Une Telle Research Articles

Explaining Conspiracy Beliefs and Scepticism around the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Public opinion on COVID‐19 provides new empirical evidence for the debate on the ideological contours of conspiracy theories. I report findings from a web survey in Greece where participants were recruited via paid advertising on Facebook and the study sample was adjusted for age, gender, education, domicile, and region of residence using a nationally representative reference sample. I find that beliefs about conspiracy theories are more correlated than the values associated with established political ideologies, and that conspiracy beliefs and scepticism about the pandemic are best explained by belief in unrelated political and medical conspiracy theories. No other demographic or attitudinal variable has such a strong influence, and the results are robust to different statistical specifications. In comparison, the effect of ideology measured by left‐right self‐placement is rather negligible and further moderated by trust in government. The results have implications for the strategies aimed at fighting disinformation during public health emergencies.

Mother-child separation among women living with HIV and their children in the first four years postpartum in South Africa.

Mother-child pairs may separate during early life, yet the health impacts thereof are unclear. We explored the patterns and impact of separation among women living with HIV (WLHIV) and their children in South Africa. WLHIV who had initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy received HIV viral load (VL) testing and completed a timeline questionnaire of mother-child separation since delivery at 3-5years post-partum. Health care usage was abstracted from routine medical records. We examined associations between separation and (a) maternal health outcomes (engagement in HIV care and HIV viral suppression, [VS]) and (b) child health outcomes (post-breastfeeding HIV testing and immunisation completion), using logistic regression. Of 346 mother-child pairs (median maternal age at antenatal ART initiation, 28years), 24% were ever separated (median time to first separation 20months, interquartile range [IQR] 9, 31). Most separated children were living with their grandmothers (65/83, 78%). Mothers who ever separated were younger, and more likely to be employed, and to reside in informal housing than those who never separated. Any separation reduced the odds of VS≤50 copies/mL at four years post-partum (odds ratio 0.57; 95% CI 0.34-0.93); associations were similar for VL≤1000 copies/mL and maternal engagement in care. No association was found between separation and child confirmatory HIV testing or immunisation completion. In this setting, mother-child separation is common in the first four years of life and appears associated with suboptimal maternal outcomes. Further research is required to understand the drivers and implications of mother-child separation.

Les collages d’Alfonso López Gradolí: dislocation, amoncellement et aporie des bouts de papier pour la construction d’une voi

Since the middle of the XX th century, paper or object collage is a modality of Visual poetry. In experimental poems, the heterogeneity of fragments, which defines the collage, is added to the heterogeneity of processes and arts in presence (writing, painting, photography, etc.). Alfonso Lopez Gradoli is certainly the only author who practices the collage with such a constancy. He published in 1971 Quiza Brigitte Bardot venga a tomar una copa esta noche, and in 2013, the anthology Libro de collages. First, we will observe that the heterogeneous objects stuck on the page testify of a material, of a past, and in some cases of a central figure o character. The collage is often chosen as a form for homage, in A. Lopez Gradoli's work. But the plurality of places (Marc Auge, lieu), mentioned on the page, constructs a new space which transforms and transcends the original places. The collage appears to be a non-space, a utopia or a heterotopia (M. Foucault). Its internal organization evokes the troubling defined by Freud. The collagist process is the vehicle of phantasms, which enable the emergence of a subjectivity. The page of the collage is converted into the space for a quest of the poetical voice. This is the second aspect we explore in this article. Beneath the heterogeneity of fragments, there is a unique voice, born with the interaction of objects (documents, pictures) and discourse. Some compositions of Libro de collages deals precisely with the artistic and poetic experience of the author. Moreover, the introduction of a subjective perception constitute the main question of the book Quiza Brigitte…, in spite of the fact that it is apparently dedicated to the interlocutory (the actress B. Bardot). The repetition determines the structural dynamic of the book and, consequently, the collage seems to cease the essence of the object. It forms the erotic discourse, close to fetishism, which leads to a will of appropriation and the foundation of a proper an unedited discourse, fed with its relation to the other. Moreover we will observe that the voice seems often fragile. On the collage, blank and empty spaces, aporia, constitute the paradoxical space, yet necessary to the voice. In the collage, there is contrary dynamic: chock of the multiple fragments for the construction of a unique voice, strangeness and recognition of the objects, identity and permanency of the subject. Resume : Depuis le milieu du XXeme siecle, le collage de papiers ou d'objets constitue une modalite de la poesie visuelle. A l'heterogeneite des fragments definitoire, du collage, la poesie experimentale ajoute celle des procedes et des arts en presence. Alfonso Lopez Gradoli est certainement le seul a avoir pratique le collage avec une telle constance. Il publie en 1971 le recueil Quiza Brigitte Bardot venga a tomar una copa esta noche, puis, en 2013, l'anthologie de collages Libro de collages. Premierement, nous observerons que les objets 2

