Unemployment In Areas Research Articles

Global Displacements: The Making of Uneven Development in the Caribbean by Marion Werner

Reviewed by: Global Displacements: The Making of Uneven Development in the Caribbean by Marion Werner Benjamin F. Timms Marion Werner Global Displacements: The Making of Uneven Development in the Caribbean Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2015. xii + 215 pp. Figures, tables, notes, references, and index. $34.95 paper (ISBN 978-1-118-94198-0); $94.95 cloth (ISBN 978-1-118-94199-7); $27.99 electronic (ISBN 978-1-118-94195-9). As part of the Antipode Book Series, Global Displacements fittingly adopts a critical approach to analyzing contemporary restructuring of the global garment industry. While focused primarily on the Dominican Republic and Haiti, it highlights continuing uneven development and inequality at multiple geographical scales, from the global to the regional, national to the local, and even to the individual including racialized and gendered aspects. It is important to note that the study is not a comparative study of the garment free-trade zones between these two countries, but a relational study of this industry within, and between, the Dominican Republic and Haiti over the past three decades. Encompassing both the structural forces at play and the impacts they have on local agency, the book also utilizes primary field research on household and individual livelihood strategies aimed to mitigate the negative impacts of these structural forces related to restructuring of the global garment industry. The first quarter of the book highlights the rise, fall, and restructuring of the export processing garment industry in the Dominican Republic. The first decade of the 2000s saw [End Page 253] a major global restructuring of the garment industry that negatively impacted low-wage assembly, leading to restructuring away from merely assembly to "full-package" suppliers that expanded into other value-added components of production including design, cloth production, and some finishing aspects. Adopting feminist approaches, the author analyzes increased gender inequality as females tended to remain in the lowest-wage assembly jobs while males predominated in the newer value-added positions due to cultured gender stereotypes, both locally and globally, that viewed females as unfit for more flexible or labor intensive activities (which is debated well in the text). Relatedly, female labor has been devalued and became more disposable with higher layoffs, although the author acknowledges that male labor also suffered during restructuring, just to a lesser and different degree. After the structural analysis of global factors resulting in national and local gender inequalities in employment, the author turns to individual examples of livelihood strategies created by both women and men stemming from massive layoffs in the mid-to-late 2000s. This section of the book addresses gender and racial differences in post-free-trade-zone employment, underemployment, unemployment, and informal activities in both urban areas and the rural countryside. The author expertly presents individual experiences in highlighting the gendered and racialized differences in livelihood strategies sought in order to create personal "social worth," a process the author terms "embodied negotiations" (p. 87). The latter sections of the book turn to the relational geography between the Dominican Republic and Haiti in restructuring the garment industry as a "spatial fix" akin to David Harvey's concept (p. 114). Dominican and U.S. corporations shifted their involvement from the Dominican Republic to the Haitian border and, after the 2010 earthquake, further along the northern coast of Haiti to access cheaper labor. The ties to Naomi Klein's "disaster capitalism" in this section is an insightful addition. After the earthquake, Haiti's World Bank and IMF Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, which called for a focus on agricultural development, was shelved as international institutions and corporate interests focused national development on export-oriented free-trade zones. However, the free-trade zones faced substantial contestation from labor groups that problematized the projects, which was another insightful and well-crafted section of the book. Building on these disparate results and experiences the author mentions a few alternatives championed to resolve the negative impacts restructuring and global production have on local livelihoods. Ethical consumption, including such movements as fair trade and other certifications, are argued to be inadequate as they are still embedded in colonial capitalist exploitation and modern uneven capitalist development. Instead, collective worker struggles through unions...

Spatial mismatch, wages and unemployment in metropolitan areas in Brazil

The spatial mismatch hypothesis states that a lack of connection to job opportunities may affect an individual’s prospects in the labour market, especially for low-skilled workers. This phenomenon is especially observed in large urban areas, in which low-skilled minorities tend to live far away from jobs and face geographical barriers to finding and keeping jobs. This paper aims to investigate whether this negative relationship between spatial mismatch and labour market outcomes is valid in Brazil after controlling for individual characteristics. Our conclusions indicate that there is no clear relation between different measures of accessibility to jobs and the probability of being unemployed. However, for wages there is a clear correlation, which is stronger in larger metropolitan areas in the country. Given the exploratory nature of this work, our results still rely on strong identification hypotheses to avoid potential bias related to simultaneous location decisions of workers and firms within the city. Even if these conditions do not hold, the results are still meaningful as they provide a better understanding of the conditional distribution of wages and the unemployment rate in the biggest metropolitan areas of Brazil.

SEASONALITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE COASTAL AND MOUNTAINOUS TOURIST REGIONS OF POLAND

Purpose. Comparison of the size, distribution and trends of seasonal fluctuations in unemployment in seaside and mountain tourist areas. Efforts were made to determine the differences between groups of regions as a whole, internal differentiation within individual regions and between selected regions. Method. The decomposition of the time series relies on extracting the seasonal component from the input range . To extract the seasonal component, we used the Census X12 ARIMA procedure. The analysis used data on the number of registered unemployed individuals in particular months from 2004 to 2014. Findings. Tourist labour markets in Poland were characterized by relatively high seasonal unemployment. Seasonality level of unemployment was significantly lower in the mountain regions than in the seaside regions. In both regions, seasonality of unemployment increased during the considered period. Seasonal fluctuations in unemployment on seaside and mountain labour markets showed a similar distribution. Research and conclusion limitations. The analysis used data on the number of registered unemployed individuals. The number of registered unemployed individuals does not fully describe the actual number of those unemployed and occurring in the short term changes in the labour market. Practical implications. The findings may be useful from the point of view of shaping instruments affecting the labour market in the tourist regions. They also allow an assessment of the changes that have occurred among labour markets in tourist regions. Originality. The originality of the research is based on comparison of seasonality in tourist regions with different locations and specifics. It allows to assess whether short-term fluctuations in unemployment in seaside and mountain tourist regions have any specificity. Type of paper. Research article.

Implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Manipur (2015-16): An Assessment

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is demand driven , self targeting employment generating poverty alleviation scheme which was launched by the UPA government in 2005 with full of hope to eradicate the problems of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of India by targeting to provide at least 100 days of employment at each rural households. It is the only employment-generating programme, that a beneficiary can claim legally. The scheme was introduced in Manipur in the year 2008 with lot of hope to minimise the problem of poverty and unemployment in the state but after the eight years of implementation, the programme failed to deliver the expectations the people had on it. In this paper, an assessment of the performance of MGNREGS in Manipur of the year 2015-16 has been made.

Hayvancılık sektörünün TRA2 Bölgesinin ekonomik kalkınması üzerine etkileri

TRA2, which is a sub-region of North-eastern Anatolia Region, contains the least developed cities which are Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars and Ardahan within itself. It is seen that applied policies and provided governmental incentive have not contributed enough to the development of the region; therefore, difference of development level between the region and other regions has been increased progressively. It is, in the globalising world, thought that agricultural and livestock industries have lost their significance. However, even in the most developed countries, agricultural and livestock industries become more of an issue both economically and socially. Livestock industry is very important for healthy and balanced nutrition of the increasing population in Turkey like all over the world. On the other hand, this sector has social and economic functions on providing rural development. These functions provide balanced growth in the country reducing unemployment in rural areas in conjunction with social problems such as preventing rural-urban migration, decreasing the non-planned urbanization and overpopulation, and fulfil the obligations providing raw materials for the sub-industries such as flesh, milk, leather, cosmetic, medicine and etc. Livestock sector is in the forefront in the area because the region has suitable, quality and wide pasturelands. Livestock farming is carried through with sophisticated techniques as well as it is one of the most important source of income. Livestock sector is of prime importance since it adds high level value into entity investment, employs with low cost, and provides input for many branches of industry sector. The current state of the livestock sector that has a very significant role in developing the region, and the encountered problems were determined in the study; fields of activity related with developing the sector were analysed SPSS survey programme; and solutions about certain problems were proposed.

Understanding how a company can operate in an economic development zone

Economic Development Zones were created to reduce unemployment in depressed areas of the country. Different levels of government offer companies’ incentives to relocate to these areas or expand their business by creating Economic/Empowerment/Enterprise Zones. These incentives for relocating, expanding, or starting a business can be very lucrative for a company. Understanding why there is a disconnect between companies and the government might bring to light problems which would allow for improvement to the program

ДВАДЦАТЬ ПЯТЬ ЛЕТ ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМУ СЕЛЬСКОМУ ХОЗЯЙСТВУ РОССИИ: ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ

The article suggests an analysis of structural and regional changes in Russian agriculture and the contradictory tendencies of its development over the last 25 years. The author examines the regional differences in the acreage decrease that has not hampered the intensification of crop production and growth of grain exports. The changes in balances of production, consumption, export and import of grain, meat and milk are traced year by year, as well as regional shifts in key products outputs. The dynamics of different types of livestock and poultry, as well as the change of the ratio of meat and milk production in agricultural enterprises, farms and personal plots of population are investigated. The increasing concentration of production in agricultural holdings and large enterprises is promoting the urban food supply, but affects the spatial polarization of agriculture. Changes in production as a result of the crisis and modernization of agriculture are examined on the background of declining agricultural employment, the non-prestige farm labor and its low pay. This resulted in growing unemployment in rural areas and in spread of moving rural residents to cities for earnings. Their outflow from the regions nearby to Moscow agglomeration has blocked the development of agriculture. The article widely uses graphics and maps for the analysis.

