Unemployment Research Articles

Examining the essential elements of digital transformation and entrepreneurship: An extensive review of the literature

In today's digital age, it is critical to recognize the description of Digital Entrepreneurship (DE), digital transformation (DT) and their ability to interact with each other. This kind of comprehension of DE is seen as a crucial foundational element for fostering creativity, creation of jobs and prosperity. However, an array of problems with DE and DT are pervasive and prevent digital entrepreneurs from maximizing the benefits that global entrepreneurship brings to the economic worth of their businesses. As a result, the current study aims to investigate DE and digital transitions, as well as their sort and dealings. Data obtained and analyzed using a systematic analytical technique that recognizes and discuss the characteristics of DE and DT. By using the active capability premise as a support, the features are provided. Individuals and groups are able to establish new businesses or expand existing ones by creating cutting-edge technological advancements or making creative use of technical developments if they understand the characteristics of DE and digital transition.

Association Between Institution ZIP Code Characteristics and NIH Funding.

Introduction. While racial NIH funding disparities have been identified, little is known about the link between community demographics of institutions and NIH funding. We sought to evaluate the association between institution zip code characteristics and NIH funding. Methods. We linked the 2011-2021 NIH RePORTER database to Census data. We calculated the funding to each institution and stratified institutions into funding quartiles. We defined out independent variables as institution ZIP code level race/ethnicity (White, Black, and Hispanic), and socioeconomic status (household income, high school graduation rate, and unemployment rate). We used ordinal regression models to evaluate the association between institution ZIP code characteristics and grant funding quartile. Results. We included 731,548 grants (US$271,495,839,744) from 3,971 ZIP codes. The funding amounts in millions of U.S. dollars for the funding quartiles were fourth - 0.25, third - 1.1, second - 3.8, first - 43.5. Using ordinal regression, we found an association between increasing unemployment rate (OR = 1.03 [1.02, 1.05]), increasing high school graduation rate (OR = 3.6 [1.6, 8.4]), decreasing proportion of White people (OR = 0.4 [0.3, 0.5]), increasing proportion of Black people (OR = 1.3 [0.9, 1.8]), and increasing proportion of Hispanic/Latine people (OR = 2.5 [1.7, 3.5]) and higher grant funding quartiles. We found no association between household income and grant funding quartile. Conclusion. We found ZIP code demographics to be inadequate for evaluating NIH funding disparities, and the association between institution ZIP code demographics and investigator demographics is unclear. To evaluate and improve grant funding disparities, better grant recipient data accessibility and transparency are needed.

Persistence in the Unemployment and Inflation Relationship. Evidence from 38 OECD Countries

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of persistence in the unemployment and inflation rates in a group of 38 OECD countries as well as on the relationship between the two variables. For this purpose, fractional integration is used. The results indicate that the two individual variables are highly persistent, especially the unemployment rate, and evidence of mean reversion is only found in the cases of Colombia and Costa Rica for unemployment and in Norway for inflation. Conducting the analysis on the difference between the two variables, the order of integration is significantly smaller in a number of cases, and reversion to the mean takes place in the cases of Austria, Switzerland, Costa Rica, Israel, and Turkey. Policy recommendations derived from the results are presented in the concluding section of the article.

Job creation and decarbonization synergies in Latin America: a simulation-based exploratory modeling analysis

This study employs an Input–Output simulation model to assess the potential employment effects resulting from investments in 40 sector-specific decarbonization transformations across Latin America and the Caribbean. Using a Multi-region Input–Output framework (Eora26), our findings indicate that investments in energy production and buildings sectors offer promising job creation opportunities, averaging 5.5 total jobs per $1 million invested. Similarly, in the waste, industry and agriculture, forestry, and land use sectors demonstrate significant potential, yielding approximately 5 total jobs per $1 million. The analysis models investments as demand vectors, producing results for 17 countries in the region. These estimates endogenize the diverse economic structure and state of development of these countries. We argue that country-level analysis is needed to identify climate strategies that maximize job creation while achieving net-zero emissions.

