Unequal Gender Norms Research Articles

SWOT ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2021 AND ITS TEXTBOOKS FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE

The education system of any country shapes its society by socializing youth with skills, values, and attitudes. Bangladesh declared its National Curriculum Framework 2021, which replaced the National Curriculum 2012 nine years ago, so the New Curriculum Framework is the first country’s curriculum framework of the 21st century, which is known for competency-based education. The New Curriculum Framework mainly focuses on competency, which is interdisciplinary and skill-based education. Components of competency-based education are knowledge, skill, values, and attitudes, which provide interdisciplinary, comprehensive and flexible knowledge as the demand of the 21st century. This curriculum framework states how the learning experience will change — learners will be instructed in the classroom with real-life experience and content, and they will examine societal norms and values and be active in bringing about positive changes in society by eliminating all forms of discrimination. Therefore, a gender transformative approach has been adopted in this curriculum, through which every learner seeks to analyze gender roles by transforming unequal gender norms, roles, and relations to gender equality while working towards redistributing the economy and services in society to be more equal. Thus, in this study, we have covered the SWOT Analysis of the New National Curriculum Framework 2021 and the analysis of textbook content. Thus, this study reveals the implementation of NCF - 2021 by analyzing Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0773/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Gender and stigma in antiretroviral treatment adherence in Mozambique: A qualitative study.

Both gender and HIV stigma are known to contribute to poor retention to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but little is known how they interact in decisions about adherence or default by people living with HIV (PLWH). This qualitative study explored HIV stigma and gender interaction in PLWH's care decisions in Mozambique. Transcribed data from semi-structured interviews of 68 men and 71 women living with HIV, were coded and analyzed for themes of HIV stigma, gender norms and treatment continuation and interruption pathways, using both deductive and inductive coding approaches. Stigma experiences were found to be influenced by gender roles. Anticipation of stigma was common across the narratives of PLWH, while women had more experiences of enacted stigma, particularly by their intimate partners. Women's treatment interruptions were influenced by fear of partner's negative reaction. Men's narratives showed internalized stigma and delayed treatment due to anticipated stigma and masculine norm of strength. Severe internalized stigma was found among single mothers, who without economic or moral support defaulted treatment. Women's pathway to adherence was facilitated by their caregiver role and support from partner or kin family. Men's adherence was facilitated by experience of severe symptoms, provider role and by support from their mother or partner. Results indicate that linkage of stigma to gender roles interact in treatment decisions in three main ways. First, HIV stigma and unequal gender norms can work jointly as a barrier to adherence. Secondly, those resisting restrictive gender norms found it easier to manage HIV stigma for the benefit of treatment adherence. Thirdly, some gender norms also facilitated adherence and stigma management. Programs targeted at HIV stigma reduction and improving ART adherence among heterosexual populations should be built on an understanding of the local gender norms and include socially and culturally relevant gender sensitive and transformative activities.

Social Mobility and Single Women’s Marriage Dilemma in Urban China

In contemporary China, social mobility creates an ethical conundrum for single women, who wish to marry without compromising their modern ambitions and filial intentions. Both women and men in China’s largest cities have been postponing marriage in recent decades, increasing the percentage of the never-married population. Failure to marry at the proper time and in the right way violates cultural standards for moral personhood and thus is negatively sanctioned by society. Moreover, women bear greater pressure to marry, and in a timely fashion, than do men. Their marriage prospects decrease as their age and status increase; highly educated single women especially have been stigmatized as “leftover” or unmarriageable. Simultaneously, their educational and professional achievements correspond to refined aspirations for their future, along with resources to delay marriage until they meet a soulmate who fulfills their expectations. Interviews with highly educated single women in Shanghai demonstrate how they contended with the gender contradictions of social mobility. Remaining single by chance or by choice incited societal scrutiny, parental pressure, and personal anguish, but also prompted critical reflection on unequal marriage and gender norms, and sparked shifts in subjectivity. Paradoxically, social mobility reduced single women’s marital prospects yet accorded them the means to envision and forge alternative life paths that challenge patriarchal gender prescriptions.

