Unemployment In Areas Research Articles

Impact of the Agricultural Sector on Unemployment, Inequality and Rural Poverty: A Panel Regression Analysis in Indonesian Provinces

This study examined how the agricultural sector impacted unemployment, income inequality, and rural poverty across Indonesia’s provinces from 2015 to 2021. Using data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and a panel regression model, the research analyzed the relationships between these factors. It also explored the structural changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. The findings showed that the agricultural sector’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), farmer exchange rates, and informal labor significantly influenced unemployment and income inequality in rural areas. However, the pandemic did not have a major effect on income inequality or poverty levels in these areas. The GRDP and value-added in agriculture played a crucial role in reducing rural poverty. The findings also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic did not directly increase or decrease the number of poor people, but it affected informal agricultural workers due to physical distancing measures. The research highlighted the agricultural sector’s importance in addressing unemployment and inequality during the pandemic in Indonesia.

FORMATION OF HYBRID ORGANIC AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS BASED ON CONSORTIUMS

The article discusses the hypothesis of combining small and large producers of organic food into associations and consortiums, where each business entity will receive certain advantages. In the course of the study, the author took into account the features of the types and experience of state support for existing organic agro-food systems, the main beneficiaries of the progressive development of these systems. The study is based on the synthesis of types of modern, traditional and mixed organic agro-food systems, which made it possible to identify the possibility of forming a new type of system — ​hybrid organic agri-food systems. The results of the study showed that cooperatives and associations can become the most acceptable forms of hybrid systems at the initial stage of their formation. The addition of an agro-industrial holding to the system will allow the formation of consortiums, which are proposed to be considered as the main form of hybrid organic agri-food systems and a mechanism for scaling them up to create export sectors based on small and medium-­sized businesses. In order to identify the interests of the main beneficiaries of the consortiums, the stakeholder analysis method was used, which shows that it is the state that is the main recipient of the positive effects from the development of hybrid organic agro-food systems. These effects include: preservation of natural capital, reduction of unemployment in rural areas, slowing down the rate of rural migration, involvement in the circulation of unused land, strengthening the health of the nation and increasing farmers’ incomes. At the same time, a necessary condition for the formation and scaling of organic consortiums are state support measures that can be aimed at stimulating the interaction of business entities and protecting the interests of small farmers.

Employment in personal subsidiary farm: ethnic and regional features (the case of Khakassia)

Employment in a personal subsidiary farm (PSF), aimed at providing products for own subsistence, becomes an alternative to job for hire in conditions of high unemployment in rural areas. At the same time, the role of personal subsidiary farms varies in differing climatic, economic and socio-cultural conditions. The purpose of the article is to compare the practices of personal subsidiary farms in multiethnic region of Khakassia in order to identify the ethnoregional features of household farmsteads. Surveyed ethnic groups (566 respondents) are living in Russians, Khakass and Shors rural areas. Khakass people turned out to be the most active in the management of personal economy, the Shors were the least involved, and the Russians occupy a “middle” position. The differentiation of household plots is due to the fact that the motives for farming among these ethnic groups are not the same. Russians are engaged in economic activities mainly to provide themselves with food, although many of them just like this activity. The value of land and livestock is high for Khakass people and Shors, but most of them lead personal subsidiary farming rather as a habit.

Social entrepreneurship as alternative form of employment in rural areas

For rural labor market, it should be noted the specific nature of the demand and supply of labor, imbalance between them, low level of professional training, lack of high degree of readiness for innovation, and lack of labor resources. In this regard, we can consider an alternative form of social entrepreneurship that increases employment of the rural population. The goal is to show the most important aspects of development of corporate social responsibility as the best option for improving the quality of life of the population in rural areas through access to education, healthcare and cultural leisure opportunities, disseminating the entrepreneurial skills of rural residents, increasing their self-esteem and self-sufficiency. Social entrepreneurs use local resources and create new markets for agricultural products, handicrafts, and tourism services. Methods – statistical and economic, scientific analysis, comparison. The study is based on the analysis of information obtained from domestic and foreign scientific publications, statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Strategic Planning and Reforms. Results - the author presents indicators of demographic trends and the impact of the state of labor potential on employment in the country and in rural areas over the past 5 years, including the current state of employment and unemployment in rural areas and expanding the range of social and entrepreneurial activities based on entrepreneurial activity aimed at solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship is distinguished by the following main features: innovation, self-sufficiency and financial sustainability, entrepreneurial approach. Conclusions - the author has given proposals that increase social and economic security, employment opportunities in rural regions, stimulating the investment initiative of business entities.