Skill development in rural india- A step towards rural development

Globalized economy intensified the competition in the market that enhanced the need of skilled workers in the organization. Thus skill development has been emerged as the prime need of the economy of every nation. Majority of Indian population lives in rural areas and unemployment has become a burning issue for rural youth. Unemployment in the rural areas leads to poverty. To generate employment opportunity and to make the rural people self dependent it is the crucial need of the government to focus on the skill development of the rural people. Skill training program should be conducted among the rural people that will build up different skills among the people and will make them self dependent to earn their livelihood. It will be a step towards skill India mission. This study has been undertaken to understand and analyse the problem and prospects of skill development in rural India. The study is descriptive in nature and the source of data used for the study is secondary. The study analysed the different skills which are very important for the rural masses for sustainable development of Indian villages such as Plantation skill, Entrepreneurship skills, Marketing Skills, Technical Skills and so on. The study also analysed the different challenges in the rural India such as poor infrastructure, remoteness, illiteracy etc. Study concludes that it is the responsibility of the government to overcome all these challenges and develop skill among the rural people which will bring sustainable development of economy of the nation.

Character and dynamics of development rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia

The development of rural tourism has become a trend that is more or less present in almost all countries of Europe and North America today. In many countries it has enabled to resolve some of the important problems that burden life in the rural areas (unemployment, population migration to urban city centers, decrease of macroeconomic indicators, etc.). Its effect is synergistic, because it connects a large number of economic and non-economic activities and with its multiplied effects, has positive effects on local environment in which it develops. Experiences that countries in which rural tourism is so far developed can contribute in practice in the Republic of Serbia which has significant potential for the development of rural tourism. They are reflected in preserved nature, developed agricultural production, prevalence of rural areas that covers more than 80% of the territory, rich anthropogenic heritage, geographical diversity of the territory that favors various forms of rural tourism, etc. Unfortunately, rural tourism has not gained importance in policy of economic development until recently. The article analyzed the character and dynamics of the development of rural tourism in the Republic of Serbia and points to its phases of development. Also, it is given suggestions to facilitate monitoring and create preconditions for successful management.

JORNADAS EMPRENDEDORAS: GENERANDO ESPACIOS PARA IDEAS EMPRENDEDORAS DE LA POBLACIÓN ESTUDIANTIL DE UNED

Las "Jornadas Emprendedoras" son el desarrollo de actividades que ayuden a generar un ambiente que facilite emprendimientos en la población estudiantil de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED). De esta manera, se aprovecha el esfuerzo de un trabajo académico realizado por los estudiantes para enfocarlo como una potencial solución al desempleo en diversas zonas del país donde se necesite. En esta primera experiencia académica, durante el primer cuatrimestre del año 2016, se incorporaron estudiantes de diferentes centros universitarios y carreras de la Escuela de Ciencias de la Administración (ECA) principalmente. En los 11 proyectos, se evidencia el trabajo colaborativo entre estudiantes, apoyándose en su aprendizaje sobre estudios de pre-factibilidad, cuya importancia radica en su carácter multidisciplinario. Se logra visualizar una propuesta de vinculación universidad-empresa, en donde el interés por parte de los estudiantes es innovar y generar ideas de negocios. La experiencia del proyecto de "Jornadas Emprendedoras", demuestra la importancia de extender este tipo de actividades a toda la población estudiantil de la UNED. Este tipo de espacios e instrumentos académicos se visualizan para ser incluido dentro de los Trabajos finales de graduación, Comisión de Investigación Extensión de la ECA (COMIEX-ECA), inclusive otras carreras que no pertenecen a la ECA.

