Unemployment Research Articles

Modeling Job Creation to Aid the Attainment of SDGs: Firm Level Evidence from Nigeria

Employment is one of the most important social and economic issues in every country across the globe. Job creation however requires the combined effort of both government and private sector particularly considering that the private sector is recognized to have the leverage to provide jobs so long as a conducive investment environment is provided by the government. This study models the determinants of employment in the private sector to ascertain their ability to willingly contribute their quota towards the realization of SDGs 3, 8, and 10 through job creation and in the spirit of owners’ resources, firms’ specific characteristics, returns to owners, and tax and social cost burden. The study augmented the profit maximization framework of firms as contained in Jehle and Reny (2011) and applied a generalized least square technique on a panel data set of 13 banks quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, over 17 years period. The study confirms that the level of employment is largely determined by resources available to firms, firm-specific characteristics as well as the level of profitability. The results also indicate that tax serves as a disincentive to job creation. Consequently, to encourage firms to create more jobs to aid the realization of SDGs in Nigeria, the study recommends amongst others, the establishment of the Private Sector Equity Development Fund (PSEDF), the entrenchment of a conducive environment to enhance the inflow of foreign direct investment, as well as tax incentives and other policies that enhance the long-term survival of firms in Nigeria.

Assessing Crime Effect on Employment Rate and Job Creation in Maryland: A Quantitative Study

This article presents a comprehensive examination of the relationship between crime rate, employment levels, and job creation in the state of Maryland. Utilizing data from state and federal agencies spanning from September 2018 to August 2023, the researcher conducted a rigorous quantitative correlational test. The study's key finding is the absence of a significant correlation between crime, employment, and job creation. Moreover, the study reveals that the correlation coefficient was notably impacted by the job losses in Maryland during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Forecasting the probability of successful deployment of internet of things and cloud computing in the building sector through consistent fuzzy preference relations method

Purpose This study aims to identify significant factors, analyse them using the consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPR) method and forecast the probability of successful deployment of the internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing (CC) in Gujarat, India’s building sector. Design/methodology/approach From the previous studies, 25 significant factors were identified, and a questionnaire survey with personal interviews obtained 120 responses from building experts in Gujarat, India. The questionnaire survey data’s validity, reliability and descriptive statistics were also assessed. Building experts’ opinions are inputted into the CFPR method, and priority weights and ratings for probable outcomes are obtained to forecast success and failure. Findings The findings demonstrate that the most important factors are affordable system and ease of use and battery life and size of sensors, whereas less important ones include poor collaboration between IoT and cloud developer community and building sector and suitable location. The forecasting values demonstrate that the factor suitable location has a high probability of success; however, factors such as loss of jobs and data governance have a high probability of failure. Based on the forecasted values, the probability of success (0.6420) is almost twice that of failure (0.3580). It shows that deploying IoT and CC in the building sector of Gujarat, India, is very much feasible. Originality/value Previous studies analysed IoT and CC factors using different multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to merely prioritise ranking in the building sector, but forecasting success/failure makes this study unique. This research is generally applicable, and its findings may be utilised for decision-making and deployment of IoT and CC in the building sector anywhere globally.

THE TESTING CONCEPT OF OMNIBUS LAW IN LEGAL THEORY AS A TOOL OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING

In the regulation of Law Number 6 of 2023 on the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation into Law, it is stated that the Government of Indonesia through the Central Government has made various efforts to create and expand employment opportunities. However, it needs to be traced and examined, is the government's interest really related to the interests of the community or is it only based on the interests of the ruling elite? This needs to be tested, can the law with all its tools change the social situation of the community towards the government's goals―reducing the number of unemployed, accommodating new workers, encouraging the development of cooperatives and MSMEs―namely improving the economy and welfare of the community or vice versa. This research is intended to find out whether the government's interests are related to the interests of the community or not. This research is studied using a socio-legal approach.

