Unfair Treatments Research Articles

Animal Ethics and India: Understanding the Connection through the Capabilities Approach

This paper, unveiling the visionary short-sightedness of animal protection, argues for a just vision towards animals in India. Critically analysing the wide range of animal protections in India, the paper finds that in spite of such protections, animals continue to suffer out of unfair and unjust treatments in the country. Considering visionary short-sightedness as the reason behind these unfair and unjust treatments, the paper argues that ensuring the rights of non-human animals to basic capabilities is a fundamental and just vision towards delivering ethical and just actions towards animals. For this, the paper grounds itself on the theoretical foundation of the capabilities approach and makes some policy-level recommendations to protect animals in India.

Returned Migrants Settlement : Focus on Kazakhstan’s Oralman case

This research evaluatesthe success of the Return Migration Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan related toreturnKazakhs who are called Oralman. This research focuses on the Oralmans’s migration andadaptation to the societyandanalyzesthe general government Return Migration Policy and the special Return Program in relation to important topics as well as adaptation to new place, the integration into society and the realization of programs. This research contains the following results. First, Kazakhstan’s Migration Policy couldn’t ensure a secure arrival for migrated Kazakhs. Second, the special program for migration which covered the period from 2009-2011 could nottake into accountall returnees’ problems. Third, Oralman faced many problems: accommodation support, job, alimentation, etc. Fourth, they do not receive government benefits on time. Fifth, Oralman have different adaptation problems into new society, particularly in rural areas. Sixth, the bilingual system creates a language barrier for them. Seventh, cultural and religious differences have an impact on Oralman socialization. The government needs to putmucheffort in preparation ofa successful migration policy and to give secureness for returnee Kazakhs. One of the most important factors is to correct the Migration Policy with detailed obligations forboth government and returnee. In addition, local organizations and government organs must enforce the established return Migration Policy so the returned Kazakhs will not experience unfair treatments.

REVEALING TAX AVOIDANCE IN THE FAMILY-OWNED COMPANY: ETHNOMETHODOLOGY STUDY

This paper dismantles the occurance of Tax Avoidance found in the family company in Malang. The method used in this research is etnomethodology, a method that is used to investigate indexical expressions and other practical actions as a unified settlement that is being done (the organized Tax Avoidance) and how to apprehed their everyday world. It is mentioned in the beginning that there are a number of factors which cause tax avoidance, that is a drive to enrich themselves faster, gluttony, stingy, and a number of lust rage. It is also revealed that the practice of trailing attitude is driven by a fact that there are companies which do not pay taxes but they are safe. The presence of the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional) , local governments and tax officials who must be serviced, in fact also trigger the occurrence of tax avoidance. These kind of activities were uncovered due to the fictitious reports. There were no data and report books, the bank account is mixed between the personal and company affairs. They create their own cheating reports which are set up by themselves. They even wish that the tax officials do not need to check the tax affairs in the company if it is possible. Thus, the data reported are all fictitious and the bank flux does not appear. They are all manipulative reports. The impacts of this situation are very much felt by the employees, such as the emergence of envy, suspicion among them, being tensed when they have to manipulate data, blaming on each other, and throwing out reponsibilities to each other. Psychologically, the impact to employees leads to being depressed and stressed due to the unclear payroll, resentmented, and hurt because of unfair treatments. Lastly, it is revealed that the solution to some of these problems are by apologizing and doing permissive attitude, such as “we apologize for any error, please help us, thank you profusely”, and any kinds of apologies which will get prevalent from others. Those attitudes are also followed by permissive attitudes, for instance stating that “what we are doing is an emergency, and that the condition is very much stangling making the company havino other better choice, so please understand”. As a practical implication, this Tax Avoidance practices can bring collusion, nepotism, and even corruptions to various stakeholders, such as National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional) , the local government, tax officers and tax consultants due to the susceptible of informal negotiation.

De waarheid achter het patroon

Abstract Like the author, the main character of The yellow wallpaper (1890) suffers from mental illness and ‐ even more so ‐ from the treatment thereof. Both Charlotte Gilman and her heroine react against their unfair treatments by telling their own story. This article elucidates the truth those illness narratives contain. I approach the short story, its narrator, and its author from a gender-deconstructionist angle, focussing on the concept of performativity as theorised in Judith Butler’s Bodies that matter (1993) and Giving an account of oneself (2005). In that context, performances of identity, like storytelling, are coded by an enabling matrix. Matching up these insights against theories of Elaine Showalter, sociologist Arthur Frank, and queer theorist Jack/Judith Halberstam, I establish a link between performance, storytelling, and gender. The analysis shows that illness narratives are potentially, yet not necessarily, subversive. Indeed, while Gilman offers an alternative for suppressive Victorian discourse, her narrator fails to disjoint the system that terms her ‘ill’.