Perception of gender norms and its association with bullying behavior among adolescent students

BackgroundInequitable gender norms are increasingly seen as a risk to health and well-being. Although adolescence represents a critical phase of development before adulthood, there is limited understanding about adolescents’ perception of gender norms in Egypt. Adolescents’ nonconformity with stereotypical gender norms is suspected to increase their exposure to bullying behavior. This study aimed to explore the adolescents’ perception of gender norms — especially towards romantic relations and stereotypical gender traits and roles — and its association with bullying behavior among school children.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a sample of 400 students 11–17 years from 10 public schools in Aswan city, Egypt was conducted. Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires using the Gender Norms Scales and School Life Survey tool for bullying.ResultsSchool adolescents of both sexes showed no significant difference with respect to their attitudes towards romantic relationships engagement, but boys were slightly more permissive about romantic relationships than girls (54.4%, 46.1%, respectively). On the other hand, girls were significantly more likely to indicate agreement with a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships than boys (75% vs. 46.4%, P < 0.001). Regarding gender stereotypical traits, girls’ and boys’ perception showed no significant difference, but boys had more endorsement, and 64.3% of boys perceived more agreement with gender stereotypical traits compared to 57.4% of girls. Also, boys were more likely to express more agreement with stereotypical gender roles than girls (74% vs. 52.9%, P < 0.001). However, 51% of students agreed that it was okay to tease a boy who acted like a girl, and 27.5% agreed that it was okay to tease a girl who acted like a boy. Students’ status of bullying and victimization was not significantly associated with any studied gender norms concept.ConclusionsPerception of unequal gender norms starts early in adolescence. Boys are more accepting of heteronormative relations among adolescents and more likely to endorse stereotypical gender roles than girls, while girls are more conservative and more likely to perceive a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships. Moreover, adolescents of both genders perceived more agreement with deserving sanctions for atypical gender behaviors in boys with higher perception in boys compared to girls. However, both boys’ and girls’ perception of gender is not related to their status of bullying and victimization. This has important implications for understanding the development of gender norms and their impact on adolescent behavior and social interactions.

Age and Agency: Evidence from a Women’s Empowerment Program in Tanzania

Understanding the effectiveness of programs designed to empower women is important for development policy, and critically important in places with historically unequal gender norms. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of a multidimensional program on women’s empowerment in northern Tanzania, where our study sample is among the pastoralist and traditionally patriarchal Maasai tribe. The multidimensional approach of the program included various components: microcredit groups, business skills, livestock management, water improvements, women’s rights discussions, and nutrition education. To measure the effect of the program, we employ a difference-in-differences approach, with doubly robust weighting. We use the livestock-enhanced project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), a new quantitative measurement of women’s empowerment designed for communities where livestock is a main productive asset. Our analysis of the program impact shows that the multidimensional program led to higher levels of empowerment for young women, specifically more group membership, access to credit, increased control over income, and a larger input into household productive decisions. Notably, the improvement in empowerment for young women does not reflect any change in attitudes towards intimate partner violence. Despite the positive findings for young women, we do not find any change in empowerment for the full sample of women (all ages). Our results demonstrate that programming focused on women’s empowerment has differential effects over a woman’s life cycle.

Social protection for transformative resilience: do programmes really address underlying causes of vulnerability of subsistence farmers to climate change?

ABSTRACT Conventional social protection programmes that fail to intentionally consider climate change effects in their design and delivery are criticised for not addressing the root causes of vulnerability to climate change, particularly for rural livelihoods. Increasingly, we see a shift to adaptive social protection programming to address climate vulnerability, which incorporates transformative objectives. However, there is a dearth of research into the transformative effects of adaptive approaches. Addressing this gap, we employ a “rights-based approach” to assess how adaptive social protection affords greater transformative resilience and wellbeing outcomes over conventional social protection programming. Taking Bangladesh as our case, empirical data show that although social protection programming incorporates some transformative elements, their impacts in terms of subjective resilience and wellbeing outcomes are limited. These limited outcomes result from prevailing clientelism, inadequate benefits paid to participants, lack of beneficiary participation in decision-making, and failure to address unequal gender norms and power relations. These failures are intentionally obscured through the performative practice of corrupted reporting. We conclude by proposing social protection features that are expected to promote more equitable, inclusive and just pathways to sustainably reduce climate induced vulnerability of subsistence farmers.