What a Puzzle! Unravelling Why UK Phillips Curves were Unstable

AbstractThe UK relationship between nominal wage inflation and the unemployment rate is unstable. Over sub‐periods of the last 160 years of turbulent data, Phillips curve slopes range from strongly negative, slightly negative, flat, slightly positive and strongly positive. Our constant‐parameter congruent model of real wages explains these instabilities, yet also implies a constant negative relationship between nominal wage inflation and the unemployment rate when corrected by its regressors. Disentangling these effects reveals that structural breaks in the real‐wage model's variables do not explain the instabilities, which instead occur during sub‐periods when some of its explanatory variables are insignificant.

Evaluation of Socio-demographic Factors and Comorbidities in Adult Hemophilia Patients

Purpose: The association between socio-demographic factors and hemophilia status and the prevalence of comorbidities were evaluated. Material and Methods: Patients with hemophilia A (n=111) and B (n=24) who were filled a questionnaire form about their sociodemographic factors were included in our study. Factor and inhibitor levels, comorbidities, factor replacement therapies, hemophilic arthropathy, viral status and annual bleeding episodes were recorded. Results: Median age was 39 years in 135 hemophilia patients and 63.1 % of all the patients had severe hemophilia which was significantly higher among hemophilia A patients (p=0.002). Most of the patients (74.8%) were treated with prophylactic factor replacement therapy. Inhibitor status was positive in 8.9% of all patients. Unemployment rate was found 33.3%. Annual bleeding episodes were higher in patients who had a job. Most of the patients (60 %) were graduated from at least high school. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity were 6.7%; 17.8%, 13.3%, 11.9% respectively. Although there is no association between the obesity and annual bleeding episodes, right ankle was the most affected joint in overweight/obese patients. Conclusion: Age-related comorbidities and the relation of hemophilia status and social life are needed to be more investigated.

Macroeconomic Currency Crisis Early Warning Indicators in Emerging Countries

This study investigates the relationships between exchange rate and the main macroeconomic variables as GDP, inflation and unemployment on one hand and the ability of these variables in alerting about coming exchange rate crisis in emerging countries. The three variables have significant coefficients with exchange rate in line with literature signs except unemployment rate. The study uses signal approach, dealing specifically with the main macroeconomic variables, selected by system GMM method in emerging markets. The study develops macroeconomic pressure indices from these selected macroeconomic variables using the market pressure index methodology from Early Warning System literature. Based on the macroeconomic variables, a combined macroeconomic pressure index has been built. The results of the non-parametric early warning system indicate that the individual macroeconomic pressure indexes created are good warning tools of a currency crisis. The macroeconomic pressure indexes are better early warning indicators than market pressure index built from international reserves, in emerging countries for four quarters warning period window. Production pressure index appears more accurate followed by inflation but unemployment pressure index is the most sensitive. However, the number of effective indicators and the accuracy of the indexes are not the same for all the countries, changing from a country to another.

Renewable energy and well-being in remote Indigenous communities of Canada: A panel analysis

Energy transitions in Indigenous, Northern and remote communities in Canada promise benefits that go beyond reliable, clean and affordable energy services. The Federal and Provincial governments have committed funding to get remote communities off diesel, acknowledging energy transitions' global and local benefits. Besides climate change mitigation, other benefits, including job creation, income generation, community ownership and local economic growth, are fundamental components of the value proposition of renewable energy projects. However, despite the promises, little evidence of the impacts of renewable energy on communities' local conditions exists. This article looks at the relationship between renewable energy projects and community well-being in Canada. We construct a panel of Indigenous communities and well-being levels using Census data and information about renewable energy projects for the period 1981–2016. The findings suggest that renewable energy is associated with higher levels of well-being. Concretely, having access to renewable energy increases overall well-being by 1 to 5 points on the 0–100 well-being scale, depending on the component of the well-being index considered in the analysis.

