Unequal Sizes Research Articles

Sliced Latin Hypercube Designs for Computer Experiments With Unequal Batch Sizes

Latin hypercube designs are frequently used in estimating the mean output value of computer simulations given random environmental factors. Sliced Latin hypercube designs are designs that can be partitioned into a number of batches so that both the whole design and the batches achieve optimal univariate uniformity. Such designs are useful for computer simulations that are carried out in batches, come from multiple resources, or have categorical variables. All existing sliced Latin hypercube designs have equal batch sizes. In this paper, we propose a new type of sliced Latin hypercube design that has unequal batch sizes and show their advantages theoretically and numerically.

An intelligent undersampling technique based upon intuitionistic fuzzy sets to alleviate class imbalance problem of classification with noisy environment

Traditional classification algorithms (TCA) do not work with the unequal class sizes. There are applications wherein the requirement is to discover the exceptional/rare cases such as frauds in credit card database or fraudulent mobile calls, etc. TCA, when applied in such cases, failed to detect rare cases. This is stated as the problem of imbalance classes. The problem is more serious when TCA are applied on the data distribution having other impurities like noise, overlapping classes and imbalance within classes. This paper presented an intelligent undersampling and ensemble based classification method to resolve the problem of imbalanced classes in noisy situation. A synthetic dataset with different extent of noise is used to assess the classification performance of the proposed techniques. The results indicate that the presented undersampling and ensemble based classifier techniques has better classification performance in noisy situation when we compare them with RUS and SMOTE having classifiers like C4.5, RIPPLE, KNN, SVM, MLP, NaiveBayes and with the ensemble techniques like boosting, bagging and randomforest.

Coded Caching for Wireless Backhaul Networks With Unequal Link Rates

Coded caching has emerged as a promising component of solutions to the exponential growth in network traffic. Previous approaches to network coding are all based on (simple) XOR coding, which is appropriate when links have the same rate. However, in typical wireless networks, different users experience different link rates. Thus, XOR coding is sub-optimal and cannot achieve full broadcast gain. In this paper, we consider the coded caching design for wireless networks with unequal link rates. More specifically, the backhaul networks of LTE-A or 5G system are considered, in which the link rates between the macroBS and microBSs are different. We leverage a new network coding scheme nested coded modulation (NCM) in the delivery phase and develop a novel file partition scheme for the placement phase based on unequal cache size allocation. This scheme adapts to unequal link rates for increasing broadcast gains. The achievable transmission time and the information-theoretic lower bound are derived; we show that transmission time of the NCM-based coded caching can achieve a constant gap to the lower bound. Moreover, the NCM-based coded caching can achieve significant performance improvement over the XOR-based coded caching; the example with normalized link rates from 1 to 6 achieves up to 250% throughput improvement. Numerical results also show that the NCM-based coded caching can well utilize the unequal link rates, which cannot be achieved by the XOR-based coded caching.

Do sports bettors understand probability and take risks?

Event Abstract Back to Event Do sports bettors understand probability and take risks? Rachael S. Loo1*, Alison Bowling1 and Leigh Grant1 1 Department of Psychological Science, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Australia Aim: Given the increased availability of online sports betting, it is important to understand the factors which may lead to problematic gambling. The current study aims to explore two of these factors: understanding of probability, and risk-taking in the placement of multi-bets in sports betting. Method: An online survey was administered to University staff, students, and members of the wider community (N= 159; 69 non-sports bettors, 76 recreational sports bettors, 14 regular sports bettors). Participants were asked to predict the winner of eight matches from a round of an Australian Rugby League competition by placing either a single or multi-bet. They then completed a probability discounting task (measure of risk-taking) and items related to understanding joint probability (conjunction fallacy). Results: A Pearson’s chi-square test of association indicated that recreational sports bettors placed a significantly greater number of multi-bets than non- and regular sports bettors. A One-way ANOVA revealed no effect of gambling category on levels of probability discounting. Lastly, a Hierarchical Multiple Regression showed that conjunction fallacy score was not a significant predictor of the number of multi-bets placed, whereas probability discounting was a significant predictor of the number of multi-bets placed, t(156) = 2.29, p = .02, sr2 = .03. Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, conjunction fallacy score did not relate to the number of multi-bets placed. Individuals who scored higher in probability discounting and were therefore higher risk-takers, were more likely to place a greater number of multi-bets than those who were risk-averse. Thus, these findings suggest that the number of multi-bets placed is more related to risk-taking behaviour than the understanding of probability. However, the unequal sample size in the gambling category makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Keywords: Probability discounting, Conjunction fallacy, Cognitive bias and heuristics, Sports betting, multi-bets Conference: 15th Annual Psychology Honours Research Conference , Coffs Harbour, Australia, 4 Oct - 5 Oct, 2018. Presentation Type: Research Topic: Abstract for 15th Annual Psychology Honours Research Conference Citation: Loo RS, Bowling A and Grant L (2019). Do sports bettors understand probability and take risks?. Front. Psychol. Conference Abstract: 15th Annual Psychology Honours Research Conference . doi: 10.3389/conf.fpsyg.2018.74.00033 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 14 Sep 2018; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Ms. Rachael S Loo, Department of Psychological Science, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia, r.loo.21@student.scu.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Rachael S Loo Alison Bowling Leigh Grant Google Rachael S Loo Alison Bowling Leigh Grant Google Scholar Rachael S Loo Alison Bowling Leigh Grant PubMed Rachael S Loo Alison Bowling Leigh Grant Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

