Uneven Bars Research Articles

Exploring Kinematic Variations in Clear Hip Circle to Handstand: A Case Study of Performance Styles on Uneven Bars

(1) Background: This case study analyzed the successful performances of female gymnasts in the finals of the 39th and 40th World Cup in Maribor (SLO). The aim was to identify variations in their execution of the Clear Hip Circle to Handstand (CHCH) on uneven bars based on kinematic parameters. (2) Methods: This study involved elite female gymnasts from the 39th (n = 5, age: 17 ± 6 months) and 40th (n = 8, age: 17.5 ± 6 months) World Cups, totaling 13 gymnasts. Kinematic analysis was performed on 15 successful routines using the Ariel Performance Analysis System (Ariel Dynamics Inc., San Diego, CA). The analysis focused on 16 anthropometric reference points and 8 body segments, including the body mass center of gravity (CG). The main reference points analyzed were the hip joint, the shoulder joint, and the CG along the xy-axes. Trajectory, velocity, angle, and angular velocity of the hips and shoulders were calculated. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to assess the relationships between the kinematic variables. (3) Results: High intercorrelations between the reference points along the xy-axes (0.81–0.99) and optimal movement velocity were found. Dispersed results were observed for kinematic parameters of angle (0.10–0.16) and angular velocity of the hip joints (0.60–1.00), with similar dispersions for shoulder joints (0.51–1.00). Three distinct techniques were identified: (1) stretched body with minimal hip joint flexion throughout; (2) extended body with a short, quick hip joint extension during shoulder movement; and (3) hyperextension in the hip joint. (4) Conclusions: The kinematic analysis revealed three different performance styles of the CHCH among finalists. These variations in technique do not affect the success of the performance. This research contributes to a better understanding of the technique but does not prefer one style over another.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOULDER FLEXIBILITY AND HANDSTAND ALIGNMENT IN DIFFERENT FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS APPARATUS

A study was performed with the objective of analyzing the relationship between shoulder flexibility and handstand performance across three female artistic gymnastics apparatuses: floor exercise (FX), balance beam (BB), and uneven bars (UB). Twenty-one gymnasts participated and were divided into two groups: “G1”, consisting of twelve child gymnasts, and “G2”, consisting of nine adolescent gymnasts, aged 9 and 14 respectively. The study aimed to consider the sensitive phases for the development of flexibility. Using the Kinovea program, the shoulder angle (°H) in the handstand and the alignment of the joint segments (AJS) involved were analyzed. Participants underwent two different active shoulder flexibility tests (GFMT and FIG), and results were compared between the groups. Significant differences were found between groups in the GFMT test (p = 0.018), the FIG test (p = 0.026), and AJS in the BB handstand (p = 0.043). Significant relationships were also observed between the GFMT test and °H in UB (p = 0.021); and between the FIG test and °H in BB (p = 0.006), both withing the cild gymnast group. Overall, the adolescent group presented better scores, supporting the notion of greater body awareness and technical mastery of the handstand across the different female artistic gymnastics apparatuses.

I want to go last: How performance order affects Women’s Artistic Gymnastics?

The order in which gymnasts perform their routines varies across competitions in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG). In this study, we aimed to investigate if the Performance Order has any influence on gymnasts scores and, secondly, which apparatus is the most important predictor for higher Scores in All-Around. For that, we analyze data from three World Championships: Kitakyushu (2021), Liverpool (2022) and Antwerp (2023), encompassing 171 routines in all four WAG apparatus (Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam and Floor Exercise). Results have shown no evidence that Performance Order affects Total Score in Apparatus Finals, however we found that gymnasts who start on Vault in All-Around phase have significantly higher means (p<0,05) than gymnasts who start on other apparatus. Furthermore, results have shown that Uneven Bars and Balance Beam are the most important predictors of Total Score in All-Around phase. Additionally, D-Scores have demonstrated a greater impact on results compared to E-Scores. Keywords: Artistic Gymnastics, Performance Order, Evaluation, Score

Training Load Monitoring in Elite Youth Women's Artistic Gymnasts: A Pilot Study.

Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) is a complex aesthetic sport in which athletes start at a young age and are exposed to high loads during their careers. Little is known about the external and internal training load characteristics among elite young gymnasts. High training loads, with variations over the weeks, are expected. There is a relationship between external and internal load variables. Cohort study. Level 3. Seven elite-level Brazilian youth artistic gymnasts (age, 11.3 ± 0.4 years; mass, 33.0 ± 7.0 kg; height, 137.7 ± 10.6 cm; experience, 4.0 ± 1.2 years) participated in this study. Five nonconsecutive microcycles were monitored. Both external and internal training loads were quantified by counting the number of elements in video recordings of training sessions and by the session rating of perceived exertion method. A total of 168 individual training sessions were monitored. The microcycle that succeeded the main competition showed a significantly lower training load than ≥3 of the other 4 microcycles for all training load variables, except for vault elements, of which microcycle 4 was inferior only to the microcycle before the competition. Significant correlations were found between weekly internal training load and the total of elements and elements performed on uneven bars. Youth women's artistic gymnasts present fluctuations in external and internal training load variables over the weeks close to a major competition. Training load management in this sport must consider the specificity of each apparatus, as they have different demands and training load behaviors. A better comprehension of external and internal training loads in youth WAG and its apparatuses can benefit coaches and support staff and provide more information to overcome the challenge of training load management in gymnastics.

Values Of Physical Preparation In Female Gymnasts

Artistic gymnastic is one of the components of competitive gymnastics and is divided in men’s and women’s artistic gymnastics. There are four events in the women’s artistic gymnastics: vault, uneven bars, balance beam and the floor. Strength training in artistic gymnastic is closely linked to the gymnastic skills, so we can talk about the development of specific strength that is comparable to other sports. Taking into consideration the predetermined role of the muscular preparation in defining the physical training for female gymnasts. In this study, were obtained analysis twenty-one female gymnasts from four sports clubs in different cities of Albania, who are members of national gymnastics competitions. Tests realized in the beginning and final are as follows: SJ (cm), CMJ (cm), TF SJ (ml/s}, T F CMJ (ml/s}, SJBW (cm), CMJ 15 sec. (cm), HP (cm), HPWB (cm). Gymnasts have level average in SJ and CMJ. Low ratio indicates optimal condition strength to gymnasts. Referring tests shows that 16 gymnasts have high value flight times jumps SJ and CMJ. A different tableau is observed to 5 gymnasts, where look lower values of flight times jumps in SJ and CMJ. From the measurements of the tests, it resulted that those gymnasts that were involved in the study had an average level of strength of their lower limbs and a lower level of power of their upper limbs. Keyword: Artistic Gymnastics, Physical Training, Strength, Performance.

2024년 파리 올림픽 대비 이단평행봉 연기내용 비교분석

2024년 파리 올림픽 대비 이단평행봉 연기내용 비교분석

Aspects of the Preparation of Elements that Make Transitions from the Low Bar to the Upper Bar

The paper deals with the issue of preparation and presentation of the elements that make transitions by dismounting from the low bar to the upper bar regarding the increase of diversity and continuity of integral uneven bar exercises. In this idea, I present new technical methods of performing this action through hitting on the thighs on the back in two technical variants. Elements with facial and dorsal run-up departure the two technical methods of transition to the upper bar can be easily adapted as bar climbs. These new technical actions to perform the dismount bring notes of originality and diversity in the new mobility and biomechanical expression of the possibilities of the human body, in interaction with the apparatus, in a unique technical way for performance artistic gymnastics. Collaterally, I present the possibility of taking over the two technical variants by the boys with the adaptation of these elements to parallel bars. From the methodical analysis of learning back fly dismounts, I present the formation of a new group of descents through hecht with back fly. From the dynamics of the development of the back fly I present new technical modes of presentation and combinations in the direct connection, after the upper bar is gripped. I also present a new technical way to present hecht with a 180 turn, after gripping the top bar.

Физическая подготовка гимнасток высокого класса в контексте системы оценки в спортивной гимнастике

Competitive routines in artistic gymnastics are composed according to the Code of Points, which current variant highly encourages program difficulty. The need to acquire new elements of a high difficulty value and incorporate them tightly in their routines increases stress on gymnasts’ conditioning, based on materials of modern scientific works. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the current code of points in artistic gymnastics on elite gymnasts’ conditioning. Strength train-ing makes basis to conditioning in modern artistic gymnastics. Its choice should be dictated by an athlete’s dominant discipline. In order to satisfy modern difficulty requirements in one’s performance on uneven bars one needs exceptional upper body and upper limbs strength, in floor exercises – developed leg power and spe-cial endurance, in vault – high degree of speed, on balance beam – the ability to balance.