‘Parents are gudlists!’ Experiences of puberty and parent-child sexual communication in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

This paper explores young people’s experiences of puberty and their perspectives on parent-child sexual communication in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal. In-depth individual interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory visual research methodology were employed with 18 and 19-year-old young women (n = 30) and young men (n = 16) attending three primary health care facilities and a local high school in Jozini municipality. The findings suggest a complex interplay between unequal gender and socio-cultural norms that results in divergent puberty experiences and ambiguous and inconsistent patterns of parent-child sexual communication. Young people referred to their parents as gudlists, a local colloquialism for someone who is evasive, vague, ambiguous and indirect. Lack of open parent-child sexual communication hinders discussion of healthy sexuality, neglecting the sexual and reproductive health education and needs of young people. Reflective of their desire for change, young women in particular contest current parenting norms and suggest returning to cultural practices linked to traditional forms of courtship and sexual communication among young Zulu people.

Effets identitaires de la socialisation différentielle de genre sur les aspirations au premier enfant et au mariage des jeunes adolescent(e)s à Ouagadougou: une étude mixte

Résumé Des études montrent que la socialisation de genre développe différemment chez les filles et les garçons leur identité sexuée, leur estime de soi et leurs comportements sexuels. Alors que la préadolescence est considérée comme une période charnière de la socialisation genrée, peu d’études en Afrique francophone questionnent le rôle des effets identitaires de genre sur les aspirations et les comportements sexuels et reproductifs à cette étape de vie. Cet article examine la manière dont l’intériorisation des stéréotypes de genre au cours de la socialisation est associée aux aspirations qu’ont les filles et les garçons pour certains événements de leurs vies comme avoir un premier enfant ou se marier. Une enquête a été réalisée dans 10 écoles primaires de Ouagadougou, auprès d’élèves âgé(e)s entre 9 et 16 ans, ainsi que sept discussions de groupes avec leurs parents. Les résultats montrent une variation selon le sexe des effets de l’adhésion aux normes de genre inégalitaires chez les jeunes adolescent(e)s. Cela a pour conséquence de développer des aspirations, chez les filles plus précoces au mariage et plus tardives à l’enfantement, et chez les garçons, plus précoces à l’enfantement et plus tardives au mariage. Ces effets peuvent exposer les filles et les garçons à des risques de mauvaise santé sexuelle et reproductive. Des interventions promouvant des normes égalitaires de genre pourraient renforcer l’estime de soi des filles ainsi que le respect mutuel entre les jeunes adolescent(e)s des deux sexes afin d’améliorer leur santé sexuelle et reproductive à l’adolescence et à l’âge adulte.

“Kumele bazi ukuthi nathi singa Bantu”: Queer African Youth Speaking Back to Harmful Practices in Township Contexts

Despite the growing research investigating queer youth experiences, little is known about how adults respond to and support those in township contexts as significant others in their lives. Drawing on Simon Nkoli’s writing on what it means to “come out” to parents as gay, this article examines the experiences of queer African youth of how adults in their lives (including teachers, parents/guardians) responded to their queerness and how these responses enhanced or inhibited their well-being. Our analysis draws on data from a study that used participatory visual methods (PVM) with 10 queer African youth to investigate how they experience, respond to, and resist queerphobic violence in and around township schools. We used two visual methods to generate data: drawings and cellphilm making. In this article, using textual and thematic analysis, we analyse data from the cellphilms produced by the 10 participants. The findings suggest that norms and values related to religion and culture (unequal gender norms and values) intersect with societal inequality and endemic violence, particularly in township contexts, to impact negatively and dehumanise queer youth. This results in a lack of support from adult caregivers (teachers and parents/guardians) and queerphobic violence in many spaces, including schools and communities. This has implications for contextually bound interventions that target parents/guardians, teachers, and community members in developing and implementing strategies for nurturing the well-being of queer African youth.

