavorable comments showed a lower level of idealization (i.e. ideal-derogating effects). Also, the indirect effects of comments on body satisfaction via idealization were moderated by individual self-discrepancy between personal ideal and own body. This study sheds light on potentially inspiring or protective role of comments against perfect-looking bodies on social media while calling attention to the need for reconsidering the media effects theory for body image.

Insights on HPV vaccination in the United States from mothers’ comments on Facebook posts in a randomized trial

ABSTRACT In the United States, parents’ health beliefs affect HPV vaccination decisions for children. Our team acquired insights into mothers’ health beliefs from their reactions and comments to posts on HPV vaccination in a social media adolescent health campaign in a randomized trial (n = 881 mothers; 63.1% reported daughters had 1+ doses of the HPV vaccine) evaluating communication intended to reduce daughters’ indoor tanning. A total of 10 HPV vaccination messages in didactic (n = 7) and narrative (n = 3) formats were posted on vaccination need, uptake, and effectiveness and stories of young women who died from cervical cancer and a mother’s decision to vaccinate her daughters. These posts received 28 reactions (like, love, and sad buttons; mean = 2.8 per post) and 80 comments (mean = 8.0 per post). More comments were favorable (n = 43) than unfavorable (n = 34). Data was not collected on views for posts. The most common favorable comment reported that daughters were vaccinated (n = 31). Unfavorable comments cited safety concerns, lack of physician support, distrust of pro-vaccine sources, and increased sexual activity of daughters. Mothers posting unfavorable (18.2%) as opposed to favorable (78.6%) comments or not commenting (64.0%) were less likely to have had their daughters vaccinated (chi-square = 22.27, p < 0.001). Favorable comments often did not state reasons for vaccinating. Concerns about lack of vaccine safety remain a barrier. Mothers may express distrust in pro-vaccine sources to reduce discomfort with not vaccinating daughters to reduce their risk for HPV infection. Many mothers who remained silent had vaccinated daughters, which suggests they did not resisit HPV vaccination.

‘I just don’t think she has a presidential look:’ the influence of sexism on candidate image

ABSTRACT Facebook and other social media are often utilized by political campaigns to communicate with the electorate and provide vital information about a candidate. However, in doing so, political campaigns and their audiences are open to unfavorable comments, including sexism and misogyny. The current experiment investigates the influence of sexist Facebook comments on candidate support in a hypothesized moderated mediation process. Through manipulating the discussion beneath a Facebook post providing candidate information about a female candidate, we distinguish the influence of sexist comments from issue-based and pro-female commentary. We find evidence suggesting both pro-female and sexist commentary impact evaluation of a hypothetical female candidate through image scores and homophily. The social media discussion affects both image evaluations of the candidate and feelings of homophily, which lead to an increase in support for the female candidate.

Emergence of Online Reputation Management as a New Business Tactic in Corporate World: An Analytical Perspective

The introduction of the internet has ushered in a new era in business, when a company's reputation is now reliant not only on word of mouth but also on online reviews and comments. Online reputation management (ORM) as a result has grown in importance to a company's entire strategy. ORM entails tracking, evaluating, and changing internet information about a business, brand, or person. Because it enables companies to manage the narrative surrounding of brand and reduce unfavorable reviews or comments, ORM has recently gained popularity among corporations. Businesses are now spending money on ORM to enhance company’s internet visibility and safeguard brand reputation from harm. To develop a solid internet presence, ORM actively promotes positive material in addition to reducing negative content. Through ORM, businesses can interact with customers, forge enduring bonds, and raise company’s online credibility. In general, the introduction of ORM as a fresh business strategy has fueled a need for specialized companies that provide ORM services to companies. These businesses support businesses in managing their internet reputations and making sure that their online presence is in keeping with their brand image. ORM is probably going to become a more crucial component of a company's overall strategy as the significance of online reputation continues to rise.