From High Bar to Uneven Bars: The Impact of Information Granularity in Quality Certification

Quality certification is ubiquitously used in markets with asymmetric information, but little is known about the impact of the number of certification tiers on market outcomes. Exploiting a field experiment on a large e-commerce marketplace with an existing two-tier certification, we study the impact of introducing a new certification tier that is less history dependent and less demanding than the existing top tier. Consistent with the theoretical literature on information design, we find that the change in information granularity among the previously noncertified sellers increases demand for high-quality young sellers, incentivizes their quality provision, and increases their chance of eventually obtaining the top-tier certification. Moreover, the three-tier certification structure prompts established sellers with higher effort cost to reduce their effort, opt out of the top tier, and adopt the new tier instead. Lastly, we provide evidence that the net impact of introducing the new certification tier on seller effort depends on how history dependent the certification requirements are in a market. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4666 .

Study of Red Ginseng Preparation HRG80 for Relieving Muscle Pain/Soreness and Supporting the Neuromuscular Performance of Elite Weightlifters in Intense Resistance Exercise: An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Trial

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of new Panax ginseng C.A.Mey preparation of increased bioavailability in fatigue assessed as relief of muscle soreness and improving the neuromuscular performance of healthy subjects following a bout of intense resistance exercise. The effects of the hydroponically cultivated red ginseng root powder HRG80TM (RG) γ-Cyclodextrin -based chewable tablets and cyclodextrin-free RG capsules were compared in an openlabel, randomized, crossover trial on 20 elite weightlifters. The RG treatments for 10 days have a statistically significant effect on the relief of the muscle’s soreness compared to the control. No statistically significant difference was observed in the effects of two capsules vs. one tablet suggesting that γ-Cyclodextrin based chewable tablets of red ginseng preparation HRG80 are almost 4-fold active of cyclodextrin-free HRG80 capsules. Furthermore, the effect of tablets vs. control was significant on the 5th day of the treatment, while the effect of capsules vs. control was observed three days later - on the 8th day. However, in push-ups on the uneven bars (PUB) test of neuromuscular performance, the capsule intake results in increased physical performance compared to tablets or control with maximal effect on the 7th day of treatment. The results of this study provide evidence for the efficacy of γ-cyclodextrin-based chewable tablets containing 100 mg of red ginseng HRG80TM for relief of muscle soreness and supporting the neuromuscular performance of healthy subjects in intense resistance exercise.

The relationship between handgrip strength and performance scores in North American Collegiate Division I women’s artistic gymnasts

Maximal isometric handgrip strength (HGS) is used as an indicator of overall muscular strength and has also been found to be predictive of certain athletic events sporting prowess. Women’s artistic gymnastics requires athletes have high levels of relative muscular strength and power to be successful. This study examined the relationship between HGS and gymnastics performance scores for the 4 events of vault, uneven bars, beam, and floor in female collegiate artistic gymnasts. Twenty-five (n=25) female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I North American collegiate women’s artistic gymnasts (age: 20.1±1.3 yrs; height: 158.9±5.6 cm; mass: 58.2±5.3 kg) were assessed for a one-time measurement of absolute HGS in kg and relative HGS (HGS/height in m2), as well as their average vault, uneven bars, beam, and floor performance scores across a competitive season. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were determined between HGS and all performance scores. No significant (p > 0.05) correlations were found between absolute HGS (30.8±4.4 kg) or relative HGS (12.0±1.6 kg/m2) and any 4 gymnastics event’s performance scores (r range: -0.07 – 0.50 or r range: -0.06 – 0.31, respectively). In this female collegiate gymnastics’ population, 56% had an absolute HGS and 80% had a relative HGS, respectively, above the 50th percentile of all similarly aged adult females in the United States. In the current population of female collegiate gymnasts, absolute and relative HGS were not related to any gymnastics events performance scores and adds to the existing literature, supporting no relationships between HGS and sports performances where sports movements require a high degree of technical precision and accuracy. Findings from this investigation can be used by athletes, coaches, and practitioners in the collegiate women’s gymnastics realm to assess if athletes have attained sufficient absolute HGS, and especially relative HGS values, to be successful.