Localized hip hop authenticity in early 2000s Finland: Retaining representations of race, class and gender in Beauty and the Bastard

Beauty and the Bastard (), a pioneering and award-winning youth film set within the emerging Finnish hip hop culture, draws on early twenty-first-century music-related youth films produced in the United States and reaches out thematically and musically to both African American and Finnish hip hop culture and rap music. Set in a predominantly White Finnish society, the film confronts many representational challenges concerning diversity, whether racial, class or gender. Based on contextual analysis of audio-visual representations, we discuss how such categories contribute to the construction of the film’s ‘authenticity’ – a key notion of hip hop culture – as a localized representation. We argue that in its project of localizing hip hop authenticity in early 2000s Finland, the film retains, rather than challenges or questions, representations of normative Whiteness, oppressive class distinctions and unequal gender norms.

Promoting Positive Masculinities to Address Violence Against Women: A Multicountry Concept Mapping Study.

Interventions engaging men that challenge unequal gender norms have been shown to be effective in reducing violence against women (VAW). However, few studies have explored how to promote anti-VAW positive masculinity in young adults. This study aims to identify key multicountry strategies, as conceived by young adults and other stakeholders, for promoting positive masculinities to improve gender equity and prevent and target VAW. This study (2019-2021) involved young adults (aged 18-24 years) and stakeholders from Ireland, Israel, Spain, and Sweden. We applied concept mapping, a participatory mixed-method approach, in phases: (1) brainstorming, using semi-structured interviews with young adults (n = 105) and stakeholders (n = 60), plus focus group discussions (n = 88), to collect ideas for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinity; (2) development of an online questionnaire for sorting (n = 201) and rating ideas emerging from brainstorming by importance (n = 406) and applicability (n = 360); (3) based on sorting and rating data, creating rating maps for importance and applicability and clusters/strategies using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis with groupwisdom™ software; and (4) interpretation of results with multicountry stakeholders to reach agreement. The cluster map identified seven key strategies (41 actions) for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinities ranked from highest to lowest: Formal and informal education and training; Preventive education and activities in different settings/areas; Skills and knowledge; Empathy, reflection, and understanding; Media and public efforts; Policy, legislation, and the criminal justice system; and Organizational actions and interventions. Pattern matches indicated high agreement between young people and stakeholders in ranking importance (r = 0.96), but low agreement for applicability (r = 0.60). Agreement in the total sample on prioritizing statements by importance and applicability was also low (r = 0.20); only 14 actions were prioritized as both important and applicable. Young people and stakeholders suggested seven comprehensive, multidimensional, multi-setting strategies to facilitate promoting positive masculinity to reduce VAW. Discrepancy between importance and applicability might indicate policy and implementation obstacles.

Rites of Passage to Patriarchy: Adolescent Boys’ Narratives of Sexuality and Fertility in Rural Northern KwaZulu-Natal

This article reports on a qualitative study that sought to examine understandings of sexuality and fertility among 18–19-year-old adolescent boys in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal. Adolescent boys’ constructions of sexuality and fertility in this study reflect a complex fusion of sociocultural processes, religion and unequal gender norms. How young men understand these factors tends to encourage risky sexual behaviour, and often leads to pregnancies among adolescent girls. In-depth individual interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted with six adolescent boys attending primary healthcare clinics in northern KwaZulu-Natal. Central to the adolescent boys’ discourses about sexuality and fertility was the desire to achieve the status of manhood. The findings suggest that adolescent boys were “inducted” into manhood as they learnt to wield gendered power in heterosexual relationships. In assuming patriarchal power and attaining the status of manhood, adolescent boys objectified girls and reduced them to unequal sexual partners whose role is to bear them children.

Legal pluralism, gender and justice: women’s rights to property under marriage dissolution among the Oromo in Jimma, Ethiopia

This article deals with the interactions among the customary, religious, and state laws to address property sharing upon marriage dissolution among the Oromo in Jimma, Ethiopia. Primary data were collected from the field through key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and case studies. All the informants were purposively selected from local mediators, relevant government offices, divorcees, and judges. The article indicates the coexistence and interactions among the state, customary, and religious justice systems, while the latter two are points of entry to obstruct the rights of women to share common property upon marriage dissolution. The central argument of the paper is that legal equality alone cannot ensure women’s property rights in the context of legal pluralism, where religious and customary laws hamper the functioning of the statutory laws governing women’s everyday lives. The article shows that the prevailing patriarchal system accommodates and promotes unequal gender norms in the study area. Yet, the state law is predominant over the religious and customary laws in ending marriages with divorce. The pro-gender equality stance of the state law on the division of property upon marriage dissolution also results in an increasing number of women presenting their cases to the formal court.