The influence of islamic bank and zakat on unemployment in urban and rural areas of Indonesia

The influence of islamic bank and zakat on unemployment in urban and rural areas of Indonesia

Розвиток соціальної сфери українського села: регіональний аспект

The research paper aims to highlight the specific characteristics of social development in rural areas and identify new job opportunities for village residents. These include diversifying agricultural production and expanding into other sectors of the regional economy. The focus is on encouraging self-employment, entrepreneurship, and employment in small towns and villages for the rural population, offering a promising future for these areas. Research methodology. In this article, we utilized the abstract-logical method to identify the theoretical foundations of the social sphere development in rural areas and agrarian formations of different scales. We also employed the monographic approach to examine the perspectives of various experts on the issues relating to the development of the social sphere in rural areas and the significance of management forms, particularly family farms, in promoting employment and self-employment among rural residents. Additionally, we used analysis and synthesis to evaluate the effectiveness of management forms in rural areas. The current state of development of the national agricultural sector of Ukraine emphasizes the importance of the social sphere of rural areas and the contribution of small forms of management, which in the domestic legal field, scientific and statistical literature are defined such as individual peasant and farm households, small rural enterprises, and households. Ensuring the development of small forms of business in the system of rural formations is an essential component of the effective functioning of the domestic agrarian sector as a component of the national economic system. In turn, this determines the need to analyze the features of the use of the available resource potential, as well as the results of the economic activity of the representatives of this group of farmers. However, intensive agricultural technologies have led to unemployment in many villages, leading to the degradation of rural areas, worsening demographic situations, and reduced life expectancy. Elements of scientific novelty. The author has developed various approaches to assessing social efficiency, which include several methodological features: 1. Social efficiency should be determined at two levels: local (at a specific enterprise, as the degree of satisfaction of its employees’ social needs) and regional/national (as the degree of social protection and equal provision of social needs for different population segments by local bodies and the state as a whole). 2. It is crucial to determine the absolute scale and relative level of satisfaction of various social needs of employees at a particular enterprise, whether through its resources, the region’s population, or the state. 3. When assessing social effectiveness, various socially important measures funded by local and national budgets must also be considered. 4. The precise determination of social efficiency should involve quantitative measurement and assessment of the effect and costs of a complete set of measures, including those for which quantitative measurement of the effect is impossible. Based on the research results, it is obtained that the social sphere of the region’s villages is diverse, with small-scale farms playing a crucial role in ensuring food safety and reducing unemployment in rural areas. The research confirms that in the long term, a dual approach is necessary for addressing this issue: firstly, a consistent focus on market relations to ensure the competitiveness of products from all types of enterprises — small, medium, and large; and secondly, the improvement of quality of life and the development of social infrastructure in rural areas to sustain them as the foundation for livelihoods and employment for the rural population, engaging all stakeholders in finding solutions. Keywords: development, agriculture, demographic processes, social sphere, livelihood, territorial environment, labor, environment, social efficiency, food security, self-realization.

Underlying Anthropogenic Driving Factors of Forest Landscape Degradation in the Kilimanjaro World Heritage Site, Tanzania Using Survey-based Data

This study aimed to investigate the underlying anthropogenic driving factors of forest landscape degradation in the Kilimanjaro World Heritage Sites (WHS), Tanzania using survey-based data. The essence is to support strategic policies for forest landscape protection and natural heritage sustainability. The research employed empirical data using mixed questionnaires of experts and residents to identify various indirect anthropogenic driving factors of forest degradation, analyze rural poverty and causal mechanisms as indirect anthropogenic drivers of forest degradation, and evaluate the level of awareness and community involvement in forest protection. ArcGIS was used to generate the Maps. About 140 sample sizes were utilized for this study. Using purposive and simple random techniques, about 46 and 100 mixed questionnaires were distributed to experts in forest guard and residents, respectively. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Findings showed that indirect factors of forest degradation include high tourism demand, poverty, culture and tradition of local communities, lack of forest protection and conservation education, and insufficient land availability. Also, findings showed that rural poverty as an indirect anthropogenic driving factor of forest degradation is attributed to unemployment in rural areas, inadequate land for agriculture, and insufficient productive forestry availability. Additionally, this study revealed that residents are aware that the forest is under the government’s protection, and most people in local communities are not involved in activities for forest protection. Therefore, the study suggests that the locals should be involved in the activities that promote forest protection for effective control and management. Alternative heating methods should also be explored to reduce much pressure on the available forest to improve the natural heritage sustainability of natural WHS found in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Global South.