Institutions, Security, and Pastoralism: Exploring the Limits of Hybridity

Abstract:This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce local institutions and examines the effects of these processes. It brings critical institutional theory into engagement with ideas about everyday governance to analyze how hybrid are formed through bricolage. Such a perspective helps us to understand governance as both negotiated and structured, benefiting some and disadvantaging others. To explore these points the article tracks the evolution of the Sungusungu, a hybrid pastoralist security institution in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. It also considers the wider implications of such hybrid for livelihoods, social inclusion, distributive justice, and citizenship.Resume: Cet article approfondit notre perception de la maniere dont l'etat et les citoyens interagissent lors de la creation d'institutions locales et il examine egalement les consequences de ces interactions. Nous instituons un dialogue entre la critique theorique institutionnelle et les idees sur la gouvernance au quotidien pour analyser de quelle maniere les hybrides se forment. Une telle perspective de bricolage institutionnel se base sur des de gouvernance juxtaposant negociation et structure, au profit des uns et au desavantage des autres. Afin d'explorer ces idees, cet article retrace l'evolution de Sungusungu, une institution de gouvernance hybride pastorale dans les plaines de l'Usangu, en Tanzanie. Nous considerons egalement les implications au sens large de tels sur les phenomenes de subsistance, d'inclusion sociale, de justice distributive, et de citoyennete.Key Words: Tanzania; bricolage; hybridity; pastoralist security; governance; Usangu PlainsPractical Approaches to Good Governance: Working with the Grain?Our point of departure for this article is the idea that governance involves a plurality of that are adapted by different stakeholders. Much contemporary thinking about African development is concerned with the hybrid nature of governance in which official rules and mechanisms combine in various ways with local practices and the norms of moral economy, including ideas about mutuality and the right to subsistence (Hyden 2006; Chabal 2009). Increasingly, instead of being seen as dysfunctional, these are being investigated as arrangements that work, practical hybrids that can secure best fit between development policy imperatives and local practices. As such they seem to provide away of working with the grain-of adapting to an existing context and extending the realm of governance from domains of professionalized decision-making into everyday interactions (Booth 2011; 2012).1Such thinking is an adaptation of mainstream development policy approaches, which suggest that, within broadly neoliberal models of economic growth and democracy, getting institutions right can help promote governance and vibrant economic activity (Grindle 2007). Where such policies are applied to natural resource management, two intersecting trends are apparent. The first is one of selective formalization enacted through legislated rights to land and water, the registration of associations, the design of tariffs, and the codification of rules and sanctions to regulate resource access (Palotti 2008). The second is a strategy of normalizing informality through support to community decision-making. Here the deployment of culturally acceptable norms, roles, and practices and the facilitation of both associational and entrepreneurial livelihood activities are intended to generate social and economic capital (Osei-Kufuor 2010; Cleaver 2004).The dominant policy vision, then, sees the potential of harnessing both formal and informal in pursuit of good governance. In relation to the management of natural resources, analysts suggest that this involves recognizing polycentricity: institutions form a mosaic of interconnected in which there is no single governing authority (Lankford & Hepworth 2012; Andersson & Ostrom 2008). …

The Romantic Model of 2001: A Space Odyssey

Cet essai examine le film de Stanley Kubrick 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) à la lumière de méthodes qui sont en phase avec le romantisme européen. Dans une telle perspective, l’utilisation d’une imagerie abstraite et d’une chronologie non linéaire reconfigure le mode de réception du film pour en souligner certains phénomènes typiquement romantiques tels que le renouvellement de la perception, la transcendance temporelle et le sublime. Puisque ces qualités sont généralement associées au cinéma expérimental américain — un genre lié de façon explicite aux films de Kubrick — leur présence dans un film-spectacle de science-fiction à gros budget remet en question notre capacité à définir 2001 comme un film narratif et mimétique au sens usuel du terme. Au bout du compte, ces éléments convergent vers une façon de regarder le film comme une allégorie évolutionniste complexe qui implique le spectateur dans son canevas symbolique, lecture du film soutenue par les théorisations du cinéma faites par Gilles Deleuze, Fredric Jameson et plusieurs autres.

Re-thinking the Haitian Other in Relation as prochain : A Reading of Édouard Glissant and Lyonel Trouillot