Attitude towards girl’s feticide among early adulthood and middle age respondents

The phenomenon of female feticide in India is not new, where female embryos or fetuses are selectively eliminated after pre-natal sex determination, thus eliminating girl child even before they are born. In Indian society, female feticide has emerged as a burning social problem during the last few years. The present study aims to assess the attitude of both male and female adolescents towards girls’ feticide their early adulthood and middle age. For this from Jhansi city, 100 respondents, 50 of early adulthood stage (25 male, 25 female) and 50 of middle adulthood stage (25 male, 25 female) randomly selected. A structured interview schedule was prepared containing 30 questions to measure the awareness among male and female regarding the female feticide. Results revealed that equal per cent of respondents were in the age group 18-40 years and 40-60 years. Maximum per cent of respondents (97%) were Hindu followed by 3% respondents Muslim. In early adulthood and middle age group majority of male and female respondents (92 and 90%) strongly agreed to favorable comments on girl feticide, while for unfavorable comments lesat number of respondents of both sex were in strongly unfavorable category. Attitude of male and female respondents against favorable comments indicated association between sex and attitude in early adulthood i.e. χ 2 =2.2 but in middle age no association was found (χ 2 =36). On the other hand attitude against unfavorable comments indicated association between sex and attitude in both early adulthood (χ 2 =0.156) and middle age (χ 2 =0.581). Majority of the Hindu respondents both in early adulthood and middle age group strongly agreed to favourable comments on girl feticide. Regarding religion, attitude of Hindu and Muslim against favorable and unfavorable comments indicated association between religion and attitude in both early adulthood and middle age. Results revealed that both sex and religion have association with attitude regarding girl feticide.

ESA's Fourth Decade: the Post‐War Years

ESA's Fourth Decade: the Post‐War Years

“No Unfavorable Comments from Any Quarter”: Teaching Black History to White Students in the American South, 1928–1943

Background/Context The history curriculum is often used to help reach the goal of racial tolerance and understanding by teaching about the nation's diversity. Many educators believe that teaching about diverse peoples in schools will bring about greater equity in society. This historical study looks at the segregated American South from 1928 to 1943 and an effort by a mixed-race voluntary organization to teach Black history in White schools. Focus of Study This study examines the efforts of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), beginning in 1928, to promote the teaching of Black history in southern segregated schools in an effort to bring about greater racial tolerance and awareness. The CIC circulated a booklet, which was a short history of African Americans titled “America's Tenth Man,” and invited schools to submit essays on Black history for cash prizes. The contests ran from 1928 until 1943, when the CIC was renamed the Southern Regional Council, which reflected a change in the organization's emphasis on regional planning. Research Design This is a historical examination of teaching Black history in segregated schools. The author relies on primary sources—including teachers’ reports, correspondence, and students’ projects—and secondary studies in the history of education and the curriculum. Conclusions By challenging historians’ views of the CIC—that the organization was largely ineffectual and that its Tenth Man contests did not result in any measureable improvement in race relations in the South—the author raises questions about the implementation of Black history curricula in order to influence students’ behavior and attitudes about race. Likewise, the author shows how White teachers were outspoken activists for Black history in schools. The study concludes that the teaching of Black history to White students was not uniform and was ideologically diverse.

Multiple vibration displacements at multiple vibration frequencies stress impact on human femur computational analysis

Whole-body vibration training using single-frequency methods has been reported to improve bone mineral density. However, the intensities can exceed safe levels and have drawn unfavorable comments from subjects. In a previous article, whole-body vibration training using multiple vibration displacements at multiple vibration frequencies (MVDMVF) was reported. This article presents the computational simulation evaluation of stress dispersion on a femur with and without the MVDMVF input. A model of bone femur was developed from a computed tomography image of the lower limb with Mimics software from Materialise (Plymouth, Michigan). We analyzed the mesh model in COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL, Inc; Burlington, Massachusetts) with and without MVDMVF input, with constraints and load applied to the femur model. We compared the results with published joint stresses during walking, jogging, and stair-climbing and descending and with standard vibration exposure limits. Results showed stress levels on the femur are significantly higher with MVDMVF input than without. The stress levels were within the published levels during walking and stair-climbing and descending but below the stress levels during jogging. Our computational results demonstrate that MVDMVF generates stress level equivalent to the level during walking and stair-climbing. This evidence suggests that MVDMVF is safe for prolonged use in subjects with osteoporosis who ambulate independently.