Work Performance of MGNREGS in Kerala at National Level: A Comparison

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a revolutionary move to terminate poverty and unemployment in rural areas. The implementation of the scheme is successful in terms of large-scale employment, women empowerment, asset creation, watershed development, prevention of draught and reduction in large scale migration. The present investigation is a modest attempt to compare the work performance in Kerala with the remaining states in India. Though its scope is nationwide, there have been wide inter-state as well as inter district variations in the accomplishment of the objectives of the MGNREGA Act. Therefore, this paper focuses on the different facets of work implementation aspects in Kerala and find out other states performances in this regard using secondary data. The study confirms that the scheme has changed the rural face of the country despite the differences found in different states.

Income, unemployment and welfare in low-income urban areas

Income, unemployment and welfare in low-income urban areas

SEASONAL MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOCHOTANAGPUS REGION OF SJHARKHAND STATE

The liberalization period witnessed the increasing crisis in the agriculture and allied sector that supports a large chunk of the population and subsequently, the slow and gradual displacement of the millions of people from their traditional livelihoods result in increasing underemployment and unemployment in rural areas. This scenario has pushed the people to opt for migration for livelihood expansion. Migration is best understood as one of the strategies adopted by individuals, households or communities to enhance their livelihoods because in general migration has a function of reducing vulnerability – effective migration strategies helps people to reduce the risks of seasonality, harvest failure, etc. Present paper analyzes seasonal migration from remote tribal villages of South Chotanagpur in Jharkhand.

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRITOURISM IN TURKESTAN REGION

The development of agrotourism in the Turkestan region is important for the development of not only the natural resources of rural areas, but also culture, national cuisine, history and traditions of the Kazakh people. This industry belongs to a potential topic that determines the directions of the future development of domestic tourism and agriculture. Agrotourism is a type of tourism that can be organized in rural areas, which in recent years, according to statistics, is in great demand among consumers. This sector is aimed at the economic growth of rural settlements, the preservation of ecosystems and cultural values, the development of territories, as well as providing solutions to issues such as infrastructure, unemployment in rural areas. Definitely, it will be useful to use the experience of European countries in the field of agrotourism for some regions of the Turkestan region. In this regard, the Turkestan region, one of the most developed regions of the country's agriculture, was chosen as the object of study of the scientific article. The goal - is to comprehensively identify the factors of socio-economic potential and propensity of the Turkestan region to agrotourism. Research results - it was found that there are enough resources for the development of agrotourism in this area; it was noted that financial assistance to support some areas of agrotourism is sufficient from local government agencies; recommendations were analyzed and given on which areas have the highest opportunities for the development of agrotourism; the features of agrotourism as a successful tourist destination of agricultural entrepreneurship in general are shown. Conclusions - due to the fact that the agro-tourism resources of the Turkestan region differ from other regions, the task of its professional development arises, for example, in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, the first mechanisms for the development of agro-tourism have been formed. Consider this, a detailed analysis of the resources of the agro-tourism potential of the region was carried out in the scientific work.