Re-thinking the Haitian Other in Relation as prochain:A Reading of Édouard Glissant and Lyonel Trouillot Julia Borst “Rares, les États ayant cultivé le long de leur histoire une telle somme de déshonneurs” (Rare are the states that have cultivated in their history such an abundance of dishonor).1 With this ironic statement Haitian writer Lyonel Trouillot criticizes the long tradition of neverending prejudices and sterotypes about Haiti. In Western discourse the country is still frequently represented as the “barbaric” antipole of modernity, condemned to an endless story of chaos and violence. From this notion arises the perpetuity of a (neo)colonial construction of the Haitian Other in strict opposition to a Western identity, a construction that has left its mark on Haiti’s reputation in the global opinion until the present.2 Lyonel Trouillot and other Haitian intellectuals have vehemently criticized this vision of Haiti based on stereotypes and binaries because it results in a distorted view of the country that largely ignores the complexity of both the Haitian past and its present. Therefore, Trouillot envisions transcending such binary thinking in order to assign Haiti a new place in the global public perception. And this can be achieved by re-thinking the Haitian Other as “prochain” (a concept related to “fellow human” but enveloping an ethical component) (cf. EH 14). This paper explores Lyonel Trouillot’s idea of the “prochain” as an innovative vision of the Other, using Éduard Glissant’s Poétique de la Relation (Poetics of Relation),3 which permits the recognition of the Other as entangled in a network of identité-relation (relation identity) in an (ethical) relation to the Self (cf. PR 158, 169). Furthermore, based on a decolonial critique of the discourse of Western modernity, this paper will analyze to what extent the current vision of Haiti is based on a dichotomy of Western identity and Haitian alterity that imagines the country as the “uncivilized Other” and as such dominates the global perception of this Caribbean nation. Subsequently, this paper examines how Édouard Glissant transcends binary constructions of identity and alterity in his Poétique de la Relation and asks us to envision the Other “in relation” to ourselves. Finally, Glissant’s [End Page 139] idea of the Other “in relation” will be linked to Trouillot’s request to inscribe Haiti as “prochain” into global knowledge; thus enabling us to think of the difference of the Other in relation to our own identity. Haiti as an “Uncivilized Alterity”? Stereotyping and Coloniality of Power Beverly Bell depicts the popularity of a distorted vision of Haiti as a hopeless case: “The nation is often characterized, overtly or through inference, as a troubled, Godforsaken place, where troubling, Godforsaken things happen.”4 Such a bias stems from colonial times and the allegedly “unthinkable” event of the Haitian Revolution, which according to Michel-Rolph Trouillot defied Western categories of thinking of the time.5 Such a stereotypically affected perception of Haitian history has for the most part persisted until the present. It has become manifest in the country’s reputation as a “place of violence” and in the consideration of its history as a “neverending story of carnage and brutality.”6 This view then became evident again following the earthquake of 2010, when in a “plethora of ill-informed speculation,”7 the topoi of the “cliché d’une Haïti maudite” (cliché of a cursed Haiti)8 and its “unending tragic destiny”9 joined in the tradition of the global North’s stereotypical and prejudiced discourse about Haiti: The news that emerged in the first few days after the earthquake salivated over ‘looters’ and ‘criminals’ set loose on a post-apocalyptic wasteland. This is the same story that has always been told about Haiti, … since the slaves had the temerity to not want to be slaves anymore.10 However, the persistence of such a discourse, which still imagines Haiti in terms of “unthinkability” and “malediction,” fails to recognize the complexity and multifacetedness of the country’s past and present-day situation. The discourse therefore seems to downright refuse to believe in ways out of the violence. In analogy to the event of the Haitian Revolution during the...

Enduring Resistance: Cultural Theory after Derrida/La résistance persévère: la théorie de la culture (d')après Derrida ed. by Sjef Houppermans, et al

his own work. Although the article aptly presents the use of sensory memory, the inclusion of the language of flowers, and the exploration of the finite and infinite in Andrade’s poetry, these themes were not unique to Proust’s writing, and it would be difficult to infer any concrete relationship between the work of the two authors based solely on these examples. Manet von Montfrans explores a possible relation between Proust and Perec in their depictions of Venice. The focus is on Perec’s embroidering on Roussel’s biography by the invention of a fictional trip to Venice, in which Perec described, in a coded manner, his own story. The essay, which concentrates mainly on Perec with very little reference to Proust, evinces the thesis that this is yet another instance of how Perec, while using similar themes as Proust, takes them in a different direction. On the other hand, Emily Eells’s historical investigation of the lack of influence of Wilde’s work on Proust deftly cuts through the myths that have been propagated about their relationship and carefully maps out the sparse examples that might suggest that Proust was familiar with Wilde’s “The Decay of Lying” as well as the introduction to The Picture of Dorian Gray. Franc Schuerewegen’s tour de force linking Charlus’s memory to the missing memories needed to create the book winds through a plethora of seemingly unrelated and yet cleverly linked themes: the poster Charlus observed in Balbec and later recalls on the Champs- Élysées, Liebig concentrated beef extract, Wagner and the use of Parsifal as an advertising strategy, Parsifal’s memory. Sjef Houppermans rounds off the collection with an engaging analysis of how the genre of the graphic novel is used to visually mimic the superimposition of Proust’s thematic style in the new edition of Heuet’s Un amour de Swann 2. Indiana University Juliette Dade HOUPPERMANS, SJEF, RICO SNELLER, and PETER VAN ZILFHOUT, eds. Enduring Resistance: Cultural Theory after Derrida/La résistance persévère: la théorie de la culture (d’)après Derrida. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010. ISBN 90-420-3030-5. Pp. 346. $91. This bilingual collection of essays seeks to explore not only the ways Jacques Derrida’s work has been exploited by “cultural theory” but also—and especially— “la résistance à une telle exploitation qui est inhérente à sa pensée” (16). Such a goal is extremely promising, especially at a time when, proliferating references to it notwithstanding, Derrida’s texts appear to be as little read as ever. For if it is a commonplace today for critical discourses to establish their theoretical bona fides through reference to Derrida’s work, too often these discourses appear unaware of the ways his text resists what it is being made to say. Consequently, they often end up inscribing themselves all too quickly in positions that Derrida went to great lengths to “deconstruct.” The fact, then, that Derrida continues to be a pierre de touche for so many different discourses is by no means an indication that his legacy is alive and kicking; indeed, it may well be part of the process of burying it. Given the initial promise of the volume, one is disappointed to find so many entries symptomatic of the very problem it purports to address. Numerous essays exemplify an almost comical resistance to actually reading Derrida. In “Traces of Nihilism,” for example, Peter van Zilfhout proposes to “take a look at Derrida’s lecture “La différance” prior to “implement[ing] his logic of traces in a case study” 360 FRENCH REVIEW 85.2 (99). Yet when van Zilfhout finally gets to his discussion of “La différance” after many a detour, it is only to tell us that, although “an extensive reading of the lecture by Derrida is interesting [...], for the moment it is sufficient to point to the consequence embodied in this lecture” (111). So much for reading it. One pays a price, however, for such a non-reading. When van Zilfhout claims that “poetry is, read with eyes and ears influenced by Derrida, the one place where memory and nothingness can be reconciled” (112—my emphasis), he...