Public preferences of environmental peacebuilding: The case of forest conservation projects in Colombia

To date, no studies have examined the nationwide support for environmental peacebuilding projects in post-conflict countries, that is, projects that seek to use the management of natural resources as a way of fostering peace and cooperation. However, public support can be crucial for the legitimacy and effectiveness of these projects. This article aims to address this gap by exploring which project characteristics influence public support for environmental peacebuilding projects. It does so through a conjoint experiment in Colombia with 1,504 survey respondents, focusing on forest conservation projects. The findings indicate that provisions related to the reintegration of ex-combatants and the dialogue between victims and ex-combatants resonate positively with respondents. Participants from the political right or those opposed to the 2016 peace agreement were somewhat less responsive to this information. The most significant impact was observed with provisions for job creation and public investments that targeted the entire population. Based on these findings, we conclude that the inclusion of environmental peacebuilding provisions in forest conservation projects can increase public support for them in post-conflict countries.

Prediction of Annual Rural Unemployment Rate in West Bengal using Grey Model

The rural unemployment rate is a critical economic indicator used to assess strength of rural economy in India. Annual estimates of rural UR are released in both usual status (ps+ss) as well as current weekly status (CWS) at the state and national level in India by National Statistics Office (NSO) through Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). At present, the annual rural UR estimates are available for the state of West Bengal from the year 2017-18 to 2021-22. However, there is a notable delay in the publication of UR estimates as compared to the reference period. Therefore, accurate forecasting of the UR is crucial for timely and targeted interventions, and effective policy planning. Conventional forecasting models fail to provide accurate predictions of UR in these type of small time series due to the violation of requirement of number of data points. In contrast, the Grey model requires limited data to establish a differential forecasting model. In this study, application of grey model has been considered to forecast annual rural UR in West Bengal for different age groups as well as gender, and it was found that grey model provides satisfactory forecast.

The Short-Run Effects of Unexpected Job Loss on Health

The Short-Run Effects of Unexpected Job Loss on Health

Analyzing the impact of unemployment on mental health among Chinese university graduates: a study of emotional and linguistic patterns on Weibo.

This study explores the intricate relationship between unemployment rates and emotional responses among Chinese university graduates, analyzing how these factors correlate with specific linguistic features on the popular social media platform Sina Weibo. The goal is to uncover patterns that elucidate the psychological and emotional dimensions of unemployment challenges among this demographic. The analysis utilized a dataset of 30,540 Sina Weibo posts containing specific keywords related to unemployment and anxiety, collected from January 2019 to June 2023. The posts were pre-processed to eliminate noise and refine the data quality. Linear regression and textual analyses were employed to identify correlations between unemployment rates for individuals aged 16-24 and the linguistic characteristics of the posts. The study found significant fluctuations in urban youth unemployment rates, peaking at 21.3% in June 2023. A corresponding increase in anxiety-related expressions was noted in the social media posts, with peak expressions aligning with high unemployment rates. Linguistic analysis revealed that the category of "Affect" showed a strong positive correlation with unemployment rates, indicating increased emotional expression alongside rising unemployment. Other categories such as "Negative emotion" and "Sadness" also showed significant correlations, highlighting a robust relationship between economic challenges and emotional distress. The findings underscore the profound impact of unemployment on the emotional well-being of university students, suggesting that economic hardships are closely linked to psychological stress and heightened negative emotions. This study contributes to a holistic understanding of the socio-economic challenges faced by young adults, advocating for comprehensive support systems that address both the economic and psychological facets of unemployment.