Study on the Implementation of ILO Convention No. 98 in Indonesia and Its Comparison with Developed and Developing Countries

Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation has been reported by ITUC, KSPI, and KSBSI for violating ILO Convention No. 98. The Indonesian government is considered not involving Trade Unions/Labor Unions in terms of collective bargaining when drafting the Job Creation Law and the substance of the Job Creation Law which is considered to limit the role of Trade Unions/Labor Unions. The United States Government, the United States Labor Association, the Belgium Labor Association, Netherlands Labor Association, Republic of Korean Labor Association, and the Brazil Labor Association provide different views from Indonesia on the report. This study uses a qualitative approach supported by a literature study with FGD discussions. Based on the results of the study, reports by Trade Unions to the ILO regarding violations of ILO Convention No. 98 are generally still conjectural and do not depart from cases or violations of the law that have occurred. The government can report data on labor practices in Indonesia to show that there are no efforts to limit the role of Trade Unions/Labor Unions as evidence that the Government of Indonesia has implemented the principles in the ILO Convention. The government of Indonesia has an important role in increasing the provision of training and improving work competencies, increasing labor placement and expanding employment opportunities, as well as continuing to oversee the implementation of this Job Creation Law in companies and continuing to protect workers by providing legal protection and social security. The Government of Indonesia is currently receiving ILO Technical Assistance, and can propose to continue implementing the Job Creation Law regulations and continue to provide regular reports to the ILO. If this provision in practice is detrimental to workers and trade unions, then this provision can be challenged procedurally with the support of valid evidence.

STUDY THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION IN THE LABOR MARKET ON ACTIVATING POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES

The research aims to study the impact of both innovation and leadership in the labor market in eliminating or limiting... The effectiveness of this effect was studied based on various theoretical frameworks and data approved by the researched organization. The potential of innovation and entrepreneurship, as an independent variable, to serve as a catalyst for economic development, job creation, and income generation, was studied, especially in low-income communities. It also delves into the role of entrepreneurship in promoting innovation, enhancing productivity, and enhancing social mobility, all of which are necessary. To lift individuals and communities out of poverty. The data of the researched organization was analyzed for the purpose of determining whether this variable has an essential role in activating poverty reduction strategies. The researcher reached conclusions that entrepreneurship and innovation have an effective and essential role in activating poverty reduction strategies, such as creating job opportunities and supporting the national economy, as well as other logistical matters that reflect positively on the national economy. As well as supporting other sustainable development goals, such as eliminating hunger and responsible production and consumption.

Optimizing retail prosperity: Strategic working capital management and its impact on the global economy

This study explores the critical role of the retail sector in the global economy and the importance of working capital management within retail businesses. Recognizing retail’s influence beyond just income generation, the research examines its impact on economic stability, job creation, and national GDP, and how it links industries such as manufacturing and logistics. Employing a blended-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative analysis using AMOS software with qualitative insights from interviews with financial managers and retail experts. Key focus areas include cash flow management, market demand, and supplier relationship management in the context of working capital management. Findings highlight the necessity of effective working capital management in maintaining financial stability, optimizing shareholder wealth, and ensuring long-term business viability in the retail sector. Strategies for enhancing profitability, such as improving supplier relationships and adapting to market demands, are identified. This research contributes to understanding the economic impact of the retail sector and the intricacies of working capital management. It offers insights for policymakers, retail managers, and academics, emphasizing the need for supportive retail industry measures and effective financial management practices. The study fills a gap in literature and sets a foundation for future research in this critical area of economic studies and retail management.

Investment and Sustainability Incentives for Msmes

The government continues to make efforts to increase the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises after Covid 19 as the national economy recovers. A number of economic policies that focus on improving the MSME sector are intended to ensure that this sector grows and develops again in the future. In the national economy, MSMEs continue to make a major contribution to economic development, job creation, equal distribution of people's income, and providing products and services for the community. On the other hand, MSMEs are a source of state revenue to finance development. In the midst of unstable economic conditions, efforts to increase Gross Domestic Product originating from this sector continue to be made. MSMEs are expected to grow again in the long term and become a source of sustainable financial potential. The government, through fiscal policy, provides wider space for MSMEs, the roots of which become economic society, which absorbs the workforce. Through fiscal policy, the government can provide investment incentives to MSMEs. This fiscal policy is aimed at providing relief in fulfilling tax obligations and encouraging MSME activities to grow and develop again after Covid 19, which has had a negative impact on MSMEs. Through incentives, MSMEs have more freedom to increase production. Investment incentives are also intended to increase the capacity of MSMEs to fulfill tax obligations.