On the dimension effect of regularized linear discriminant analysis

This paper studies the dimension effect of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the regularized linear discriminant analysis (RLDA) classifiers for large dimensional data where the observation dimension $p$ is of the same order as the sample size $n$. More specifically, built on properties of the Wishart distribution and recent results in random matrix theory, we derive explicit expressions for the asymptotic misclassification errors of LDA and RLDA respectively, from which we gain insights of how dimension affects the performance of classification and in what sense. Motivated by these results, we propose adjusted classifiers by correcting the bias brought by the unequal sample sizes. The bias-corrected LDA and RLDA classifiers are shown to have smaller misclassification rates than LDA and RLDA respectively. Several interesting examples are discussed in detail and the theoretical results on dimension effect are illustrated via extensive simulation studies.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Flashing Mitochondria

Mitochondria undergo spontaneous transient elevations in matrix pH associated with drops in mitochondrial membrane potential. These mitopHlashes require a functional respiratory chain and the profusion protein optic atrophy 1, but their mechanistic basis is unclear. To gain insight on the origin of these dynamic events, we resolved the ultrastructure of flashing mitochondria by correlative light and electron microscopy. HeLa cells expressing the matrix-targeted pH probe mitoSypHer were screened for mitopHlashes and fixed immediately after the occurrence of a flashing event. The cells were then processed for imaging by serial block face scanning electron microscopy using a focused ion beam to generate ~1,200 slices of 10 nm thickness from a 28 μm × 15 μm cellular volume. Correlation of live/fixed fluorescence and electron microscopy images allowed the unambiguous identification of flashing and nonflashing mitochondria. Three-dimensional reconstruction and surface mapping revealed that each tomogram contained two flashing mitochondria of unequal sizes, one being much larger than the average mitochondrial volume. Flashing mitochondria were 10-fold larger than silent mitochondria but with a surface to volume ratio and a cristae volume similar to nonflashing mitochondria. Flashing mitochondria were connected by tubular structures, formed more membrane contact sites, and a constriction was observed at a junction between a flashing mitochondrion and a nonflashing mitochondrion. These data indicate that flashing mitochondria are structurally preserved and bioenergetically competent but form numerous membrane contact sites and are connected by tubular structures, consistent with our earlier suggestion that mitopHlashes might be triggered by the opening of fusion pores between contiguous mitochondria.

New myxosporeans parasitizing Phractocephalus hemioliopterus from Brazil: morphology, ultrastructure and SSU-rDNA sequencing.

Myxozoans are a diverse group of parasitic cnidarians, with some species recognized as serious pathogens to their hosts. The present study describes 2 new myxobolid species (Myxobolus figueirae sp. nov. and Henneguya santarenensis sp. nov.) infecting skin and gill filaments of the Amazonian pimelodid fish Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, based on ultrastructural, histology and phylogenetic analysis. The fish were caught in the Amazon River, Pará, Brazil. The plasmodial development of M. figueirae sp. nov. was in the dermis and those of H. santarenensis sp. nov. were of the intralamellar type. For both species, the plasmodia were surrounded by a connective tissue layer, but there was no inflammatory infiltrate. For M. figueirae sp. nov., mature spores were ovoid measuring 9.1 to 10 (9.5 ± 0.3) µm in length, 5.8 to 6.9 (6.4 ± 0.3) µm in width and 4.4 to 4.5 (4.5 ± 0.1) µm in thickness. Two polar capsules were elongated and of unequal size. For H. santarenensis sp. nov., mature spores were ellipsoidal in the frontal view, measuring 26.3 to 36.1 (31.9 ± 3) µm in total length, 9.6 to 11.9 (10.8 ± 0.5) µm in body length, 3.7 to 4.9 (4.3 ± 0.3) µm in width and 16.6 to 25.6 (21 ± 3.1) µm in caudal process. The polar capsules were elongated and of equal size. Phylogenetic analysis, based on partial small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences and using the closest myxozoan sequences to each one of the species studied here based on previous GenBank data, showed M. figueirae sp. nov. and H. santarenensis sp. nov. clustering in distinct lineages. While H. santarenensis sp. nov. clustered in a well-supported subclade composed of Henneguya species that infect gills of South American pimelodid hosts, M. figueirae sp. nov. clustered in a weakly supported subclade containing parasite species of bryconid hosts.