An Analysis of Urban Poverty and Unemployment

The success of development depicts economic growth. Nevertheless, it is pertinent to emphasize that a significant increase in economic growth may not eradicate poverty, unemployment, and health issues. The prevalence of poverty in Palembang City in 2021 was considerably elevated, amounting to 11.34 percent, while the unemployment rate has exhibited an upward trend, reaching 10.11 percent. Additionally, there was a decline in employment within the labor market, accompanied by a corresponding rise in the number of individuals actively seeking job opportunities. This study aims to examine the various elements contributing to poverty and unemployment and formulate an integrated and sustainable model for poverty reduction and lowering unemployment in urban areas. The data collection technique uses a concurrent mixed method through questionnaires distributed to the public by purposive random sampling of 215 informants and Focus Group Discussions with relevant stakeholders in Palembang City in November 2022. The results of the study found that four factors contribute to poverty in Palembang City: education level, economic growth, health, and labor force participation rate. The level of education is the most dominant factor that plays a role in the occurrence of poverty and unemployment in Palembang City. The strategy formulated is the provision of educational scholarship programs for poor families at the primary and secondary education levels through the utilization of operational costs. It can be concluded that education has a big role in reducing poverty and unemployment, so it is important to invest in education. Investment in education, including improved access and quality of education, can help address issues of poverty and unemployment by giving individuals better opportunities for decent work.

AWARENESS ABOUT AGRI-ENTERPRISE ESTABLISHMENT BY RURAL YOUTH FOR ENHANCING INCOME

The present study, Morena District was purposefully selected as it has maximum number of rural youth in entire Chambal Division. On the basis of research problem and objects descriptive with survey research design were used for this investigation. Multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of study. Village wise list was prepared which were running the agri-enterprise with the help of RAEO and ATMA project officer. From the prepared list of villages, 10 villages (Hatipura, Nepari, Kirawalijadid, Rajpura jagir, Rithoniya, Antari, Dipera, Malibajana, Jarena, and Kurroli) were selected with the help of simple random sampling. In the final stage 10 rural youth from each village was picked up with the help of simple random sampling. Thus, the sample comprise of 100 rural youth as respondents. Traditionally, farmers are ignorant of scientific agriculture and effective agri management systems. Thus, they are unable to deal with delayed monsoons, drought, crop debts, fake seeds and shortage of fertilizer, as a result opt to commit suicide. Hence, the managerial, technical, and innovative skills of entrepreneurship applied in the field of agriculture may build a well-trained agri-entrepreneur who becomes a role model to all such depressed farmers. Agri-entrepreneurship has the prospect of social and economic development, for example-employment generation, poverty reduction, improvements in nutrition, health, and overall food security in the national economy, especially in rural areas. In the face of growing unemployment and poverty in rural areas, there is the urgency of entrepreneurship in agriculture for more productivity and profitability of rural youth.

Access to paved roads, gender, and youth unemployment in rural areas: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractThe poor development of road infrastructure is one of the main obstacles to economic activity and therefore to employment in rural areas of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Using cross‐sectional data from 31 SSA countries, this study examines, from a gender perspective, the effect of access to paved roads on youth unemployment in rural areas in the region. The seemingly unrelated bivariate probit framework has been adopted in analysing the data. This approach is used for addressing the possible endogeneity bias that occurs when the dependent variable and regressor are both endogenous and binary. The major finding of this study reveals that access to paved roads in rural areas reduces the probability that young people will face unemployment. The aforementioned is more pronounced for young women than for young men. Moreover, the greater the proximity to the road increases, the greater its reducing effect on the probability of young people being unemployed. It is therefore important that the development of road infrastructure in rural areas be at the centre of public policies to address youth unemployment in SSA countries. This will significantly increase women's empowerment, through their participation in the labour market, and the full economic participation of young people.

A Study on Unemployment in India Economy

Not just in India, but around the world, unemployment is a serious problem. It is one of the main barriers to the development of our country. When talented and skilled people cannot find a suitable job for themselves for various reasons, this is referred to as being unemployed. The employment rate's effect on the growth of the economy as a whole is the focus of this research. The study concentrates on the present status of unemployment in both urban and rural areas and uses secondary data sources. This paper also discusses the economic issues caused by the high unemployment rate and suggests ways to improve the nation's employment situation. This paper focused on the current situation of unemployment and its various causes. It also covers several government policy initiatives implemented to reduce unemployment and their effects.