Sustainability Reporting and Performance of Selected Quoted Firms in Nigeria

The performance of quoted firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) is crucial for driving economic development, job creation, and wealth generation in Nigeria. Despite the growing interest in sustainability practices among Nigerian firms, there is a lack of empirical research examining the relationship between sustainability reporting and financial performance. To address this gap, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the link between sustainability reporting and the financial performance of quoted firms in Nigeria. This research employed an ex-post facto research approach, utilizing data from annual reports, financial statements, and sustainability reports of 153 publicly listed companies on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX). Through quantitative methods, the study assessed the extent and quality of sustainability reporting among Nigerian companies and its relationship with financial performance indicators. A purposive sampling method was used to select a sample of 10 firms known for their voluntary disclosure of information in financial reports. The study spanned from 2012 to 2021, totaling 10 years, and involved both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses of the collected data. Using regression analysis, the study found a statistically significant positive impact of sustainability reporting metrics - including governance information disclosure, credibility information disclosure, and environmental profile disclosure - on firm performance. This suggests that companies in Nigeria that disclose information regarding governance policies, credibility, and environmental practices tend to perform better financially.This study concluded that companies that engage in transparent reporting regarding governance policies, credibility, and environmental practices demonstrate better financial performance. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Nigerian regulators and policymakers encourage and support sustainability reporting initiatives among quoted firms.

Deep Learning Algorithm Forecasting the Unemployment Rates in the Central European Countries

The aim of this paper is to forecast the monthly unemployment rate’s time series using deep learning algorithms. Based on data from five Central European countries, we tested the forecasting performance of the ‘conventional’ Box–Jenkins methodology in comparison with three deep learning models: the CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), the MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) and the random forest algorithm. The MAPE, MAE, RRMSE, and MSE error tests were used for testing the forecasting results. In our results, the ARIMA model was outperformed by one of the deep learning algorithms in all cases. The medium-term predictions suggest that in the Central European area, unemployment will remain relatively high in the future.

Extreme Lockdowns and the Gendered Informalization of Employment: Evidence from the Philippines

The adverse effects of COVID-19 on labour market outcomes are amplified by and partly attributable to the imposition of extreme mobility restrictions. While gendered disparities in job losses and reduction in working hours are demonstrated in the literature, is an informalization of employment observed, and is this phenomenon likewise gendered? This article analyses the Philippines, a country that imposed one of the world’s longest and strictest lockdowns, and specifically how its imposition affected informal employment. A conceptual and empirical distinction between compositional and survivalist informalization is proffered – the former referring to informality induced by changes in the size and composition of overall employment, and the latter referring to informality induced by the need to work owing to absent sufficient welfare support and precautionary household savings. Examining the regional variation in lockdowns as a quasi-experiment, results demonstrate that extreme lockdowns increased the probability of informal employment among employed women but not among employed men.

The Technological Impact on Employment in Spain between 2023 and 2035

The objective of this work is to predict the impact of technology on employment demand by profession in Spain between 2023 and 2035. The evaluation of this effect involved the comparison of two scenarios: a trend scenario obtained by predicting the evolution of occupations in demand and a technological scenario anticipated in the case of technological progress. To accomplish this goal, a new approach was developed in the present study based on previous research. Thus, we estimated the proportion of jobs likely to be automated using a task-based approach. Each occupation was examined based on its components to determine the degree to which these tasks could be automated. The results suggest that technology may influence job demand but with low percentages (between 3% and 5% for both low- and high-qualified workers) in the long term. However, job losses are greater in absolute difference in low-skilled professions, where a great share of the labor force is engaged.

Towards Just Energy Transition: Renewable Energy Transition Dynamics and Sectorial Employment in Ghana

Energy transition and the creation of sustainable jobs are major concerns towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13, particularly in emerging petroleum-producing economies such as Ghana. Our study examines Ghana’s sectorial employment vulnerability to the dynamics of energy transition. Employing a dynamic ARDL simulation model, we use quarterly data from 2011 to 2021 from Ghana’s Energy Commission, the Bank of Ghana, and the Public Interest and Accounting Committee. We find that transition scenarios increase industrial sector employment. Also, industrial sector employment changes more favorably under the 5% scenario than under the 1% scenario. Agriculture industry employment is positively impacted by the 1% energy transition scenarios but negatively impacted by the 5% scenarios. Up to the sixth year, both transition scenarios increase employment in the services sector; however, employment opportunities are more affected by the 1% scenario than by the 5% scenario. Therefore, developing a policy architecture that aids Ghana’s transition to renewable energy is essential.