WHY THE VAULT BECAME SUPERIOR TO OTHER EVENTS IN WOMEN’S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS AT THE OLYMPICS?

Critics argue that disciplines in women’s artistic gymnastics are not equal and the vault is generally scored much higher than the uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. The aim of this study is to understand why the vault became superior to other women’s events. The data are the official results for the 586 women gymnasts in Qualification at Olympics from 2000 to 2020. The One-Way ANOVA was used to analyze the variance of D-scores, E-scores and F-scores for women gymnasts obtained on each apparatus. Our research shows that disciplines in women’s artistic gymnastics have not been equal for gymnasts when trying to obtain high F-scores in the past 6 Olympics. Among the four women’s events, the vault came to be the one on which gymnasts are more likely to obtain high F-scores after the 2000 Olympics. We indicate that the strength of vault resulted from the introduction of the new vaulting table in 2001 and the new open-ended rules in 2006. Although the two big changes implemented by the International Federation of Gymnastics in the beginning of the new millennium were aimed at improving safety of the vault and fairness of judging, the interplay of the two big changes unintentionally promoted the vault to become the most powerful event in women’s artistic gymnastics. Such unanticipated consequence of purposeful action may constitute the most important element (i.e., imbalance of disciplines) in the sport. Accordingly, this research has the potential to shed new light on not only this important topic of equality between disciplines, but also broader trends in modern artistic gymnastics.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KIP ON THE LOW BAR OF UNEVEN BARS

Kip is a basic skill widely used in artistic gymnastics. Despite its importance, there is some difficulty in understanding the features underlying its correct performance, due to the lack of didactic information. This study proposes a qualitative biomechanical analysis of kip on the low bar of uneven bars, through an integrative review. Experi-mental and non-experimental studies were located in SciELO, Lilacs, and Google Scholar databases. The following aspects were reviewed: Kip overview; movement phases; and execution errors. This review aimed to integrate the knowledge of biome-chanics and artistic gymnastics, to offer an example of how biomechanics may be used as a pedagogical tool to assist Physical Education teachers and students in the teach-ing-learning process.

Uneven Bars? Evidence against Intergroup Anxiety in NCAA Women's Gymnastics

Uneven Bars? Evidence against Intergroup Anxiety in NCAA Women's Gymnastics

A study of the developmental history of skills resulting from changes in the bar change elements of the uneven bars

A study of the developmental history of skills resulting from changes in the bar change elements of the uneven bars

FEATURES OF THE TECHNIQUE FOR PERFORMANCE OF EXERCISES ON BARS OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS IN GYMNASTS AT THE TRAINING STAGE OF LEARNING, ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ELEMENT BENDING UP

The article describes the biomechanical analysis of the technique of performing the gymnastic element of the lifting extension on the uneven bars of different heights in girls 7-8 years old, which will allow the search for technical solutions that allow the gymnast to achieve the highest possible energy of movement.

THE PREDICTION OF ALL-AROUND EVENT FINAL SCORE BASED ON D AND E SCORE FACTORS IN WOMEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS

In the present study, we try to establish whether specific disciplines in women’s artisticgymnastics are equal and should the applicable Code of Points (COP) be revised in terms ofpoint standardization on apparatus. Our sample included all-around senior female gymnastswho participated in the qualification (C-I) competitions from 2009 to 2019. The aim of ourresearch was to determine the impact of individual apparatus D and E score in women'sartistic gymnastic in relation to the final result of all-around event. The age among seniorsrise from 2009 to 2019 for 1.88 years. In our analysis, we have found that the results achievedon each apparatus were significantly different. The average final scores on vault weresignificantly higher than on all other apparatus. Significant predictors of all-around successseem to be uneven bars D and E scores and balance beam E score. It was interesting toobserve that the vault, balance beam and floor D scores were not significant predictors.Coaches can use the results from this research in their planning of preparation tactics forgymnasts in all-around, team and apparatus competitions.