Conceptual principles of formation of employment of the rural population of Ukraine

The article examines the modern specifics of approaches to the formation of effective employment of the rural population of Ukraine. It was determined that the countryside plays an important role in shaping the structure of the country's labor resources, but the problems of ensuring the appropriate level of employment and economic stability in the countryside are becoming particularly urgent and require the development of functional approaches to their solution. The article analyzes the key factors that affect the employment of the rural population at the present time, in particular, such as economic and socio-cultural factors, access to education and professional training, infrastructure development, etc. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the development of agriculture and agrarian enterprises as key sources of employment in rural areas of Ukraine. The importance and objective necessity of ensuring the effective development of small and medium-sized enterprises, agritourism and other non-agricultural industries for the diversification of employment opportunities for the rural population has been proven. It was determined that an important aspect at present is the stimulation of young people to work in rural areas, the introduction of innovative educational programs and large-scale state support for entrepreneurial activity in rural areas. The important role of state policy in ensuring effective employment support and the appropriate level of socio-economic development of rural areas has been proven. Based on the analysis, the authors determined that the effective formation of rural population employment requires the implementation of an integrated approach that would cover various aspects of the economic, social, and educational development of rural areas. At the same time, achieving a balance between the development of agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of the economy, promoting the intensification of entrepreneurial activity, as well as guaranteeing an adequate level of access to quality education are important prerequisites for ensuring sustainable development and reducing unemployment in rural areas of Ukraine.

THE NEED AND POSSIBILITIES OF INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF THE PROCESSES OF REPRODUCTION OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF TERRITORIAL DECENTRALIZATION

Introduction Since the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century, a deterioration of the demographic situation has been observed in Ukraine. The permanent natural reduction in the number of people, the consequences of the pandemic, the mass displacement of the population as a result of Russian aggression led to a decrease in the population's employment, an increase in unemployment, a decrease in the standard of living, and an increase in inflationary processes. The mentioned processes actualized the problem of reproduction of human resources, which requires the implementation of measures to stop the processes of decreasing birth rates and increasing mortality rates, especially in rural territorial communities. The reform of the administrative system, carried out since 2015 through territorial decentralization, allows the processes of reproduction of human resources to be analyzed at the micro level, to investigate the trends of natural, mechanical and economic movement of the villagers, to assess the modern capabilities of local self-government bodies to prevent the development of negative processes in the reproduction of an economically active population. The purpose of the article. To investigate the role of territorial decentralization in overcoming crisis phenomena in the reproduction of human resources of Ukraine and to highlight the possibilities of local self-government bodies in preventing the processes of depopulation of the population on the example of rural territorial communities. Research methods: statistical, sociological, grapho-analytical, comparative, method of analysis and synthesis. Research results: Assessment of the demographic situation in the villages of territorial communities. Determining the trends of natural and mechanical movement of the rural population, establishing the main problems of the formation of human resources, employment of the rural population, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of the modern labor market in the conditions of Russian aggression and ways to overcome unemployment in rural areas. Keywords: territorial community, territorial decentralization, reproduction of human resources, economically active population, balancing supply and demand for labor force.