LABOUR MARKET IN UKRAINE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A YEAR OF FULL-SCALE WAR

The main purpose of this research article is a comprehensive study of the transformational impact of a full-scale war on the labour market, with a special focus on the challenges posed by labour force dynamics in the context of the Ukrainian economy. Through rigorous analysis and empirical research, the paper aims to identify and highlight the multifaceted changes that occur in the labour market during conflict, shedding light on the complex relationship between war-induced factors and the composition of the labour force. By examining these dynamics, the paper aims to make a valuable contribution to policy and strategic decision-making aimed at mitigating the negative effects of war on the labour market, which will ultimately contribute to sustainable economic recovery and development after the conflict ends. Methodology. This research article uses secondary analysis of data from the State Employment Service, as well as the results of surveys conducted by sociological groups and consulting companies. The practical implementation of the conclusions outlined in this article involves the formulation of targeted recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of state policy on the labour market in Ukraine, in particular, with a focus on the restoration of human resources in the post-conflict period. Drawing on the findings of a comprehensive analysis of war-induced labour market changes, these practical recommendations aim to offer actionable strategies for policy makers and stakeholders. Emphasising the need for rapid and adaptive interventions, the authors call for evidence-based decision-making to address the identified challenges. The practical implementation of these recommendations aims to guide the development and implementation of policies that will not only mitigate the immediate impact of the war on the labour market, but also contribute to the long-term sustainability and stability of the Ukrainian labour force. Value/Originality. Current trends in the labour market are analysed. The main threats to the labour market of Ukraine and the impact on the supply and demand of labour under martial law are identified. The author proposes to regulate the professional and qualification imbalance in the labour market through the system of advanced training or retraining of employees seeking employment in a profession in demand in the economy; spreading new forms of employment and supporting self-employment; investing in the creation of new jobs with decent conditions and remuneration.

EFFECT OF EDUCATION, FAMILY, GENDER AND GENERATIONS ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION

Entrepreneurship is one of the critical factors in improving economic and social development. The need for the creation of employment and national wealth is driven mainly by entrepreneurship. Therefore, there is a need to create new ventures, which requires entrepreneurial intention. Factors such as gender, education, personal traits, and role models affect entrepreneurial intention. Most of the studies on entrepreneurial intention take one of those factors' roles on intention. This study aims to find the role of gender, education, family, and generations on entrepreneurial intention and its sub-factors to fill the current literature gap. In the study, a model was constructed and evaluated experimentally on a sample of 663 university students in Türkiye. The sub-factors of entrepreneurial intention were determined using factor analysis, and the association between gender, education, parental status, and generations, as well as entrepreneurial intention, was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. Firstly, contrary to general literature results, our analysis shows no evidence that gender influences entrepreneurial intention in general, but there is a difference in a sub-factor (desire for success) in favour of females. Secondly, it is seen that there is a statistically significant difference in favour of those who receive entrepreneurship education in terms of general entrepreneur intention, but only innovativeness and tolerance for uncertainty on sub-factors. Thirdly, there is no statistically significant distinction between parental status, generation, and entrepreneurial intent. In terms of self-confidence, creativity, and drive for achievement, however, there is a statistically significant difference in favour of those who are parents based on the parental status of the participants. Finally, it has been determined that students in Türkiye have a high level of entrepreneurial intention.

Alternative Solutions to Increase Pension Security Participation in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze alternative solutions to increase the number of pension security participation in Indonesia. The analysis method used in this study is Panel Data Regression. The data used in the panel data analysis are Number of Pension Security Participants, Human Development Index (HDI), Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Information and Communication Technology Development Index (IPTIK), Young age (15-24) who are not in school, working or training (NEET), Proportion of Average Hourly Wages to Provincial Minimum Wage (Wages), Gini Ratio, Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) from 2017-2022 in 33 Provinces in Indonesia. The results of panel data processing, the best model is the Fixed Effect Model with regression results showing that only GRDP variables have a significant positive influence. While the Wage variable has a significant negative effect and the IPM, TPT, IPTIK, NEET, Gini Ratio, TPAK variables have no influence on the Number of Pension Security Participants.