Lone Star Stalag: German Prisoners of War at Camp Hearne (review)

Reviewed by: Lone Star Stalag: German Prisoners of War at Camp Hearne Matthias Reiß Lone Star Stalag: German Prisoners of War at Camp Hearne. By Michael R. Waters. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-58544-318-2. Maps. Photographs. Tables. Works cited. Index. Pp. xv, 268. $29.95. Of the more than 371,000 German prisoners of war (POWs) interned in the United States during World War II, about 80,000 ended up in Texas. Given this high number of German soldiers living in the state's 22 main and 48 branch camps, historians interested in the history of these men focused at an early stage on the Lone Star state. Despite the books and articles written on POWs in Texas since the second half of the 1970s, Michael Waters's study is a significant contribution to our understanding of POW history and shows how far this field has meanwhile progressed. Combining archival sources with oral history interviews of former prisoners, guards, and American civilians, Waters and his team of students also conducted the first intensive archaeological survey and excavation of a former POW camp site in the United States. It is hard to imagine a more comprehensive study of a single POW camp, and Camp Hearne is itself a very good choice for such an endeavour. Housing more than 4,800 German POWs from June 1943 to December 1945, the camp was the site of the German Postal Unit, which processed and despatched the mail for all German POWs in the United States from March 1944 to mid-July 1945. The lax security at the Postal Unit allowed the German NCOs working there to communicate with prisoners in other camps. In addition, Camp Hearne was the site of one of the five cases where German POWs murdered a fellow inmate. Corporal Hugo Krauss was severely beaten on the night of 17 December 1943 and died six days later from his injuries. All of this was already known, but Waters reconstructs the events at the Postal Unit and the murder case in hitherto unknown detail. Finally, between early September and mid-December 1945, Camp Hearne housed a small detachment of less than 500 Japanese POWs, who had been selected by the authorities to participate in a re-education programme. Lone Star Stalag is a balanced and well-written book. Although it uses no German literature, its reliance on both German and American recollections makes it interesting, especially when discussing the question of "Nazi terror". While former POWs, for example, claim that the Nazis were only a "very, very small minority group" (p. 117) and left alone by "the silent majority" (p. 117), the American chaplain in charge of the camp's religious activities claimed that half of the POWs belonged to this faction (p. 115) and that they would gruesomely kill anybody making unfavorable comments about Hitler and the Nazi party "at the earliest opportune time" (p. 114). At times, Waters could have done more to interpret these conflicting views, especially as the question of how many POWs were Nazis and to what degree they ruled the other prisoners' lives remains one of the last controversies in this field. Nevertheless, Lone Star Stalag is an excellent, very informative and beautifully crafted book, richly endowed with photos, graphics, maps [End Page 873] and tables. It can be highly recommended to everyone interested in the topic and should be a model for the studies of other camps in the United States. Matthias Reiß German Historical Institute London London, United Kingdom Copyright © 2005 Society for Military History