Le Vers libre (review)

Reviewed by: Le Vers libre Andrew Pigott (bio) Michel Murat. Le Vers libre. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008. Much like Michel Murat’s earlier work, Le Coup de dés de Mallarmé: un recommencement de la poésie, Le Vers libre responds to a perceived gap in the scholarship. While library stacks burgeon with histories of and technical treatises on traditional French verse, critics (however intrepid) and historians (however longsuffering) have fairly neglected this literary form—which, for all its variability, characterizes “la poésie française dans sa dernière grande période” (1). With the erudition and sensitivity that we have come to expect, Murat sets out to redress the imbalance. Murat so obviously masters his subject that our admiration may goad us into hyperbole; enthused by his combination of acumen, originality and good sense, we may be tempted to proclaim Le Vers libre the first study of its kind. Yet seminal though it doubtless will prove to be, Le Vers libre did not gestate in a void: Murat has his predecessors. In his introduction, he opens (and closes . . .) a critical dialogue with three of them, contrasting his methodology to their own. The first, Jacques Roubaud’s classic La Vieillesse d’Alexandre, condemns free verse as a mere ideological posture—one which negates the alexandrin but fails to offer a cogent alternative, and so reaffirms the very tradition it would transgress. In Murat’s view, Roubaud (an Oulipo contributor and virtuoso of mathematical versification) comes down a bit hard on the last great period of French verse. But how could Roubaud judge the demoded avant-garde with impartiality, mired as he is in an intergenerational polemic? “Une telle attitude,” concludes Murat, “me semble surdéterminée par les querelles des avant-gardes. Dans ce cas au moins, c’est un oulipien qui règle ses comptes avec le surréalisme” (17). Murat’s second interlocutor betrays no such bias. Laurent Jenny’s brilliant study, La Fin de l’intériorité, traces through the rise and fall of modernism the unfolding of a single idea: that of the inner psyche, struggling ever outward to expression. Jenny demonstrates how during this period, the idea of interiority spurred—and simultaneously thwarted—formal innovation, therein resembling the fecund and ravenous wolf who devours her own pups. (Thus did symbolism bequeath to the likes of Apollinaire and Joyce a bevy of unexploited techniques, which they at last could put to genial use.) Though Jenny stipulates between the concept and its implementation a crucial discrepancy, he nonetheless subsumes the history of free verse into a philosophical metanarrative; in so doing, he reduces aesthetic form to an epiphenomenon. Such, in any case, is Murat’s (rather [End Page 1004] unfair) allegation: “[Jenny] conçoit ainsi l’histoire des formes non pas en elles-mêmes,” he complains, “c’est-à-dire comme une construction de leurs propriétés constitutives indépendamment de leur usage, mais en fonction de leur relation à une ‘idée de la littérature’ qui leur donne sens” (18). Anna Boschetti, on the other hand, fully assumes the reductionism imputed to La Fin de l’intériorité. Her important study, La Poésie partout, applies Bourdieu’s sociological hermeneutics to Apollinaire; that is to say, she situates free verse within its concomitant champ littéraire, allowing for nary a transcendent deviation. While Murat acknowledges the pertinence of “la perspective sociologique,” he rejects its totalizing rigidity: “Même lorsqu’on envisage l’art à partir de son champ sociologique, il est nécessaire à un certain seuil de laisser ce point de vue en suspens pour penser l’art à partir de ses ‘moyens’” (27). This methodological “debate” may strike the reader as bizarre. Murat’s interlocutors, after all, have in common only their originality and intelligence; yet he transitions blithely between them, implicitly conflating all three. Despite their obvious differences, in fact, he attributes to Roubaud, Jenny and Boschetti the same flaw: none of them reads free verse for itself alone; each in his or her own way degrades it to a symptom, a secondary manifestation of some more basic structure. Murat, by contrast, will analyze free verse as a self-contained literary form, replete with...

Thinking Tools: Agricultural Slavery Between Evidence and Models (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 92) by Ulrike Roth

BOOKREVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 419 le renvoi pur et simple a certaines informations etudiees par Le Gall comme letude des cippt duTibre (198-200) merite un approfondissement et unemise a jour. Par ailleurs, nous avons un acces plus facile quau temps de Le Gall aux editions recentes du Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum et des Gromatici Veteres notamment. A part les controverses d'alluvionnement, les occurrences comme les limites Tiberi dans ce Corpus meriterait un examenattentif sansdoute dans un cadreplus largeque celuide YUrbs.Elles confirment lavaleurparadigmatiquedes inondationsduTibre en Italie et laprotectiondes rivesen termes de bassin versant. Ce livre, actuellement le plus complet sur les inondations du Tibre a Rome et leur impact sur la vie quotidienne de la metropole, pourrait sans doute servir d'excellent point de depart pour une telle recherche. University Laval Ella Hermon Thinking Tools: Agricultural Slavery Between Evidence and Models. By Ulrike Roth. London: UniversityofLondon (Bulletinof theInstitute ofClassical Studies Supplement92). 2007. Pp. x, 171. In recent years, scholars have paid increasing attention to the contribution that women made to the Roman economy, a complex topic that Richard Sailer addresses in his chapterintherecently publishedCambridge Economic History ofthe Greco-Roman World (2007). In her important new book,Ulrike Roth takesup thisbroad issueby addressing the role that women played in the slave economy of the Roman republic. In Roth's view, despite the paucity of positive evidence forwomen slaves in the Roman estate economy, theyplayed a crucial roleboth by contributingto an estate'sproductionaswell as by reproducing new generations of slaves. In making her argument, Roth rethinks familiar literary evidence, especially the recommendations of Cato and Varro about the proper size of slave workforces and their rations. She interprets them against a rich background of comparative evidence, including anthropological analyses ofwomen's role in theworkforce, and historical analyses of slave-holding in the US south. In addition, her work draws on Walter Scheidel's recent studies of slave-holding in Italy, most notably his article "Human Mobility inRoman Italy, II: The Slave Population" (JRS 105 [2005] 64-79). In this article, Scheidel argues for a lower number of slaves in republican Italy than the common estimate of one-third of the population, and that the slave population was sustained through reproduction and not simply a continuing influx ofwar captives. So if slave women were present on estates in greater numbers than has been generally assumed, how did they contribute to production? To answer this question, Roth develops a very plausible model for the importance ofwool production on estates, even on ones whose principal cash crops were wine and olive oil. Spinning wool yarn is a labor-intensive task, and if producing woolen garments was an industry carried out on estates, a larger labor force would be requiredthan the slaves working in thefields.Roth thenadduces comparative anthropologicalevidence to show that women couldbe involvedin thisproduction while also fulfilling theirothermajor role,child care, since spinningis an activitythat women can combinewith thistask.The suppositionthattheproductionof textiles was a highly decentralizedand even a rural industryis quite interesting.It finds a possible parallel in Roman Egypt, where a great deal of textile production was carried out at the village level,althoughthereisalso evidenceforlarge workshops in Alexandria.The evidencefor textile production on estates is mostly indirect. Roth reappraises Cato's recommendations 420 PHOENIX concerningthe appropriaterationsfor slaves (ChapterTwo). Using the World Health Organization's recommendations for diet, as well as the analysis of these for the ancient world byL. Foxhall andH. A. Forbes {" Sitometreia: The Role ofGrain as a StapleFood in Classical Antiquity,"Chiron 12 [1982] 41-90), she arguesthattherations were designed to support more than an individual slave, and so should be regarded as a supplement to the diet of a slavefamily. These rations would be comparableto the monthlydistributionsin Rome of five modii of wheat, much more than an individual would require, but not at all enough to meet the entire nutritional needs of a family. The putative slave family would have supplementeditsfood rationsthrough daily meals servedtotheslavestaff (mentioned in the agricultural writers), their own efforts to cultivate individual gardens and raise some livestock, and even stealing. Perhaps a more difficult problem is to find a place forwomen in the archaeological evidence. Loom weights are frequently to be found in rural sites, but...

Tienke Kingma-Eijgendaal , Paul J. Smith (review)

512 Reviews 1946 to 1948, the year of his death. As Vidieu-Larrere notes, too often critics have shied away from Artaud's difficultlate works?have even, in some cases, dismissed them as incoherent and unreadable. Through a careful, attentive, and convincing re-examination of his late texts (mainly, his Cahiers from Rodez and his return to Paris), Vidieu-Larrere demonstrates that a deeper coherence resonates throughout these works, in spite of the superficially chaotic language that they display. The interrelatedness forArtaud of the body, pain, language/textuality, and personal identity forms the basis ofVidieu-Larrere's reading ofhis late works. She asserts that, in these writings, 'le corps torture, depece, envahit le texte; gigantesque aberration il regente tout et rien de lui ne nous est cele' (p. 7). Alongside this preoccupation with extreme bodily experience, Artaud pursues a project of 'inventer un langage qui ne soit pas celui de tous', Vidieu-Larrere states, 'qui ne soit pas sali par un abusif galvaudage ' (p. 8). Although Artaud's relationship to language was, from the beginning (for example, in his famous Correspondance avec Jacques Riviere), agonizingly difficult and conflictual, paradoxically he was able to win his battle with language in these late Cahiers. As Vidieu-Larrere argues, 'la reclusion forcee semble avoir ete liberatrice [. . .] Des lors, le langage devient prolixe' (p. 8). Vidieu-Larrere divides her study into three distinct sections, reflecting Artaud's evolving relationship to identity, the body, and language. Part 1 is entitled 'La lutte contre le double et les puissances malignes'; Part 11,'Les forces d'envahissement et le morcellement du corps'; and Part m, 'La reconstitution et l'acheminement vers l'unite'. Vidieu-Larrere's interpretations of Artaud's late writings and drawings are con? sistently sensitive, thoughtful, and illuminating. At times, however, she makes excessive ?and unjustified?claims for the originality of her reading of his works: 'Entreprendre une telle lecture ecarte tout ce qui a pu s'ecrire auparavant sur l'ceuvre d'Artaud [sie], puisqu'il est vrai qu'elle veut suivre des voies jusque-la ignorees' (p. 18). Furthermore, although I applaud her choice not to exploit Artaud's writings by (mis)using them as a mere testing-ground for any particular theory, I do think that insights from certain areas of contemporary theory (psychoanalysis, especially) might have been useful to her for her speculations on the cultural meanings of the texts that she discusses. Despite these minor objections, I find that Vidieu-Larrere's book is a vital contri? bution to the study of Artaud's writings. It will surely influence future scholarship on his work. McMaster University John C. Stout Francis Ponge: lectures et methodes. By Tienke Kingma-Eijgendaal and Paul J. Smith. (Collection Monographique Rodopi en Litterature Francaise Contemporaine , 39) Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. 2004. 121 pp. ?30; $39. ISBN 90-420-1178-5. The virtue of this methodologically eclectic collection of essays lies in its provision of micro-readings of entire texts. The authors trace the multiple threads of Ponge's semantically dense writing and demonstrate their intricate play in Pas de corvee, Le Papillon, La Grenouille, Les Poeles, La Mousse, Eclaircie en hiver, L'Ardoise, and Le Pre. In their introduction they brieflychart Ponge's symbiotic relationship through? out his career with trends in critical theory and note his most recent adoption by ge? netic criticism. They then put to work a variety of critical frameworks through which to approach his poetic world. Each chapter pursues a special focus: paradox and the paradoxon (Chapter 2); polysemy and isotopy (3); metaphor (4); surdetermination(5); MLR, 100.2, 2005 513 and Peircean iconicity (6). Assembling these diverse essays as a monograph raises two problems: that of coherence within a compilation book which has been written over a decade and a quatre mains (much of the material has already been published as single-authored articles), and that of renewal in essays which often apply well-worn critical apparatus from the 1970s and 1980s and which focus on Ponge's earlier texts. The book's overarching framework is satisfactory. The authors point to develop? ments across their essays and make useful contrasts between them; Ponge's progres? sion frombibelotsthroughproemes to...