FEATURES AND TRENDS CONTEMPORARY PROCESSES OF POPULATION REPRODUCTION IN TERNOPIL

The article presents the results of the study of the demographic situation in Ternopil. The sex-age structure of the population and indicators that determine the course of population reproduction processes: fertility, mortality and natural increase are characterized.
 Research has shown that at the beginning of 2021 in Ternopil there were 223,8 thousand inhabitants (21,5 % of the total population of Ternopil region). Compared to 2001, the population decreased by 3,9 thousand people, or 1,7%. In 2020, for the first time in Ternopil, the number of deaths exceeded the number of newborns – a natural increase, thus, fell below zero and became negative (-1,5). The slight increase in the number of Ternopil residents, which has been observed in the last two years, was solely due to internal migration. One of the reasons for this is the high level of unemployment in rural areas of the region, from where migration to the regional center takes place in order to find employment and improve the quality of life.
 Over the last ten years, there has been a negative trend towards increasing the demographic burden on the working population of persons of working age and post-working age, and at the beginning of 2021 these figures were, respectively, 246 and 432 persons per 1,000 working population.
 In recent years, there has been a fairly marked decline in the overall birth rate. In 2020, it was at the level of 9 ‰, which is a quarter (25,6 %) less than in 2014. The total fertility rate at the beginning of 2021 was at the level of 11 children per 10 women, which is not enough for simple reproduction of the population cities; the current level of this indicator in Ternopil provides for the replacement of generations by only 52,2 %.
 Over the last twenty years, mortality rates in Ternopil, as well as in Ternopil region as a whole, have been constantly changing and until 2005 had a steady upward trend, then the mortality rate stabilized at 8,3-8,6 ‰, and since 2007 The indicator started to gradually decrease (to 7,7 ‰), but since 2011 the growth trend has been observed again. This increase in mortality is still observed. In 2020, this indicator reached the maximum mark for the entire observation period (2001-2020) – 10,6 ‰. It is noteworthy that the death rate in Ternopil has always been lower than in the Ternopil region as a whole. This is due to a number of factors, primarily the fact that in the age structure of the population of Ternopil is much smaller share of the elderly (12,5 %) than in the region as a whole (15,6 %), which have the highest mortality rates.
 Improving the demographic situation in Ternopil is possible under several conditions: increasing real incomes and overcoming poverty; reducing unemployment and shadow employment, reforming the social assistance system in order to strengthen its targeting of socially vulnerable groups, improving the quality and accessibility of preventive and medical care, stimulating the birth rate, spreading healthy living standards, etc. The complexity of solving the demographic problems that have developed in Ternopil is due to the significant inertia of demographic processes, and therefore the longer their solution is delayed, the larger they will become.
 Given the current demographic situation in Ternopil, it is important to predict the number and gender and age structure of the population in the future. Therefore, in the medium and long-term forecasting of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the city’s population, it is necessary to identify priority measures to mitigate negative demographic trends, as well as to study the dynamics of the working population, because this age group will be the main labor force. further socio-economic development of Ternopil.
 Key words: demographic situation, population size, depopulation, population aging, fertility, mortality.

Exploring the Factors of Farmers’ Rural–Urban Migration Decisions in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, rural–urban migration is widespread. Many earlier studies discussed the factors, patterns, causes, and consequences and the socio-economic and environmental impact of migration from the general perspective. However, rural–urban migration with a particular focus on particular communities or migrants’ employment profiles, for instance, farmers, is poorly described. In contrast, many farmers move from rural to urban areas every year in Bangladesh. However, the factors that affect farmers’ rural-to-urban migration are a primary concern to academia and key actors, as the country’s economy mainly depends on agriculture and farming. This paper, therefore, aimed to identify the underlying factors of the rural–urban (R–U) migration of farmers in Bangladesh. Data for this study came from phone interviews conducted with 254 migrant farmers living in city districts in Bangladesh. We adopted a three-step approach to select and identify factors that impacted farmers’ decision to move from rural to urban settings. First, we reviewed the extant literature and compiled more than 70 variables of interest relevant to farmers’ migration. Second, 30 variables were selected for data collection after consultations with key informants (KIIs) and informal discussions (IDs) with farmers and local community leaders. Besides, the Q-methodology was used to assess the level of importance of the selected variables. Lastly, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to extract salient dimensions of farmers’ rural-to-urban migration, where 21 variables were detected that consistently exceeded a threshold value of 0.50 of communality for further analysis. Our findings show that six dimensions—i.e., individual, household, economic, attitudinal, spatial, and climate-induced extremes—significantly influence and contribute to rural urban migration decisions for farmers. Further, our results indicated that age, agricultural knowledge, household debt, seasonal famine/poverty (Monga), unemployment in rural areas, availability of anticipated job opportunities in urban areas, shortage of agricultural inputs, and river erosion significantly influenced farmers’ decision to leave their farms in Bangladesh. Findings from this study may be used as inputs in predictive models and benchmark guidelines for assessing trends and patterns of rural-to-urban migration and for the formulation of policy and programs targeting domestic migration in Bangladesh for proper urban planning and further rural development.

Development of forms of agricultural land use in Russia in the post-perestroika period

The article discusses the formation and development of forms of agricultural land use after the introduction of private ownership of land. The impact of the reform of the agro-industrial complex on the types of use and organization of the use of agricultural land in the Russian Federation is assessed. The reasons preventing the effective use of lands of this category are investigated. Negative factors contributing to the emergence of unemployment in rural areas, the outflow of the working population to cities and the depopulation of rural areas have been identified. The reasons for the implementation of agricultural activities of a focal nature are indicated. The ways of solving problems within the framework of an integrated scientific and industrial approach of targeted value are proposed.