Best Practices in Interviewing

In 2003, I conducted a qualitative study that examined the experiences of stakeholders connected to two community-based adult literacy programs. My 70 research participants belonged to seven stakeholder categories as follows: 37 learners (adult literacy students), 2 coordinators/instructors (head practitioners), 11 other staff (instructors and office support workers), 7 parents/significant others (learners' close relatives), 2 administrators (volunteer board members), 8 referral agents (government and community agency workers who refer learners to adult literacy programs), and 3 provincial funding agents (government employees responsible for adult literacy grants). In addition to program documents and long-answer questionnaires, the research data included 75 interviews with 58 individuals representing every stakeholder category Interviews were my richest source of information. They were also the most difficult and the most time consuming, totaling 68 hours of taped conversations, which took 584 hours to transcribe. This personal reflection uses my interviewing experiences as a means to prepare other qualitative researchers for the challenges, and the joys, of interviewing adult education stakeholders. My first challenge was to recruit program stakeholders who were willing to be interviewed. I was fortunate to have an enthusiastic provincial funding agent in my region of the province, and to have cooperative coordinators/instructors as key program informants. Not only did they actively recruit more individuals than I requested from their own programs, according to lists of respondent criteria that I provided, but they also recommended that I interview more than one provincial funding agent; they kindly provided names of agents who were most familiar with their programs. Therefore, instead of interviewing 35 stakeholders as indicated in my research proposal, I interviewed 58 altogether, each who added a new dimension to my understanding of their adult literacy programs. The support that I received from one provincial funding agent and from both coordinators/instructors was essential to my study's success. The first task of every qualitative researcher therefore should be to recruit key informants who endorse the project's means of data collection and who are committed to its research goals. I was afraid to ask respondents for permission to audiotape the interviews. I feared that they would refuse to speak in front of the microphone, or perhaps even seize the opportunity to back out of the study altogether. Thanks, I'm sure, to their preparatory conversations with their programs' coordinators/instructors, only one participant asked that I take handwritten notes instead of taping our conversation. He was a government employee referral agent whom I had expected to feel more comfortable with the interviewing process. Some respondents, of course, were reluctant to speak up at first, and a few others actually whispered throughout their interviews. Several lowered their voices or leaned way back in their chairs away from the microphone whenever they thought they might be making unpopular or unfavorable comments, and one learner periodically slipped papers over the microphone to muffle the conversation. Most respondents, however, were very cooperative and eager to have their stories heard. It is essential to reassure participants that the interviewer is the only person who will later listen to the tapes and that they will have an opportunity to review their transcripts and make any changes they wish. Given my position as a white, middle-aged female university employee, I expected that I would feel more comfortable conversing with some respondents than others and they with me. The interview guides gave me sets of questions to follow in a logical order, but I decided early in the interviewing process to engage in less formal conversations wherein I could gently probe for more detailed data and encourage respondents to share whatever information they wished to convey I therefore tried to find a common ground of experience or interest to ease into each interview, and then I let the conversation take its own course as we discussed the respondent's adult literacy program experiences. …

TESTING THE SPIRAL OF SILENCE MODEL: THE CASE OF MEXICO

This exploratory study, a survey of 305 heads of household in Monterrey, Mexico, investigated public opinion during a six-month period in 1982 which saw a changeover of presidential incumbents. During the transition, respondents were polled about their willingness to express their opinion about the outgoing and incoming presidents. Overall, the results provided support for the spiral of silence approach. Path analysis revealed that exposure and attention to the mass media were associated with both knowledge holding and perceptions of majority opinion. Interpersonal discussion of politics was associated with knowledge. And knowledge also was related to one's own opinion and perceived present and future majority opinion. Present majority opinion was linked to willingness to enter a political discussion. And holding positive or negative cognitions was related to expressing favorable or unfavorable comments about each political figure. Recommendations for alternative ways of assessing fear of isolation, expanded sampling frames, tracking power shifts, and assessing perceptions of power are discussed.