Nuclear Arsenal Games: Coping with Proliferation in a World of Changing Rivalries

This article presents and establishes the significance of the Nuclear Arsenal Games, which investigates behaviour within dyads experiencing a crisis. It assumes that nuclear and quasi-nuclear states act according to the size and potential of their own nuclear force structure and that of their opponent. This article argues that the size and potential damage an arsenal poses determines actor preferences within a crisis situation. The specific objective here is to propose a nuclear index for use in empirical studies and offer an example of one game-theoretic approach of crisis interaction that indicates whether preferences and predicted behaviour adhere to the assumptions of Classical (or Rational) Deterrence Theory. Resume. Cet article explique et d6montre la port6e des ?jeux de l'arsenal nucl6aire> qui examinent le comportement des 1tats durant une crise. Ces jeux stipulent que, dans une telle situation, les Etats qui posshdent ou qui sont sur le point de possfder une force nucl6aire agissent en fonction de la taille et du potentiel de leur propre arsenal nuclfaire et de celui de leurs adversaires. Cet article soutient que les prrf6rences des acteurs, lors d'une crise, sont d6terminfes par l'importance du dommage potentiel que peut causer un arsenal nucl6aire. De manibre plus sp6cifique, il propose un index des forces nucl6aires utiles pour les 6tudes empiriques et pr6sente une approche des intdractions en situation de crise de la thdorie des jeux qui permet de v6rifier si les pr6f6rences et les comportements prrvisibles des acteurs confirment les hypotheses de la thdorie classique (ou rationnelle) de la dissuasion. Mini-arsenal presents more specifically a minimal nuclear capability and its relation to crisis behaviour. This is perhaps the most complex, and therefore difficult, level to describe. First, a mini-arsenal state is capable of acquiring, at best, two or three, crude Hiroshima or Nagasaki-style warheads. Fat Man, the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, was about 20 kilotons, the more powerful of the two used by the United States in 1945. This pales in comparison to thermonuclear weapons, that are measured in megatons. India, Israel and Pakistan, which can project significant nuclear threats, are beyond this category since the arsenals they are believed to possess contain qualitatively and quantitatively much more destructive power. Second, the most critical distinction of the mini-arsenal is that, while potential damage may be extreme, destruction of state or society is not assured. A strike from a mini-arsenal state may be survivable-militarily, politically and socially. This perception, which may be held both by the mini-arsenal state leadership and its potential enemies, is expected to result in preferences and behaviour that do not match actions of states with more deadly arsenals. Leadership that is more willing to risk domestic populations may consciously choose to escalate wars to nuclear levels if the state and its government may survive. Of the four levels of nuclear capability, mini-arsenal dyads promise to be the most unstable during crises as the deadliest of cost-benefit analyses are expected to take place. The NAG assumes that capability is related to, yet distinct, from choice. Canada and Sweden, for instance, have the capability of nuclear proliferation with relatively few physical impediments. Resources, in This content downloaded from 207.46.13.20 on Wed, 28 Dec 2016 18:06:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 726 CAROLYN C. JAMES

Athens and Jerusalem? A Critique of the Relationship Between Philosophy and Religion in George Grant's Thought