A Study on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's The Jewish Question

Dietrich Bonhoeffer(1906-1945) was the director of the "illegal" seminary at Finkenwalde. Through his experience with the seminary students at this time The Cost of Discipleship(1937) and Life Together(1939) were published. These two important books, written during the chaotic times of the church struggle, reveal the true life of a disciple of Christ. It was the darkest time in the history of German Protestantism, resisting the evil shadows of the Nazi Party. Dietrich Bonhoeffer focused on the true meaning of a follower of Christ and how one should live accordingly. Bonhoeffer, not only as a theologian and pastor, but as a disciple following Jesus Christ deeply agonized with the practical aspects. Tragically, discipleship was a neglected concept during the Protestant Reformation. Bonhoeffer sharply pointed out the misguided notion of being justified by faith. Bonhoeffer repeatedly emphasized the distortion on the part of the German Church which swore allegiance to Adolf Hitler and its falsely misplaced views of cheapening the grace which is involved in the precious faith and actions of following Jesus Christ. Bonhoeffer linked the discipleship of a Christian and costly grace. Costly grace and genuine discipleship are inseparable. For Bonhoeffer the Jewish Question posed a serious problem to the church struggle. Unless the church responded in an urgent manner the Jews were doomed to unfair and unjust treatments and ultimately would be persecuted to their death. Tragically Bonhoeffer's foresight proved right and Bonhoeffer, along with other brave men gave their lives for the sake of the Jews. The purpose of this study is to examine Dietrich Bonhoeffer's theological and ethical response to the issue of the Jewish question posed by the Nazi party's anti-Semitic policies affecting Jews throughout Germany during the reign of Hitler.

Cross-modal representations of first-hand and vicarious pain, disgust and fairness in insular and cingulate cortex.

The anterior insula (AI) and mid-anterior cingulate cortex (mACC) have repeatedly been implicated in first-hand and vicarious experiences of pain, disgust and unfairness. However, it is debated whether these regions process different aversive events through a common modality-independent code, reflecting the shared unpleasantness of the experiences or through independent modality-specific representations. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we subjected 19 participants (and 19 confederates) to equally unpleasant painful and disgusting stimulations, as well as unfair monetary treatments. Multivoxel pattern analysis identified modality-independent activation maps in the left AI and mACC, pointing to common coding of affective unpleasantness, but also response patterns specific for the events' sensory properties and the person to whom it was addressed, particularly in the right AI. Our results provide evidence of both functional specialization and integration within AI and mACC, and support a comprehensive role of this network in processing aversive experiences for self and others.

Research on Equipment Maintenance Policy Method under Uncertain Environment

The study aims at the assessment of tax practice and its administration in Dilla town. Both primary as well as secondary data’s were used. Primary data was collected from tax payers and employees of Dill revenue authority office through questionnaire. Were as secondary data from books, internets and other written materials related with the study. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the sample from the available total population. Descriptive method was used to analysis the collected data. The research finding shows that the tax payers have knowledge about why they are paying tax but they perceive it as debt and obligations, unfair tax rate and even the collected tax was not properly allocated for its intended purposes. The tax payers faces problems like waiting time, unfair treatments by the officials and employees are slow in processing the activities was to slow and even miss treatment of the tax payers or creating difference. Tax authority faced the problems like lack of awareness by tax payers, tax avoidance and evasions. Moreover; the effectiveness of the tax administration was affected by poor technology application, low level of the tax payers awareness about the tax generally and poor skill and commitment employees of the tax authority.

Prediction with Model-Based Neutrality

With recent developments in machine learning technology, the predictions by systems incorporating machine learning can now have a significant impact on the lives and activities of individuals. In some cases, predictions made by machine learning can result unexpectedly in unfair treatments to individuals. For example, if the results are highly dependent on personal attributes, such as gender or ethnicity, hiring decisions might be discriminatory. This paper investigates the neutralization of a probabilistic model with respect to another probabilistic model, referred to as a viewpoint. We present a novel definition of neutrality for probabilistic models, η-neutrality, and introduce a systematic method that uses the maximum likelihood estimation to enforce the neutrality of a prediction model. Our method can be applied to various machine learning algorithms, as demonstrated by η-neutral logistic regression and η-neutral linear regression.