Waking sleeping beauties: a molecular phylogeny and nomenclator of Halgania (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales)

Halgania (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) comprises ~20 species of ericoid shrubs endemic to Australia. The current taxonomic concepts based on morphology are confusing and are sometimes based on misidentification or lack of information about the type material. We describe the morphological diversity and infer relationships using molecular phylogenetics. The five petals in all Halgania species are blue to violet (rarely white). The yellow or yellow-purple anthers are connected into a cone surrounding the single style. Differences among the species are mainly found in the indumentum of the plants, the leaf margin (i.e. degree of serration), the sepals (being either of equal or of unequal size) and the length of the beak-like anther appendages. A phylogenetic tree mainly based on ITS sequences retrieves three highly supported groups. The H. andromedifolia clade uniquely has sepals of unequal size, and the H. anagalloides clade exhibits dolabriform trichomes. The remaining taxa (constituting the H. littoralis clade) lack such diagnostic morphological traits, but are reliably retrieved as sister group to the H. anagalloides clade. As a first step towards the taxonomic revision of Halgania, we have compiled a nomenclatural list of all validly published names (at the species level and below), provide information about herbarium deposition of original material and discuss the current use of the names.

Feasible blocked multi-factor designs of unequal block sizes

A block design is called feasible if all the factor effects in it are estimable. This paper studies the design structures of feasible block designs when the block sizes are unequal. Based on a necessary and sufficient condition, we find two structure features which respectively lead to unfeasible and feasible designs. According to these results, an effective way to find feasible designs is provided.

Collision-induced jet-like mixing for droplets of unequal-sizes

The internal mixing of droplets upon coalescence is of fundamental importance to a number of applications in microfluidics, micro-scale heat and mass transfer, and rocket engine propulsion. Compared to the well-known surface-tension-induced jet-like mixing in the coalescence of inertialess droplets, collision-induced jet-like mixing was observed recently and remains inadequately understood. In the present study, the collision dynamics and internal mixing of droplets of unequal sizes was numerical simulated by using the lattice Boltzmann phase-field method, with emphasis on unraveling the mechanism of the internal jet formation and therefore on exploring strategies to facilitate such a mixing pattern. The results show that the formation of the internal jet requires two synergetic flow motions favoring low Oh number and high We number: the capillary-pressure-driven radial converging flow induced by the crater restoration to detach the spreading smaller droplet from the surface, and the impact-inertia-driven axial motion along the crater surface to drive the penetration of the detached fluid. The jet-like structure was found to correlate with the evolution of a main vortex ring, which is formed by the vorticity generation on the interface during initial impact, and transported into the droplet during subsequent oscillations. However, due to the absence of the bulge retraction that generates a significant amount of vorticity and to the extended duration for the jet formation, the main vortex is much less intensive compared to that formed by the inertialess droplet coalescence and is therefore less capable of inducing obvious vortex-ring structure in the mixing pattern. Further simulations by manipulating the disparity of the droplet sizes and the disparity of the liquid viscosities show that, the collision of a larger droplet with lower viscosity with a smaller droplet with higher viscosity is effective in facilitating jet-like mixing.

Spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Neopanorpa lui and Neopanorpa lipingensis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with phylogenetic considerations

Spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure were investigated in Neopanorpa lui Chou & Ran and Neopanorpa lipingensis Cai & Hua by light and transmission electron microscopy. Two lateral lamellae run along the lateral grooves of the spermatid nucleus during spermiogenesis, but disappear in the mature spermatozoa. Sperm cells are very similar in ultrastructure between the two species. The spermatozoa are elongated cells, each comprising an apical bilayered acrosome inserted on the anterior nuclear region, an elongate nucleus that occupies the anterior sperm region, a neck region, and a posterior long flagellum. The nucleus has two prominent lateral grooves and assumes a helical appearance. The flagellum is helical and consists of a 9 + 2 axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives of unequal size, one accessory body, and two extra-axonemal accessory structures. The uniqueness of spermatozoa of Neopanorpa lies in the specifically spoon-shaped larger mitochondrial derivative along most of the flagellum length. A tentative phylogenetic analysis based on sperm structure supports a possible monophyletic clade comprising Panorpidae, Panorpodidae, Bittacidae, and Boreidae of Mecoptera with two non-homoplasious characters: glycocalyx organised in longitudinal ridges and two extra-axonemal accessory structures/rods in flagellum. Closer affinities of Siphonaptera and the mecopteran clade are suggested by the characters of two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives and the presence of mitochondrial derivative with crystalline structure. The sister group relationship of Panorpidae with Panorpodidae is supported by the presence of nuclear fiber and the irregular shape of the larger mitochondrial derivative.

Influence of solvent polarization and non-uniform ion size on electrostatic properties between charged surfaces in an electrolyte solution

In this paper, we study electrostatic properties between two similar or oppositely charged surfaces immersed in an electrolyte solution by using the mean-field approach accounting for solvent polarization and non-uniform size effects. Applying a free energy formalism accounting for unequal ion sizes and orientational ordering of water dipoles, we derive coupled and self-consistent equations to calculate electrostatic properties between charged surfaces. Electrostatic properties for similarly charged surfaces depend on the counterion size but not on the coion size. Moreover, electrostatic potential and osmotic pressure between similarly charged surfaces are found to be increased with increasing counterion size. On the other hand, the corresponding ones between oppositely charged surfaces are related to both sizes of positive and negative ions. For oppositely charged surfaces, the electrostatic potential, number density of solvent molecules, and relative permittivity of an electrolyte having unequal ion sizes are not symmetric about the centerline between the charged surfaces. For either case, the consideration of solvent polarization results in a decrease in the electrostatic potential and the osmotic pressure compared to the case without the effect.

Vortex-ring-induced internal mixing upon the coalescence of initially stationary droplets

This study employs an improved volume of fluid method and adaptive mesh refinement algorithm to numerically investigate the internal jet-like mixing upon the coalescence of two initially stationary droplets of unequal sizes. The emergence of the internal jet is attributed to the formation of a main vortex ring, as the jet-like structure shows a strong correlation with the main vortex ring inside the merged droplet. By tracking the evolution of the main vortex ring together with its circulation, we identified two mechanisms that are essential to the internal-jet formation: the vortex-ring growth and the vortex-ring detachment. Recognizing that the manifestation of the vortex-ring-induced jet physically relies on the competition between the convection and viscous dissipation of the vortex ring, we further developed and substantiated a vortex-ring-based Reynolds number criterion to interpret the occurrence of the internal jet at various Ohnesorge numbers and size ratios. For the merged droplet with apparent jet formation, the average mixing rate after jet formation increases monotonically with the vortex-ring Reynolds number, which therefore serves as an approximate measure of the jet strength. In this respect, stronger internal jet is responsible for enhanced mixing of the merged droplet.

Jets and large-scale vortices in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection

One of the most prominent dynamical features of turbulent, rapidly-rotating convection is the formation of large-scale coherent structures, driven by Reynolds stresses resulting from the small-scale convective flows. In spherical geometry, such structures consist of intense zonal flows that are invariant along the rotation axis. In planar geometry, long-lived, depth-invariant structures also form at large scales, but, in the absence of horizontal anisotropy, they consist of vortices that grow to the domain size. In this work, through the introduction of horizontal anisotropy into a numerical model of planar rotating convection by the adoption of unequal horizontal box sizes (i.e. $L_x \le L_y$, where the $xy$-plane is horizontal), we investigate whether unidirectional flows and large-scale vortices can coexist. We find that only a small degree of anisotropy is required to bring about a transition from dynamics dominated by persistent large-scale vortices to dynamics dominated by persistent unidirectional flows parallel to the shortest horizontal direction. When the anisotropy is sufficiently large, the unidirectional flow consists of multiple jets, generated on a timescale smaller than a global viscous timescale, thus signifying that the upscale energy transfer does not spontaneously feed the largest available mode in the system. That said, the multiple jets merge on much longer timescales. Large-scale vortices of size comparable with $L_x$ systematically form in the flanks of the jets and can be persistent or intermittent. This indicates that large-scale vortices, either coexisting with jets or not, are a robust dynamical feature of planar rotating convection.