AN ECONOMIC AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC AND ALLOCATION IMPACT ON FARMLAND INFRINGEMENT IN EGYPT DURING THE PERIOD 2005-2010

Farmland infringement for the purpose of construction has become a serious problem in Egypt that negatively affects the average per capita of arable land and soil fertility in Egypt. On the other hand, this situation negatively affects Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, agricultural income, and employment in rural areas. However, farmland infringement is completely forbidden by the Egyptian agricultural legislation. In this regard, the current research aims at evaluating the impact of the Geographic and placement impact on Farmland infringement in Egypt during the period (2005-2010). This study recommend the importance of reduce farmland infringement in different Geographic places, to increase the Egyptian agricultural production, raise Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, and reduce the deficit in agricultural trade balance, and reduce the problem of unemployment in rural areas. Moreover, the current study used descriptive and statistical analysis to achieve its goals. The main results of this research showed that the total area of ​​agricultural land that had been infringed during the period (2005-2010) reached about 4031 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 28788 feddans and increased more after revolution during the period 2011- 2014 to ( 38046) feddans. By calculated the total yearly average of farmland infringement in Egypt, the result show that it was about 30.8 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 43.3 feddans and reduced after revolution as a total to 34.8 feddans as a result of reducing the rate of farmland infringement in the civilization governorate by intensive security power. On the other hand the farmland infringement in all other this rate had increased in all geographic placements in Egypt. Where the yearly rate of farmland infringement in Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper. Egypt reach about (43.1, 49.5, 41.2) feddans respectively before revolution, increased after revolution to (712.1, 405.8, 354.5) feddans respectively. It is clear that the delta Egypt has the highest yearly rate of farmland infringement, so it is important to control this rate in future. Besides, the results showed that the most important reasons behind farmland infringement by construction in Egypt are the dummy variable representing the Geographic and placement for the governorates’ and time. The economic model shows the increase of yearly average of total farmland infringement by about 74.4 feddans and the result was significant at the level of significance 1%. Moreover the yearly average of farmland infringement for Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper Egypt by about (287.9, 101.7, 95.4( respectively. On the other hand, by using the dummy variable of piecewise to describe the situation after and before revolution in the different geographic and placement of governorates the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in delta of Egypt from 1136.4 to 2704.3 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. The results show also the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in middle of Egypt from 206.7 to 492 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Furthermore the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in Upper Egypt from 254.2 to 605.1 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. However, the results showed that the farmland infringement after revolution in Egyptian civilization governorates decreased as a results of strong security from -34.5 to -82 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Finally, the research recommends strengthening the importance of protected the Egyptian agricultural land specially in the highest geographic and placement governorates especially in delta of Egypt, middle and upper of Egypt by achieving the balance of investment between all these geographic and placement governorates and establishment the necessary desert villages to meet the needs of Rural households.

Climate change, Atlantic storm activity and the regional socio-economic impacts on the Caribbean

Forecasting the likely economic losses arising from North Atlantic hurricanes is high on the agenda of both Caribbean and North American stakeholders. This paper develops a general equilibrium framework to conduct an impact assessment of climate change and hurricane formation. General equilibrium analysis accounts for not only primary effects but also feedback effects. The model simulations suggest that output losses occurring due to hurricanes are likely to have economy-wide effects. However, the rural economies of the region are likely to suffer the greatest (relative) effects. The findings of this study suggest that rural livelihoods should be mainstreamed in any adaptation initiatives adopted by the region. Ignoring these neighbourhood features in adaptation plans could negatively impact on poverty and unemployment in rural areas.

Agriculture and Sustainability of the Welfare: The Role of the Short Supply Chain

Abstract The lengthening of the supply chain developed over the last decades – due to the multiplication of intermediaries - has produced effects from an environmental, economic, social and territorial point of view cannot pass unnoticed. As a matter of fact, the excessive amount of participants taking part in all the phases of the supply chain has created the basis for an increase of environmental impacts due to many factors: the implementation of farming methods, which are getting more and more intensive, put pressure on the environment, on the sustainability of the agricultural industrial production process and increase the number of kilometres the goods have to travel in order to be distributed. Moreover, the extension of the supply chain has produced a decrease of its share of value-added to the benefit of the farmers and, as a consequence, has excluded many small producers from the market and caused a negative impact on rural areas (unemployment, depopulation due to migration). From the customers’ point of view, the increase of intermediaries has created an informative asymmetry due to the impossibility to track their shipment as well as to a lowering of their quality standards, caused by an increasingly standardized production process. During the last years, the interest of policy-makers in short supply chain has grown. It appears to be a tool able to incentivize a sustainable agricultural productions and to provide environmental, economic and social benefits. In fact, the short supply chain other than reducing costs, which are cut down by decreasing the number of intermediaries that take the product from the producer to the consumer, creates a positive environmental externalities and, above all, promotes the local areas. This work highlights the central role taken on by the implementation of new forms of marketing in the short supply chain and its importance in influencing the concept of sustainable development in the agricultural supply chain. Moreover, this work aims to find evidence-based guidelines for policy-makers seeking to support the development of these new forms of marketing, whose potential lies in the customers’ attention to ethical and environmental issues and their need for natural and healthy food.