A Little Spark Kindles a Great Fire? The Paradox of China's Rising Wave of Protest

Mass protests in China in recent years have been more frequent and widespread than in other authoritarian settings and have thus become a serious source of concern for the party-state. Many believe that a rising tide of protest has the potential to impose a significant political challenge to the stability of the regime in comparison to the fragile situation of 1989 the Tiananmen incident. However, the motives behind today's protests are clearly not revolutionary. The growing protest movements do not serve as a severe threat to the continued rule of the Chinese Communist Party for three reasons. First, the nature of recent protests has not been that of pro-democracy; rather, the participants are aggrieved citizens who have suffered economic losses and who demand concrete and practical rights for unfair and unjust treatments. They are politically weak despite their huge numbers. Second, the characteristics of recent protests do not constitute any of the features that would involve serious political risk. Instead, protests are focused on local issues and target specifically at local authorities. Third, the shifting international environments and China's rise to international power change the political visions of educated Chinese and further undermine their potential to initiate protests that would have more serious political implications.

Perceived Discrimination in the Context of High and Low Interactions – Evidence from Medical and General Tourists

This study explored the antecedents and consequences of perceived discrimination of tourists. Both general and medical tourists, who represent contexts of low and high interaction with service providers, respectively, were interviewed in-depth regarding their travel experiences in Hong Kong. The critical incidence approach was applied to identify unfair treatment and other relevant factors. Similarities and differences were found between the discriminatory experiences and antecedents of medical tourists and general tourists. The findings indicate that some unfair treatments were subsequently attributed to discrimination; because of their unique travel motivations, medical tourists more easily attributed unfair treatment to discrimination. Moreover, four groups of factors were identified as antecedents to perceived discrimination: cultural, employee, tourist and situational factors. The results suggest that the relationship between perceived discrimination and post-visit behavioral intentions is moderated by the perceived value of the trip. The practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Emergence of responsible sanctions without second order free riders, antisocial punishment or spite

While empirical evidence highlights the importance of punishment for cooperation in collective action, it remains disputed how responsible sanctions targeted predominantly at uncooperative subjects can evolve. Punishment is costly; in order to spread it typically requires local interactions, voluntary participation, or rewards. Moreover, theory and experiments indicate that some subjects abuse sanctioning opportunities by engaging in antisocial punishment (which harms cooperators), spiteful acts (harming everyone) or revenge (as a response to being punished). These arguments have led to the conclusion that punishment is maladaptive. Here, we use evolutionary game theory to show that this conclusion is premature: If interactions are non-anonymous, cooperation and punishment evolve even if initially rare, and sanctions are directed towards non-cooperators only. Thus, our willingness to punish free riders is ultimately a selfish decision rather than an altruistic act; punishment serves as a warning, showing that one is not willing to accept unfair treatments.

Psychological Acceptance of Children with Develop-mental Disorders

On account of different kinds of impairment, a number of children often remain isolated from the normal course of personal and social development various types of family and community beliefs, attitudes and misconceptions, unequal and unfair treatments in family and partiality in behavior may often cause hardships for children with special needs. Negligence on the part of both government and society may play a significant role in demoting social inclusion of such children. The family members may often encounter a variety of problems in catering for the needs of children having some sorts of developmental disorders. To deal with these problems, they may require proper education and training. In this pa- per, the authors highlight the policy of the government of Kenya regarding social inclusion of children with special needs and specify the role of the family in the promotion of social inclusion through making use of various sources of support available.

The Unattainable Mirage of Equality in American Teacher Education Programs: My Experience

I came to this country with an open mind to pursue the American dream. It did not take me a long to recognize racial disparity as a student and even more so when I became a faculty member in various teacher preparation programs. While I try to evade discussion on race, it is inevitable to talk about it because it seems to be the criteria upon which faculty are recruited, hired, retained and promoted. While at personal levels many people recognize overt discrimination and other unfair treatments, institutional racism has continued to be prevalent in many teacher preparation programs. This is because it is perpetuated in stealthy manner by those in power. In this article, I discuss my personal experiences in these programs.