Unequal cluster sizes in stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials: a systematic review

ObjectivesTo investigate the extent to which cluster sizes vary in stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials (SW-CRT) and whether any variability is accounted for during the sample size calculation and analysis of...

Response to Streby and Kramer: Additional considerations for explaining differences in return rates of geolocator-tagged and control Cerulean Warblers

ABSTRACT Our recent manuscript investigated geolocator-tagging effects on a small migratory warbler. Streby and Kramer (2017) suggest that a year effect may have been masked by our unequal sample sizes between years. They also argue that the difference in return rate between our geolocator-tagged and control birds was likely due to differences in harness styles used between years. We agree with their comment regarding the possibility that a year effect could have been masked by our unequal sample sizes. However, it is not possible to draw reliable conclusions from our data as to why we observed a reduced return rate for geolocator-tagged birds compared with color-banded controls, and attempts to do so are mere speculation. We also point out that both harness styles used in our study have been employed by a number of researchers who observed no reduced return rates for geolocator-tagged birds, including other species of parulid warbler. Researchers desiring to illuminate potential harness style effects on ...

石油精製・石油化学プラントに対するレイアウト技法の適用及び有効性の検証 : 大規模配置問題において異形状・異面積の配置対象物を扱うヒューリスティック技法(第2報)

石油精製・石油化学プラントに対するレイアウト技法の適用及び有効性の検証 : 大規模配置問題において異形状・異面積の配置対象物を扱うヒューリスティック技法(第2報)

Double Fano resonances in an individual metallic nanostructure for high sensing sensitivity

In this paper, we report on the design and observation of double Fano resonances (DFRs) in an individual symmetry-reduced nanostructure and the induced high sensing sensitivity. Such a plasmonic nanostructure consists of a partially overlapped double-metallic nanotriangles with unequal sizes fabricated by using fast and low-cost angle-resolved nanosphere lithography. Symmetry breaking generates two narrow quadrupolar dark modes, which further enhance the coupling with fundamental bright dipole modes within the same structure, manifesting the effect of DFRs. The resonance wavelength and line shape of DFRs can be tailored by changing the degree of asymmetry as well as the size of the designed nanostructure. Based on DFRs, a high sensitivity to dielectric environment with a maximum figure of merit of 35 is measured. Due to a fast manufacturing process with high reproducibility and high structural tunability, the fabricated individual metallic nanostructure provides an opportunity for significant potential applications in localized surface plasmon resonance based single or double-wavelength sensors in the near-infrared region.

Evaluating manufacturing process profile comparability with multivariate equivalence testing: Case study of cell-culture small scale model transfer.

This article studies the Generalized Mahalanobis Distance (GMD) approach proposed by Hoffelder which measures the dissimilarity of two multivariate Gaussian distributions with arbitrary covariance matrices and unequal sample sizes. This investigation demonstrated that, with appropriate adjustment, the GMD approach can achieve the targeted nominal Type I error and provide sufficient power for testing equivalence between two profile populations. The adjusted GMD approach was applied to examine the equivalence of harvest profiles between a 12L small scale model and 2000L manufacturing scale in a transfer study performed at Sanofi Specialty Care Framingham Biologics. The harvest profiles were evaluated based on three critical parameters (Productivity, Lactate Production, and Total Cell Density) and deemed practically equivalent using a pre-defined equivalence margin per the adjusted GMD approach. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:187-195, 2018.

Influence of Distribution of Animals between Dose Groups on Estimated Benchmark Dose and Animal Welfare for Continuous Effects.

The benchmark dose (BMD) approach is increasingly used as a preferred approach for dose-effect analysis, but standard experimental designs are generally not optimized for BMD analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the use of unequally sized dose groups affects the quality of BMD estimates in toxicity testing, with special consideration of the total burden of animal distress. We generated continuous dose-effect data by Monte Carlo simulation using two dose-effect curves based on endpoints with different shape parameters. Eighty-five designs, each with four dose groups of unequal size, were examined in scenarios ranging from low- to high-dose placements and with a total number of animals set to 40, 80, or 200. For each simulation, a BMD value was estimated and compared with the "true" BMD. In general, redistribution of animals from higher to lower dose groups resulted in an improved precision of the calculated BMD value as long as dose placements were high enough to detect a significant trend in the dose-effect data with sufficient power. The improved BMD precision and the associated reduction of the number of animals exposed to the highest dose, where chemically induced distress is most likely to occur, are favorable for the reduction and refinement principles. The result thereby strengthen BMD-aligned design of experiments as a means for more accurate hazard characterization along with animal welfare improvements.