Development of China’s innovative infrastructure through public-private partnership

While determining plans for growth of gross domestic product targets in the 14th five-year plan, China outlined an infrastructure plan for the country’s development as one of the growth drivers, and thus prioritised mastery of new technologies and job creation. It is a formulated and implemented today in China dual circulation strategy. China is building an advanced digital and innovative infrastructure. Such a modern public-private partnership institution (hereinafter referred to as PPP), which became widespread in the world and in China, is the best example of the appropriateness of interaction of the public and private sectors in economic development of the state. This institution has proved its viability by combining the efforts and resources of the state and private business in the framework of specific projects and thus shaping a new quality of development. PPP is one of the most successful economic instruments for interaction of the state and private business in infrastructure development with raising capital. PPP shows its sustainability in China’s innovative economic life: civil aviation infrastructure, construction of high-speed railways, utilities in megalopolises. These are knowledge- and material-intensive projects where PPP are particularly effective in attracting capital and implementing projects. The purpose of this study is to analyse PPP development in China and participation of PPP in the development of China’s innovative infrastructure with the full support of the state.

The Role of Local Governments in Supporting Social Forestry Implementation in Indonesia: A Social Network Analysis and Evidence from Eastern Indonesia

Social forestry has become an integral part of Indonesia's efforts to balance economic development, conservation of natural resources, and the well-being of local communities. The Jokowi administration has made significant efforts to promote this initiative, including allocating 12.7 million hectares of state forest areas and recognizing it as an instrument to address tenure issues in forest areas through the Omnibus Law on Job Creation with getting support from various regulations by relevant ministries. However, social forestry support is needed down to the local government/regional levels (provincial, regency, and village levels). This study aims to analyze the local government’s support for implementing social forestry. We employ Social Network Analysis to identify local government entities and their relationships in implementation processes. Additionally, document analysis is used to assess the extent of local government support through their working documents. The study shows that local government support for the implementation is still limited, with its execution primarily concentrated within a few agencies. Social forestry has not yet fully become a strategy for achieving community well-being around forests, enhancing local economies, or protecting forest resources. Furthermore, stakeholders' understanding of social forestry, resource availability, and local government policies to support it remains limited. Improvements in these three aspects are necessary to ensure successful implementation at the regional levels.

Liquidity Crunches in the Banking Industry of Nepal

Liquidity crunches in the Nepalese banking sector have been a critical issue for the last few years. This research aims to examine the causes, consequences, and improvement of liquidity crunches in the context of the Nepalese banking industry. This study is based on primary sources with explanatory and descriptive research design. The study population is all the bankers and experts involved in the banking sector - commercial banks, development banks, and regulatory authorities of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Kaski, Nepal. The five-point Likert scale questionnaires were developed to collect the data from the 213 banking professionals based on the non-probability sampling method. This study found a significant impact of government capital expenditure, bank lending policy, and monetary policy on liquidity crunches in the banking industry. The liquidity crunch hampers the growth of business and industry, and discourages entrepreneurs because they are not getting loanable funds as and when required. It creates instability in the financial system, deteriorates the investment environment, generates high inflation and unemployment rates , and affects economic growth rate in the country. The government should increase capital expenditure capacity. Bank lending policy should be directed towards a productive investment. Appropriate monetary policy should be designed to address the liquidity crunch problem in the banking sector. For this, the government and regulatory authority may promote an inclusive and sound financial system in the nation.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job Loss: Risks for Governments

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies presents both opportunities and challenges for labor markets globally. By adopting a qualitative methodology, this study analyses the impact of AI integration in jobs on the labor market and the subsequent policy responses by governments. The study specifies the industries and jobs that are highly susceptible to AI-driven automation, particularly those characterized by routine and repetitive tasks. The study also acknowledges the potential for AI to create new job categories. Key findings suggest that while AI poses a significant risk of job displacement in several sectors, it also offers opportunities for economic growth, opening of new jobs and innovation. Moreover, the study highlights various government strategies employed globally, including up-skilling and re-skilling initiatives, strengthening social protection systems, and fostering AI-human collaboration. These strategies aim to mitigate the adverse impacts of AI on employment and ensure a balanced transition to AI-integrated economies. Based on these strategies, the paper suggests some recommendations for governments to address AI-driven job losses, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary education, ethical AI use, inclusive growth strategies, and international cooperation.