The Republic of China Is the Enemy: The Qing Loyalists and the Changes in Chinese Political Culture (review)

Reviewed by: The Republic of China Is the Enemy: The Qing Loyalists and the Changes in Chinese Political Culture Tze-ki Hon (bio) Lin Zhihong [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]. The Republic of China Is the Enemy: The Qing Loyalists and the Changes in Chinese Political Culture [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /]. Taipei: Lianjing [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /], 2009. iii, 506 pp. Paperback 580 TWD, ISBN 978-957-08-3390-4. Similar to previous dynastic changes in premodern China, the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 produced a host of loyalists who resisted the change in government and held on to the bygone era. From the suicides of Liang Ji (1858-1927) and Wang Guowei (1877-1927) to the glorification of the Qing achievements of Luo Zhenyu (1866-1940) and Chen Yinke (1890-1969), the Qing loyalists employed various measures to keep alive the memory of the defunct dynasty.1 To the penchant of the Qing loyalists, the political turmoil that unfolded in the 1920s and 1930s—the rise of the warlords, the power struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists, and the Japanese invasion—gave them hope that the restoration of the Manchu government was within reach and their loyalty to their former rulers would pay off. Yet, when compared to their predecessors, the Qing loyalists were totally unique in two aspects. First, they were loyal not only to the fallen dynasty, but also to the imperial system that had lasted for two thousand years. By professing loyalty to the imperial system, they positioned themselves as critics of the modern nation-state, exposing its limitations as a hegemonic structure of coercion, centralization, and homogenization. Second, they claimed that they transcended the narrow ethnic nationalism of their contemporaries by being loyal to the Manchu [End Page 129] rulers that had been demonized by the revolutionaries. By being loyal to the Manchus, they presented themselves as defenders of multi-ethnic harmony, criticizing the Republican government for its ethnic nationalism and unfair treatments of minority races. In current scholarship, except for biographies and individual essays,2 there have been no concerted efforts to study the significance of Qing loyalists in China's political modernity. In this regard, Lin Zhihong's book, The Republic of China Is the Enemy: The Qing Loyalists and the Changes in Chinese Political Culture, breaks new ground by treating the Qing loyalists as political players who actively participated in the discourse of the nation. In the book, Lin depicts the Qing loyalists as diverse personalities who had different agendas in professing loyalty to the fallen Qing regime. Their differing agendas notwithstanding, they were united in opposing the Chinese Republic; thus, the title of the book. As a result, when the political environment of the Chinese Republic changed, the Qing loyalists adjusted their agendas and allegiances. In many instances, Lin argues, the Qing loyalists made difficult decisions to achieve their political goals. The Republic of China Is the Enemy is divided into seven chapters. In the introduction, Lin sets the tone by discussing two important concepts: political identity and political culture . By political identity, Lin refers to the attempts by the Qing loyalists to recast their political roles after the 1911 revolution. For many Qing loyalists (especially those who held high positions in the Qing government), the 1911 revolution was a devastating event that disrupted their lives, decimated their dreams, and destroyed their political careers. As sensitive souls, they had to find ways to link the past with the present. For better or worse, Qing loyalism was a convenient way for them to create a self-identity in an alien political environment (pp. 21-22). By political culture, Lin refers to a system of rewards and punishments that supports a political regime. The Qing loyalists felt clearly estranged from the new political culture of the Chinese Republic that stressed competition, openness, and accountability. As astute political players, however, they found ways to participate in the new political game, even though...

Coworkers’ and Supervisor Interactional Justice: Correlates of Extension Personnel’s Job Satisfaction, Distress, and Aggressive Behavior

This paper examined the effects of coworkers and supervisor interactional fairness on employees’ job satisfaction, distress, and aggressive behavior. Surveys were employed to elicit data from 270 extension personnel from two Agricultural Development Programs in Nigeria. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that fairness from both supervisors and coworkers were negatively related to job distress and aggressive behaviors and employees would respond with dissatisfaction to unfair treatments from their supervisors. The implications of findings are discussed.

Reactions to unfair treatments in work organizations．

Reactions to unfair treatments in work organizations．

POLA KEBERAGAMAAN MASYARAKAT MARGINAL

This is a research on sociology of religion, focusing on the issue of religious practices in a local community. Kampung Laut was chosen as the setting of this research for two reasons. First, the rituals of religion practices in the region are different from mainstream practices, which result in label and justification that their religiosity is not a part of or only a fragment of the mainstream religion and tend to be the target of correction. Second, this region raises conflicts among government institutions in relation to the rights of natural resources possession and utilization. The bad image built through this marginalization has formed Kampung Laut community as the one that is resistant and latent. This research used descriptive qualitative method with sociological approach. Rituals of religious practices that are different from the mainstream are explained on the basis of Weber’s theory of behavior categorized into value-oriented rationality. This kind of practices is considered to be more beneficial in the context of struggling for identity among the practices of marginalization experienced by Kampung Laut community. This condition gives a description to public that Kampung Laut community receives unfair treatments for their natural resources. Religious issues is made an entry for its massive, communal, and related to transcendental values.