Impacts of multisectoral cash plus programs after four years in an urban informal settlement: Adolescent Girls Initiative-Kenya (AGI-K) randomized trial.

The vast majority of adolescent births occur in low- and middle-income countries and are associated with negative outcomes for both the mother and her child. A multitude of risk factors may explain why few programs have been successful in delaying childbearing and suggest that multisectoral interventions may be necessary. This study examines the longer-term impact of a two-year (2015-17) multisectoral program on early sexual debut and fertility in an urban informal settlement in Kenya. The study used a randomized trial design, longitudinally following 2,075 girls 11-14 years old in 2015 until 2019. The interventions included community dialogues on unequal gender norms and their consequences (violence prevention), a conditional cash transfer (education), health and life skills training (health), and financial literacy training and savings activities (wealth). Girls were randomized to one of four study arms: 1) violence prevention only (V-only); 2) V-only and education (VE); 3) VE and health (VEH); or 4) all four interventions (VEHW). We used ANCOVA to estimate intent-to-treat (ITT) impacts of each study arm and of pooled study arms VE, VEH, and VEHW relative to the V-only arm, on primary outcomes of fertility and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, and secondary outcomes of education, health knowledge, and wealth creation. Post-hoc analysis was carried out on older girls who were 13-14-years-old at baseline. In 2018, in the VEHW arm, in-depth qualitative evaluation were carried out with adolescent girls, their parents, school staff, mentors, community conversation facilitators, and community gatekeepers. The trial is registered at ISRCTN: ISRCTN77455458. At endline in the V-only study arm, 21.0 percent of girls reported having had sex, 7.7 percent having ever been pregnant and 6.6 percent having ever given birth, with higher rates for the older subsample at 32.5 percent, 11.8 percent, and 10.1 percent, respectively. In the full sample, ever having given birth was reduced by 2.3 percentage points (pp) in the VE and VEHW study arms, significant at 10 percent. For the older subsample there were larger and significant reductions in the percent ever having had sex (8.2 pp), HSV-2 prevalence (7.5 pp) and HSV-2 incidence (5.6 pp) in the VE arm. Two years after the end of the interventions, girls continued to have increased schooling, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, and improved financial savings behaviors. Qualitatively, respondents reported that girls were likely to have sex as a result of child sexual exploitation, peer pressure or influence from the media, as well as for sexual adventure and as a mark of maturity. This study demonstrates that multisectoral cash plus interventions targeting the community and household level, combined with interventions in the education, health, and wealth-creation sectors that directly target individual girls in early adolescence, generate protective factors against early pregnancy during adolescence. Such interventions, therefore, potentially have beneficial impacts on the longer-term health and economic outcomes of girls residing in impoverished settings. ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN77455458; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN77455458.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) prevention using a cross-sectoral couple-based intervention: results from a cluster randomised control trial in Ibadan, Nigeria

IntroductionIntimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence women experience globally. Economic empowerment interventions have been implemented across countries to prevent and address IPV, with mixed results....

PROTOCOL: Social and behaviour change communication interventions for strengthening HIV prevention and research among adolescent girls and young women in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map.

Despite progress in several dimensions of the global HIV response, there seems to be a significant gender and age disparity. Numerous organizations consider it a top priority to accelerate HIV prevention programming among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) as unequal gender norms, limited agency and voice, and reduced access to resources put them at higher HIV risk. Gender and age have also been identified as critical gaps within prevention research to ensure the development of biomedical interventions that are responsive to the biological and social needs of AGYW. Towards this, the objectives of the proposed evidence and gap map are to; identify and map existing evidence and gaps on the use of diverse Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) strategies to strengthen adoption of HIV prevention measures and participation in research among AGYW in LMICs; and, identify areas where more interventions and evidence are needed to inform the design of future SBCC strategies and programs for AGYW engagement in HIV prevention and research.