A new stage in the development of the Russian gas industry

The article presents the results of a study of the current situation in the Russian gas industry. The main problems are identified. Directions for the transformation of regulation to ensure its sustainable operation and development are proposed. The present moment can be characterized as the transition to a new stage for the gas industry. Gas exports to Europe are no longer a source of financing the unprofitable domestic supplies and an investment resource for the development of new production centers and the gas transmission system. Eastern projects still require large investments, and it will be possible to talk about their profitability in decades. Therefore, complex transformations are needed in the industry, including the development of competition and gradual deregulation of prices, bringing regulated prices to reasonable costs, the inclusion of a seasonal factor in prices, resolving the issue of the gas transportation tariff, a revision of tax policy for a predictable sharing of risks and profitability between the state and business under high volatility on external markets. It is also necessary to create conditions and coordinate the activities of ministries to stimulate the development of companies’ businesses in the direction of working with highly processed products, which will not only guarantee sales, but also ensure the creation of new jobs and additional GDP growth.

Ecosystem services of irrigated and controlled drainage agricultural systems: A contemporary global perspective

AbstractIrrigated agriculture provides 40% of the world's crop‐based foods but often with a negative impact on the environment. It is important to recognize that in addition to providing food and fibre, irrigation and controlled drainage systems can be optimized to provide additional ecosystem services and mitigate climate change by using resources in a more efficient way. Contemporary case studies were identified from around the world, including flood control by paddy fields in Japan, water quality enhancement and wastewater reuse in South Africa and Taiwan, micro‐/meso‐climate regulation in Ethiopia and Japan, controlled drainage and sub‐irrigation to maximize carbon sequestration and minimize leaching in Finland, and groundwater table management to reduce irrigation water and pumping requirements in Turkey. Irrigation infrastructure, such as rice paddy terraced landscapes (Japan) and large dams and canals (Australia), have also achieved notable additional ecotourism job creation. Case studies were analysed in terms of funding opportunities and compared using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services system. It is recommended that planning frameworks be developed that seek to optimize ecosystem services such as the ones discussed above. Policy should be updated to recognize these services and provide incentives to irrigators and water management entities accordingly.

The German Beveridge Curve in Light of the Shortness of Skilled Labour

The Beveridge curve and its inward or outward shifts are legend in labour market economics. Inward shifts in particular have been shown to reflect, for example, the success of the “Hartz reforms” after 2003-2005, reforms which allegedly have improved the matching efficiency on the German labour market. More recently (not later than since 2020), the German labour market is seriously affected by a “systemic” shortness of skilled labour. The latter occurs when we observe both a rising unemployment rate among the qualified work force _and_ an increasing vacancy rate with regard to skilled labour. In this paper, we develop in three alternative writings the functional form of the Beveridge curve and its corollary, the corresponding econometric estimation equation. This enables us to empirically identify the determinants of the German Beveridge curve (2006-2023). We find evidence for the presumption that recently the German Beveridge curve shifts outwards, most likely as a consequence of the systemic shortness of skilled labour.

Understanding the key determinants of Fiji's renewable energy

In this research, we reassess the interplay between renewable energy consumption and key economic indicators in Fiji, using data spanning 1991 to 2020. Applying the ARDL bounds test for cointegration, we detect a long-run correlation among renewable energy use, service sector labor productivity, urbanization, ICT exports, and unemployment. Our analysis reveals significant long-term effects: higher labor productivity and unemployment rates encourage renewable energy consumption, whereas urbanization and ICT exports tend to decrease it. At the same time, short-term observations indicate that unemployment is negatively correlated with renewable energy adoption. Our study contributes fresh perspectives on sustainable growth amidst climate change for island countries like Fiji.