DETERMINANTS OF DECISION AND PARTICIPATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF YOUTH IN SOUTHERN REGION OF NIGERIA

Evidence of labour constrained in the rural area and increasing rural –urban migration as well as mounting youth unemployment in urban areas of the Southern of Nigeria drove our interest to analyze youth involvement in agricultural activities in the region. Specifically, the study determined factors that modeled rural youth decision and participation in agricultural activities in the Southern region of Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 youth spread across the rural areas of Akwa Ibom State, one of the States in the region. Combinations of sampling methods were used to collect data for the study. Analytical tools used were descriptive and regression analysis (the Logit and Poisson regression). The Logit model estimates revealed that years of youth in social organization, access to ICT, nature of land ownership, and youth access to state owned agricultural programme were positive determined of decision of youth to engage in agricultural activities in the study area. On the contrary, male youth, years of formal education and marital status of youth were negative determinants. The Poisson estimates showed that, youth age, number of extension visit and years in social organization as well as purpose of farming were positive drivers of youth participation (numbers of hours spent in farm per day) in agricultural activities in the rural areas. On the other hand, years of formal education, farm income of previous farming season, land ownership and access to credit triggered youth participation negatively. Perceived constraints to youth involvement in agricultural activities were; insufficient initial capital, insufficient credit facility, poor storage facility, poor access to tractors and inadequate farm land among others. In order to increase youth involvement in agricultural activities in the rural areas, it is recommended that, stake holders should endeavor to provide storage facilities in the rural area to reduce the post-harvest losses. Communities in the rural area should support youth farmers through land donation. In addition government should empowered and strengthen youth groups or social capital formation in the rural Communities. State extension system should be strengthened to deliver more efficient services to youth farmers in the rural areas.

TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN DAN KEMISKINAN DI LUMBUNG PANGAN KABUPATEN SIDRAP

This study aims to determine the level of unemployment and poverty in the Food Barn Sidrap, which is based on research that has been done found that the magnitude of the population is still poor and the unemployed who live in rural districts Sidrap particular region, making the agricultural sector as a key sector, development, productivity and quality of the agricultural sector is the second thing that must be addressed so that the agricultural sector is a mainstay of overcoming poverty and unemployment in rural areas. Need a comprehensive master plan and road map of the relevant institutions to raise the productivity and quality of the agricultural sector, the area of ​​productive agricultural land that tapers reduce productivity. Agrarian Reform Law to be done. Compensation for productive land transition should correlate to increased agricultural productivity, fertilizer subsidies and other saparodi should improve productivity. Efficient implementation and efektifit should continue to be pursued, productivity and quality of land limitations can be overcome with a budget of Research and Development of Agriculture found the variant products, production systems, marketing, and industrial agriculture. Agricultural investment should be encouraged, importance of agriculture to economic growth, poverty, and unemployment in the district Sidrap, need intensive monitoring for program planning and implementation of agricultural programs by relevant agencies so that timely achievement of the target.

The Relationship between Local Economic Conditions and Acute Myocardial Infarction Hospital Utilization by Adults and Seniors in the United States, 1995-2011.

To assess the association between aggregate unemployment and hospital discharges for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among adults and seniors, 1995-2011. Community hospital discharge data from states collected for the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases (SID) and economic data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995-2011. Quarterly time series study of unemployment and aggregate hospital discharges in local areas using fixed effects to control for differences between local areas. Secondary data on inpatient stays and unemployment rates aggregated to micropolitan and metropolitan areas. For both adults and seniors, a 1 percentage point increase in the contemporaneous unemployment rate was associated with a statistically significant 0.80 percent (adults) to 0.96 percent (seniors) decline in AMI hospitalization during the first half of the study but was unrelated to the economic cycle in the second half of the study period. The study found evidence that the aggregate relationship between health and the economy may be shifting for cardiovascular events, paralleling recent research that has shown a similar shift for some types of mortality (Ruhm 2013), self-reported health, and inpatient use among seniors (McInerney and Mellor 2012).