The teleology of George Grant's thought was towards Christian Platonism. Such a synthesis of Platonic philosophy and Christian religion is utilized in his critique of contemporary society through the concept of tradition. Such a concept of tradition is based on grace, which is understood as the placing of humans within a moral order that is not of our own making. The relationship between philosophy and religion is formulated in Grant's writing in five ways. The most important is in the comparison of Socrates and Jesus as the two originating figures of Western civilization. A critical analysis of this comparison shows that it is one-sided and that philosophy does not make an independent contribution to Grant's thought comparable to that of Christianity. In conclusion, the possibility of such an independent contribution of philosophy is demonstrated and it is suggested that such a contribution may not require supplementation by Christian religion. La teleologie de la pensee de George Grant tendait vers le platonisme chretien. Une telle synthese de la philosophie platoniste et de la religion chretienne est utilisee dans sa critique de la societe contemporaine en se servant du concept de « tradition ». Un tel concept se fonde sur la « grâce » que l'on decrit comme le placement des etres humains dans un ordre moral qui est defini par quelqu'un d'autre. Le rapport entre la philosophie et la religion est formule de cinq facons dans les ecrits de M. Grant. La plus importante est la comparaison entre Socrate et Jesus qui seraient les deux personnages emanant de la civilisation occidentale. Une analyse critique de cette comparaison montre qu'elle est unilaterale et que cette philosophie ne fait pas une contribution independante a la pensee de M. Grant, comparativement au christianisme. La possibilite d'une telle contribution independante de la philosophie est demontree et il est suggere qu'une telle contribution ne necessite peut-etre pas une supplementation de la religion chretienne. George Grant is best known as a critic of technological civilization and Canada's acceptance of its modern technological fate. His concrete critiques of technological civilization, however, were based upon a reflection on justice that became increasingly focussed on the relationship between Christianity and philosophy. His reflections thus take us from Canadian issues towards the fundamental issues in the construction and critique of Western civilization. Grant's final position can be termed Christian Platonism since it is centrally organized by the claim that the concept of good, or justice, in Plato is the same as that inherent in the Gospel stories of Jesus' life: That [central, pre-technological, western] account of justice was written down most carefully and most beautifully in The Republic of Plato. For those of us who are Christians, the substance of our belief is that the perfect living out of that justice is unfolded in the Gospels (Grant 1974, 93). Such a sameness, or identity, does not extend to all the details, even all important ones, of either source. It refers to their animating centre. This animating centre is the basis for a synthesis between Christianity and philosophy that was never thoroughly articulated by Grant but that nevertheless unifies his many statements about religion and philosophy. The Platonic element of this synthesis is the notion that Being, is, is itself good (and not merely a resource for human use). The Christian element is that the goodness of Being was revealed to humans in the life of Jesus. The necessity of the Christian element thus implies that Greek philosophy was in some manner deficient in expressing the goodness of Being. This deficiency was called by Grant in classical language charity. Greek philosophy (due to its orientation to reason, which is unequal in humans) did not see the truth that all humans are due charity, or consideration for what they need. The necessity of the Platonic element suggests that the exemplary character of the life of Jesus requires some supplementation by philosophy, or reason, in order that what is due for humans be understood as rooted in Being itself (and not merely, or only, as a human choice). …

Correspondance generale 1872, et complements (review)

On August 30, 1872, Théophile Gautier writes one last time to Carlotta Grisi of "ces désirs de m'envoler à Genève [...] comme un instinct voyageur. Cet instinct a une telle force qu'il produit une nostalgie dont on peut mourir" (70). Within two months, he will die, perhaps not of the mortal nostalgia for those dream sites that was the affliction / blessing of so many of his literary personae, but with nevertheless that ironic and always movingly pathetic admixture of unexpectedness - for one who still longed and lived for beauty, love and well-being, and of inevitability - for one whose health had been so weakened by recent deprivations.

Reforming labour‐market policy governance: the Quebec experience

Abstract: Research on labour‐market programs suggests that their effectiveness is enhanced when the private sector is involved in designing and directing them. One way of bringing this influence to bear involves the creation of concerted deliberative assemblies, dominated by organized business and labour, that are granted an important decision‐making authority regarding these measures. This article examines the effort to launch such a deliberative assembly in Quebec, the only Canadian province that has, to this point, succeeded in putting such an assembly into place durably. The model has encountered significant obstacles ‐ above all, the resistance of officials and politicians who are anxious to protect their traditional policy‐making prerogatives, as well as to protect labour‐market programs from uninformed and self‐interested private‐sector input. Nevertheless, the governance reform has acquired a clear record of accomplishments since it was launched in 1991. Moreover, while the Quebec political economy is clearly more auspicious for the concentration model than is the case elsewhere in Canada, it nevertheless offers some useful insights to those who might attempt to apply the model elsewhere in Canada.Sommaire:Selon les recherches sur les programmers concern ant le marché du travail, I'efficacitée de ceux‐ci augmenterait lorsque le secteur prive participe à leur conception et à leur direction. L'un des moyens permettant de faire jouer ce facteur consiste a creer des assemblées délibératives dominées par les syndicats et le patronat, à qui l'on accorded une grande autorité décisionnelie en ces matières. Dans cet article, on examine I'effort de lancer une telle assemblée délibérative au Québec, seule province Canadians qui, à ce jour, ait réussi à mettre sur pied une telle structure de manière Permanente. Ce modèle s'est heurtéà des obstacles importants, surtout à la résistance des functionaries et politicians qui voulaient proteger leurs prérogatives déci‐sionnelles traditionnelles, mais aussi á la difficulté de protéger les programmes du

Too Close for Comfort? Parental Assessments of "Boomerang Kid" Living Arrangements