The Urner Tellenspiel of 1512: Strategies of Early Political Drama

The Urner Tellenspiel of 1512: Strategies ofEarly Political Drama Martin W. Walsh The early sixteenth-century text known as the Urner Tellspiel or Tellenspiel (The Canton Uri TellPlay) has been called the earliest political drama of the German language.1 Given Switzerland's role as the avant-garde ofWestern democracy, it might well be considered the first purely secular, political drama ofWestern Europe. As the first theatrical treatment of the Wilhelm Tell saga, it is naturally overshadowed by its illustrious descendant, the great romantic drama of Schiller. Even in its own century this anonymous "folk" drama was recast into a more respectable literary form by Jakob Ruf of Zurich. It is this 1545, postReformation version that has received the lion's share of critical attention among scholars ofthe early Swiss stage. My purpose here will be to examine the earlier play,this first-ever"political drama."I shall be asking some basic questions. How might the piece have been realized? What were its original intentions? What dramatic strategies did it employ? The Urner play dramatizes the well-known episodes of the Tell saga, beginningwith the tyrannies ofdieAustrian Landvogt (bailif) Gessler,particularly his arrogant gesture of placing his hat aloft on a pole in the marketplace ofAltdorf and compelling me Swiss to do it homage. When the renowned marksman Tell ignores the object, he is arrested and die sadistic Gessler proposes the famous test—Tell must shoot an apple off his youngest child's head to gain his freedom. Tell succeeds in the amazing 155 156Comparative Drama shot (der Apfelschuf,) but when asked why he had readied an additional crossbow bolt, he replies that if he had injured his son, the second bolt wouldhavebeenfordieLandvogtTellismenled awayin chainstoalakeboat. A fierce storm,however, soon breaks over Lake Lucerne (Vterwaldstatersee) and none ofthe men-at-arms are capable ofhandling die craft in the raging waves. Tell is freed to ply his boatman's skills and save them all, but instead he maneuvers the craft toward a shelfof rock (site of the present Tell Chapel), leaps to safety while snatching up his crossbow, and shoves die boat back into the turbulentwaters.The boat eventuallylands and Tell heads off the party and manages to ambush and kill the Landvogt in a sunken lane (die Hohlegasse) near Küssnacht. Tell thus becomes a hero of the Swiss resistance, newly enkindled by the semi-legendary oath ofconfederation on Rudi field. The consensus as to the facts about and reasonable suppositions regarding the text ofthe Urner Tellenspielare as follows.2 It was printed by Augustin Friess in Zurich about 1545. It is this version which Ruf then reworked to create Das neue Tellenspiel. An earlier printed version might have existed affording an opportunity for some additions, for there appears to be more epilogue material than one could reasonably imagine being performed. Thiswas apparently added after the crisis to Swiss confidence occasioned bythe disastrous Milanese campaign of 1515, since it broods upon the Confederation's sins of greed and presumption and makes unfavorable comments upon mercenary service. The original playwas"performed in Uri" as Friess' tide page affirms. An internal reference to the Winter campaign (Winterzug) of 1511 provides a firm terminus ante quern. The play was therefore produced in some form in 1512 or shortly thereafter, most likely in Altdorf, chief market town of the canton and legendary birthplace of the Swiss Confederation . There are no further details as to this production. The fact that its playscript was printed some thirty years later strongly suggests that the production was not an isolated affair but had something of a performance tradition in the intervening years. Internal evidence suggests , aswell, thatthere mayhavebeen an earlier dramatic kernel, namely, the famous Apfelschuf,. Two distinct lines of source material appear to have influenced the play. One is the WhiteBookofSarnen, a chroniclecompiled between 1470 Martin W. Walsh157 and 1472, which contains the first mention of those events of the late thirteenth century that allegedly gave rise to the Confederation. The sources behind the White Book are unknown. Petermann Etterlin's Schweizer Chronik (1505-07), which contains the first Tell illustration, presumably served as the intermediary between the White Book and the Tell playwright. The other source...

Internship ratings as a validity outcome measure for an evaluation system to identify inadequate clerkship performance.

To determine whether a third-year clerkship evaluation system validly predicted students' later performance ratings during their internships. Adequacy of students' clerkship performances and the need for remediation were determined during seven consecutive academic years at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine using a criterion-based process including formal evaluation sessions. Internship ratings of students who needed remediation (remediators) from 1986 to 1993 were compared with those of students who voluntarily chose fourth-year medicine (non-remediators). Using written questionnaires, internship directors rated the graduates on a five-point scale for fund of knowledge, attitude, and analytic ability, and also provided written comments. Responses to questionnaires were available for 75 of 97 remediators (78%) and 268 of 313 non-remediators (86%). The remediators were 12.9 times more likely to have low internship performance scores and 9.4 times more likely to receive unfavorable comments than were the non-remediators. However, the majority of the remediators (80%) received only favorable comments. The medicine clerkship grade was more sensitive than the non-medicine grade-point average in predicting problems during internship (75% vs 8%). The medicine clerkship evaluation process detected whether a student was likely to have problems during internship, and the internship ratings supported the predictive validity of the evaluation system. The majority of students who were successfully remediated had no identifiable problems during internship.

Communication to Workers of Epidemiology Study Results: An Industry Approach

Communication to workers of epidemiology study results is gaining increasing emphasis because of the need to notify study subjects and the responsibility to warn workers of potential workplace hazards. Industry has a unique responsibility in this regard both for ethical reasons and for gains in improving workers' knowledge of workplace hazards. We describe our recent efforts to notify 9648 workers potentially interested in the results of an epidemiology study that found increased rates for cancer. We found that both study and nonstudy subjects were equally interested the findings. We conclude that most workers view the notification as evidence of the company's commitment to maintain a safe workplace, and are pleased that the company undertook the study and reported the results to them. Unfavorable comments comprised less than 1% of the responses.