Determinante siromaštva i nezaposlenosti u ruralnim područjima Srbije

This paper presents the determinants of poverty and unemployment in rural areas of Serbia. The work includes a number of indicators that can present status and trends of two tendencies analyzed phenomenon, poverty and unemployment. Attention is primarily paid to rural areas, which have for many years been disregarded and stood in the shade of cities and urbanization, which are increasingly gaining importance in the context of integrated rural and sustainable development. All countries in the world, whether developed or not developed, fighting against poverty. Today, poverty is considered a multi-dimensional phenomenon that in addition to insufficient income to meet basic needs, means lack of employment opportunities, disabled access to health, education... Dividing the territory of the Republic of Serbia to the regions at the NUTS-2 level, have been established the conditions in the regions of Vojvodina, Belgrade, Šumadija and Western Serbia and the Southern and Eastern Serbia region and the disparities between them. There are significant differences in the development of the region. Residents of rural areas are facing with the phenomenon of poverty. This phenomenom is especially pronounced in the region of Southern and Eastern Serbia. Inevitability is to influence the balanced regional development and rural to, and thus to reduce poverty and unemployment, which will affect the improvement of the living standards of the population, the development of rural areas, the economy and society.

Labor specialization and its impact on spatial patterns of unemployment

Nowadays, the unemployment is crucial problem and challenge for the competitiveness of each economics. In connection with the failure of a socialistic regime in Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEE countries) and establishment of the market economy, unemployment became a permanent component of their national economy. Currently, each CEE country is touching with the unemployment, which varies according the age, gender, ethnicity and also by the region. Most common features of this phenomena is that the employment or unemployment is spatially distributed very unevenly. Slovak republic is one of the smallest economics among the CEE countries, but it has proved significant shift in market restoration towards the building competitiveness in global scale. At the same time Slovakia in long term faces to persistent elevated level of unemployment rate and stubbornly high level of structural unemployment. We may consider that deployment of these phenomena is conditioned also spatially. Our research task is based on looking for some continuity between the unemployment and labor market in structural depressed areas. For this purpose, we use statistical methods for determining the spatial conditionality of unemployment for assessing labor structure in regions of Slovakia. Our results may show on the relation between the high unemployment rate and dominance of economic sectors, which we can consider as structurally weak in regions of Slovakia.

Efeitos da crise financeira de 2008 sobre o desemprego nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras

O artigo analisa os desdobramentos da crise do subprimesobre o desemprego nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras pesquisadas pela Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego (PME/IBGE). A metodologia utilizada, de decomposição da variação do desemprego em contribuições da oferta e demanda por mão de obra, indica que os reflexos da crise não devem ser entendidos como brandos, como se poderia supor pela elevação aparentemente modesta da taxa de desemprego. Encontramos que a retração da demanda por mão de obra foi a mais intensa registrada com os dados da atual metodologia da pesquisa, que se inicia em março de 2002. A elevação do desemprego foi contida pela desaceleração da oferta de mão de obra, beneficiada pela menor pressão exercida pela PEA feminina. Setorialmente, a perda de postos de trabalho concentrou-se na indústria, sobretudo na indústria de transformação.

Female unemployment trends in rural areas of Poland in 2008-2012

This paper, firstly, identifies the scale and spatial differentiation of registered female unemployment in rural areas of Poland, defined according to the new Degree of Urbanisation (DEGURBA) classification of LAU2 regions used in the European Union (EU) for the Labour Force Survey, since the onset of the global economic crisis, and secondly, investigates the reasons for the occurrence of very high female unemployment rates that are either stable or increasing and very high gender gaps in unemployment rates. Quantitative analysis identified 27 rural communes in Poland affected by such problems. Most are situated in the north and several in the south-east of the country, mainly in post-state-owned farming areas. The results of semi-structured telephone interviews with representatives of local authorities of nine of those communes indicate that despite the different locations and different types of LAU2 regions, female unemployment is caused by similar factors: liquidation of state-owned farms not followed by any new job opportunities, peripheral location not attractive for external (out-of-commune) investors, lack of entrepreneurial skills, experience and finance to start own businesses, low income or poverty of inhabitants significantly limiting the purchase of goods and services, thus limiting the demand that could be met by local SMEs, and finally liquidation of enterprises, quite often the only employers in the commune. The problem of female unemployment cannot be solved by local authorities as they lack sufficient legal and financial resources, and needs to be addressed by both the government and the EU within actions of the Europe 2020 Strategy.