Development of the routine duration in artistic gymnastics from 1997 to 2019

ABSTRACT In this study, the development of routine duration (RD) in artistic gymnastics was investigated. Because of fundamental rule changes in 2006, the difference between the periods 1997–2005 and 2006–2019 and between the Olympic cycles (OC) over the entire period was examined. Therefore, 1387 routines were evaluated using video recordings. The results were: I) RD increased from 1997–2005 to 2006–2019 on pommel horse (36.0 to 44.0 s; p = 0.00), still rings (SR) (42.0 to 53.0 s; p = 0.00), parallel bars (PB) (35.0 to 50.0 s; p = 0.00), high bar (37.0 to 50.0 s; p = 0.00), uneven bars (UB) (32.5 to 36.0 s; p = 0.00), balance beam (83.0 to 85.0 s; p = 0.08) and floor female (87.0 to 89.0 s; p = 0.00), whereas floor male (67.0 vs. 67.0 s; p = 0.96) shows no differences; II) RD increase on SR from OC 2008 to OC 2012 (p = 0.00), at PB from OC 2012 to OC 2016 (p = 0.00), and reduced from OC 2012 to OC 2016 (p = 0.00) at UB. The increase of RD must be considered by coaches in order to prepare their athletes specifically for competitions.

Multipurpose Training Tool Development Branch of Artistic Gymnastics

The majority of sports organizations including gymnastics in Central Java Province still use school arenaswhich are quite small and not representative according to the rules of the Federation Internationale deGymnastics (FIG). Meanwhile, athletes must train without the hindrance of external factors such as ourfacilities. Purpose of Study: To provide a solution that can be applied to a limited school area by conductingfield analysis and designing a suitable model, especially for uneven rods in gymnastics. The material inthis study is the school arena, the uneven bars. Observation and measurement are used to collect data,then analyze it using Computer Aided Design software. The data are presented as descriptive quantitative.Result: To facilitate uneven trunks it can be constructed using either a log or glass fiber with adjustable posts(lower: 1.61-1.70 meters; upper: 2.41-2.50 meters), and with grip properties such as tension: 13.64 Newton,displacement: 1.17 mm, strain: 4.428 m/m. Conclusion: The modified unmodified bar has been designed tooptimize training sessions in a limited school area.

Partial Tears of the Pectoralis Major Muscle

Summary. Partial tear of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) is an extremely rare injury, but it needs to be studied.
 Objective: to carry out a comparative analysis of the clinic, diagnosis and treatment of patients with complete and partial tears of the PMM.
 Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of 9 patients with partial tears of the PMM who underwent surgical and conservative treatment at the Department of Microsurgery and Reconstructive Surgery of Upper Extremity of the SI “Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of NAMS of Ukraine” (Kyiv) from 2008 to 2018 was performed. The mean age of patients with partial tear of the PMM was 37.4±10.8 years (16 to 42 years); 8 were males and 1 was female. The follow-up period after surgical or conservative treatment was 12±2.8 months. The greatest number of injuries occurred during the bench press exercises – 55.6% (5 patients); on the uneven bars – 22.2% (2 patients) and in everyday life – 22.2% (2 patients).
 Results. Follow-up examination revealed that 55.6% (5 patients) had injuries of tendon-muscle transition IIC, 33.3% (3 patients) – of tendon part II D, and 11.1% (1 patient) – of muscle II B according to the Cordasco 2020 classification. All the patients deny taking steroids to increase muscle mass. Surgical treatment was performed within 10-643 days after the injury. Two operated on patients had acute injuries (up to 8 weeks after the trauma), and 3 had chronic injuries (more than 8 weeks after the trauma). The results on both the Quick DASH scale and the Subjective Evaluation of Patients with Pectoralis Major Muscle Injuries Questionnaire were negative in both groups during initial treatment. One year after the treatment, excellent and good results were observed in the operated on group; the conservative group showed unsatisfactory results. We did not note any complications after surgical interventions in operated on group of patients.
 Conclusions. Partial tears of the PMM require more careful differentiation and additional examination methods. Physically active patients with isolated tears of the PMM need surgical treatment. Such treatment gives excellent and good results, while conservative treatment – unsatisfactory. Due to the small number of patients in our study, partial PMM tears require further investigation.