Urbanisasi dalam Tinjauan Historis: Studi Kasus Pemukiman Kumuh di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu Kota Palembang, 2010-2020

This article examines the urbanization that occurred in slum settlements in Subdistrict 3-4 Ulu, Palembang City from 2010-2020. The focus of this article is on the ethnic diversity of living in slums and the socioeconomic problems faced as a result of urbanization. The research process starts from searching for data to writing articles using historical methods. This article aims to identify the impact of social exclusion and marginalization on ethnic minority groups as well as environmental damage due to urbanization. The research results show that Subdistrict 3-4 Ulu, Palembang City is classified as a very slum settlement. This can be seen in slum housing locations, lack of infrastructure, high unemployment rates, and limited access to education and health services. The studies that have been carried out contribute to providing useful insights into designing sustainable development policies in the future by proposing various mitigation efforts and solutions, including government measures, housing, and infrastructure improvement programs, as well as the importance of social integration and community participation.

Influence of Field Work Practices, Work Motivation, and Communication Skills on Vocational School Students' Work Readiness

Based on the latest data from the Serang Regency Central Statistics Agency in 2022, the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) of Vocational High School (SMK) graduates is still relatively high compared to graduates of other levels of education, namely 12.87%. Apart from that, from the results of observations, there are still many vocational school students who still need to be ready for work. This is because the industrial internship program has not been able to optimize students' work readiness, students' work motivation still needs to be visible, and students' communication skills still need to be improved for their readiness to enter the world of work. This research seeks to determine the influence of industrial internship, work motivation, and communication skills on vocational school students' work readiness. This research uses a quantitative approach to answer the research hypothesis, which asks whether industrial internship, work motivation, and communication skills are positively correlated with vocational school students' work readiness. This research used a questionnaire distributed to 180 students in seven vocational schools in Serang Regency. This research proved that industrial internship, work motivation, and communication skills significantly influence work readiness (7%). For the conclusions and limitations of existing research, this research provides several suggestions for improving vocational school students' work readiness by paying more attention to the variables of industrial internship, work motivation, and communication skills.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Pelatihan Keterampilan Las di Banjar Gria Hita Lingkungan Griya Pagutan Indah Mataram

The improvement of human resources quality is a crucial part of the nation-building process. The quality of human resources plays a pivotal role in supporting the competitiveness of a nation amid global competition. Developing countries, including Indonesia, face complex developmental issues such as poverty, educational backwardness, economic challenges, cultural issues, high unemployment rates, and other social problems. Based on these considerations, we pay serious attention to community development with the aim of guiding and transferring skills that can empower the community towards greater productivity. Skills education and welding training are conducted in collaboration with youth groups, targeting the general community, especially the youth. Through the implementation of this welding training program, we seek to provide learning opportunities for unemployed youth without skills, enabling them to acquire knowledge and skills in line with their talents and interests. Ultimately, it is hoped that the skills gained from welding training can serve as a foundation for employment and even the creation of self-employment or group ventures in the future.

CONTEXTUALISING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A PANACEA TO YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

Youth unemployment has bewildered governments across the globe, both in developed and emerging economies countries, with South Africa being no exception. This is captured through the accelerating youth unemployment rate in the country. Considering the positive contributions of excessive youth entrepreneurship policies in other countries, this paper, through the lenses of Schumpeter’s 1934 economic development theory, demonstrates that through entrepreneurship, the South African government should strive to accelerate the already implemented and discard the less effective youth policies. Consequently, creating an innovative environment centered around the youth eradicates the exacerbating percentage of inactive or discouraged youth due to unemployment. Longer spells of inactivity threaten their human development and their contribution to the South African economy. Therefore, a youth-driven entrepreneurship economy can assist the government in counter-solving upcoming and persistent negative effects of unemployed youth. Keeping the youth productive, and innovative, creating jobs and incomes.