*This study was funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Thanks to Ellen Gee, Andrew Wister, and Doug Talling for their contributions to this research. Abstract: The recent trend of young adults returning to parental home has resulted in burgeoning field of research. However, controversy exists concerning consequences of this social phenomenon for family members. Drawing on life course theory, this paper examines parental satisfaction with kid living arrangements by analyzing data collected from 218 Canadian families who recently experienced this transition reversal. The main findings suggest that, from parental point of view, returns to nest are not typically characterized by dissatisfaction and conflict. Furthermore, parental satisfaction is greater when children reciprocate exchanges of support, are more autonomous, and are closer to completion of adult roles. In recognition that many parents are experiencing delay in transition to empty nest and an extension of their day-to-day responsibilities for children, implications for theory, parental well-being during midlife, and for social policy are discussed. Resume: La tendance recente d'un mouvement de retour la maison parental observe chez les jeunes adultes s'est traduite par l'eclosion d'un champ de recherche. Toutefois, il existe une controverse au sujet des consequences de ce phenomene social sur les membres de la famille. En s'appuyant sur la theorie du cycle de vie, cet article etudie la satisfaction parentale vis-a-vis les modalites de vie des enfants boomerang en analysant des donnees recueillies aupres de 218 familles canadiennes ayant vecu une telle transition. Du point de vue parental, les principaux resultats suggerent que le mouvement de retour au nid n'est pas necessairement source de mecontentement ou de conflit. En outre, la satisfaction parentale est plus grande lorsque les enfants s'engagent dans une relation d'entraide, lorsqu'ils sont plus autonomes et qu'ils sont sur le point de remplir pleinement leur role d'adulte. Etant donne que plusieurs parents se voient contraints de retarder leur transition vers le nid vide et d'accroitre leurs responsabilites quotidiennes envers les enfants, nous discutons des implications tant au niveau de la theorie, qu'au niveau de la politique sociale et du bien-etre parental au mi-temps de la vie. Introduction From perspective of parents, launching of children marks an important transition in life course into what is commonly termed empty-nest stage. For young adults, formation of independent households apart from parents is an important aspect of passage into adulthood. Yet, recent Canadian data reveal that, even though leaving parental household is normative transition for majority of young adults, it is not always permanent. Given significant increase in rates of coresidence among adult children and their parents, it appears that young-adult children are increasingly likely to refill parental nest as kids. (1) Although historical and cross-cultural evidence suggest substantial diversity in patterns of coresidence (e.g., see White, 1994; Jones, 1995; Weinick, 1995), Canadian statistics reveal rise in rates of intergenerational doubling-up in 1991 compared to earlier decades. (2) For example, among unmarried people aged 20-24, 70.5% of men and 63.4% of women were living at home in 1991. This represents approximately 10% increase since 1970s, leading some researchers to characterize these young adults as a on hold or the postponed generation (Littwin, 1986; Cote and Allahar, 1994). Thus, as attention devoted to youth transitions grows, it has become clear that coresidence, and returning home in particular, has numerous sociological, demographic, and economic implications, not least of which is its impact on parent-child relationships, and ultimately, quality of life experienced by parents during their middle-years. …

Physical symmetry of quasicrystals

The possibility of a physical rotational symmetry for a quasicrystal is discussed and the minimal tensorial rank which is necessary to detect such a symmetry is shown to be simply related to the order of a symmetry rotation. For icosahedral symmetry, in particular, the minimal rank is 5 which means that «ordinary» linear (i.e. first order) behaviour (in the termal, electromagnetic, deformation quantities) is expected to be isotropic as in a glass. Anisotropy, as in a crystal, is accordingly possible only in the nonlinear domain Discussion sur la possibilite d'une symetrie de rotation dans les quasicristaux, le rang minimum du tenseur necessaire a detecter une telle symetrie etant simplement relie a l'ordre de la rotation

An Exposition and Exploration of Krueger's Trade Model

An Exposition and Exploration of Krueger's Trade Model

Patience, More Than Its Own Reward: A Note on Price Discrimination

Patience, More Than Its Own Reward: A Note on Price Discrimination

Distribution of Newly Synthesized Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Mitotic Division

I AGREE with Dr. Plaut that my results, though different from his, do not rule out the conclusions arrived at by him and Dr. Mazia. In fact, in the detailed paper1 to which he refers, I wrote (p. 84) : “Meme si cette [Dr. Plaut and Mazia's] hypothese sur la duplication de l'ADN est exacte, une telle deviation n'aurait qu'une chance infime d'apparaitre dans les cellules de Poulet ou le nombre de chromosomes est beaucoup plus eleve”. I doubt the conclusions of their experiments for other reasons : namely, the inaccuracy of the limits of the field to be measured, the various possible errors in the quantitative assessment of radioactivity, and the contrary experiments by Taylor et al. 2.

A “Perched” Reservoir in Northern Ontario, Canada

Synopsis In the first issue of Géotechnique Dr Terzaghi expressed the hope that case histories involving the application of soil mechanics and geology would be featured in this journal. This brief article is such a contribution. It develops nothing new in the field of soil mechanics. It merely records how the application of soil mechanics jointly with preliminary geological studies led to a solution of a difficult engineering design problem which appears to be unique. Careful search through all available literature concurrently with exploratory field work revealed no records of any comparable situation in civil engineering. This record of a “perched” reservoir successfully used in a large water power project may, therefore, prove of value for future reference. Dans le premier numéo de Géotechnique, le Docteur Terzaghi a exprimé l'espoir que les dossiers qui traitaient de l'application des mécaniques du sol et de la géologie seraient exposés dans ce journal. Cet article bref est une telle contribution. II n'offre rien de nouveau dans le domaine des mecaniques du sol. I1 enregistre seulement comment l'application des mécaniques du sol a conduit à une solution d'un problème difficile du projet de la génie. Une étude soignée parmi toute le documentation disponible concurrement avec le travail sur champs exploratoire ne revélait pas d'authentication d'aucune situation comparable dans la génie civile. Ce rapport d'un réservoir “perché” utilisé avec succès dans un grand projet pour 1'énergie hydraulique peut done se trouver de valeur pour référence à l'avenir.