Implications of Land Use Land Cover Transformation for Gendered Livelihoods: Insights from Moyna Basin of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India

The Moyna basin of West Bengal is experiencing a rapid transformation in land use and land cover (LULC) as waterbodies are rapidly increasing at the expense of low-lying agricultural lands. The transformation in the LULC pattern in Moyna basin has been studied earlier based on the focus of climate change, biodiversity and other environmental issues. However, very little is known about the implications of this transformation on gender roles, responsibilities and livelihoods. This study examines the interconnectedness between LULC transformation and its differential impact on the livelihoods and workload of men and women using an intersectional perspective in three villages across Moyna block. The data were collected using a mixed-method approach and comprised of three major sources of information—observations, photographs and interviews. Results show that the changes in LULC have occurred partly as an impact of climate change and partly due to the inclination towards aquaculture due to decline in profitability of agriculture and farming practices. In the context of these livelihood changes, a fundamental shift in gendered roles has occurred. It has been found that the switch to aquaculture has led to two prominent outcomes, that is, depeasantisation of agricultural workers and defeminisation of the overall workforce. While women and men were equally displaced from agriculture with the advent of aquaculture, women were faced with additional challenges of unequal social gender norms and limited opportunities for alternative employment. It further shows that, the impacts of land use change on livelihoods are diverse and is a complex process as factors, like—class, caste, patriarchal family relations, family structure and the nature of the labour market intersect with gender and it also makes some women more vulnerable than other men and women.

Gender stereotypes in the Single National Curriculum, Pakistan.

Background: The Single National Curriculum (SNC) sponsored by the Government of Pakistan aimed to provide a level socio-economic playing field for all students. This paper analyzes the books of grades 1-5 under SNC to specifically test the gender biases and stereotypes promoted within them. &#x0D; Methodology: The paper conducts a detailed inquiry of the various instances of overt and covert misogyny encountered in the text and illustrations of these books through the theoretical framework of the hidden curriculum. It looks at what kind of professional and personal activities men and women are depicted to be engaged in. By tallying all gendered illustrations and using qualitative content analysis to assess gendered textual biases, the research questions whether the state is promoting a certain gender ideology through these revised books.&#x0D; Results: Several problematic depictions of women and the erasure of gendered minorities are revealed, and questions are raised about the purpose of such discrimination in a state-sponsored curriculum. Women are presented in stereotypical caregiving and similar roles in both public and private spaces, with meager representations in sports, STEM, and other professions. The texts also feature heavy religious sub-texts to lend the content credibility. Since the SNC is created and promoted by the state itself, the overt and covert misogyny in the textbooks exposes the state's endorsement of unequal gender norms in the country.&#x0D; Conclusion: The SNC textbooks are actively promoting the hidden curriculum of gender inequality which will affect the behaviors and beliefs of the next generation. For the playing fields to be leveled for all, the books should have been gender-sensitive and should have actively reduced gender inequalities through their content. Alas, there are great discrepancies in the vision and the actual reality of the Single National Curriculum.

Are We Passing on Violence to the Next Generation?: Gender Norms and Gender-based Violence Attitudes among Early Adolescents in Indonesia

Intensification of gender norms during puberty affects adolescents’ perceptions and behavior related to violence. This study examined the association between gender norms and gender-based violence (GBV) among early adolescents considering socio-ecological variables using cross-sectional data from 3,618 Indonesian Global Early Adolescent Study pupils. Chi-square tests with simple and multiple logistic regression analyses examined how different factors' levels predict GBV. Among boys, GBV attitudes were found high (53%). Furthermore, they also had high heteronormative expectations, threatened feelings, experiences of violence, porn access, and 5+ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Logistic regression results revealed that adolescent boys having one or two scores of gender norms at the above-median are 1.3 times more likely to commit GBV and even 2.2 times higher if all were above median [AOR(CI) =1.3(1.1-1.6); 2.2(1.7-2.8)], respectively. Boys, having 5+ ACEs, and stronger endorsement on heteronormative relationships were also more likely to commit GBV [AOR(CI) =1.5(1.3-1.7); 1.5(1.2-1.9); 1.5 (1.3-1.7)], respectively. This research concluded that unequal gender norms intensified during puberty strongly correlate to attitudes towards GBV among early adolescents. Strengthening the individual aspects by providing a more conducive environment, such as comprehensive sexual education at school, is essential to prevent GBV.

A 12-Year North American Longitudinal Study of Gender Equity and Equality in Gastroenterology

A 12-Year North American Longitudinal Study of Gender Equity and Equality in Gastroenterology