Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Marine Mammal Conflict Avoidance Method Design and Spectrum Allocation Strategy

Underwater wireless sensor networks play an important role in underwater communication systems. Communication through collaborative communication is an effective way to solve critical problems in underwater communication systems. Underwater sensors are often deployed in spaces that overlap with those of marine mammals, which can adversely affect them. For this reason, in this paper, a marine mammal conflict avoidance method that can be dynamically adjusted according to the channel idle time duration and sensor node demand is designed, and the derivation of the maximum occupancy time duration is performed. Meanwhile, in addition, combining the potential of reinforcement learning in adaptive management, efficient resource optimization, and solving complex problems, this study also proposes a reinforcement learning-based relay-assisted spectrum switching method (R2S), which aims to achieve a reasonable allocation of spectrum resources in relay collaborative communication systems. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this study can effectively reduce the disturbance to marine mammals while performing well in terms of conflict probability, interruption probability, and quality of service.

Enhancing Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks With Flexible Communication and Positioning

An innovative approach centred around underwater wireless communication and positioning in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, addressing limited coverage by proposing a dual-hop system combining optical fiber and wireless links. Time frame design and Code Division Multiplexing Access enhance multi-user signal transmission efficiency. Proof-of-concept experiments validate feasibility, with the introduction of the hybrid fish eye routing protocol further enhancing performance by intelligently combining fish-eye routing and traditional protocols for improved coverage and reliability. Moreover, the hybrid fish eye protocol incorporates adaptive routing algorithms that dynamically adjust to changes in underwater conditions, ensuring robustness and adaptability in challenging environments. Additionally, the hybrid fish eye protocol optimizes energy consumption by minimizing unnecessary transmissions, thereby prolonging the lifespan of underwater sensor networks. With full-duplex communication, precise positioning, and an extended transmission range, convergent system demonstrates significant potential for supporting high-capacity transmission among mobile nodes in forthcoming underwater scenarios

Design and Development of a Hybrid Cooperative- Based Routing Protocol avoiding the void nodes in WSNs using the Concepts of Minimum Energy Consumption with good Data Security features

This paper presents a novel cooperative-based routing protocol designed for underwater Wireless Sensor Network Cloud Applications (uWSNCA). The protocol aims to minimize energy consumption by avoiding void nodes, which are areas without sensor coverage. The proposed approach consists of two main steps: first, avoiding void nodes using an adaptive hop-by-hop vector method, and second, applying a cooperative rule-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector method to create a hybrid algorithm that is more efficient than existing approaches, such as the watch-dog protocol. The research focuses on developing an energy-efficient distributed cooperative routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, specifically tailored for cooperation-based uWSNCA. This is achieved by preventing data packets from being forwarded through void nodes. The proposed routing protocol utilizes cooperation-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding concepts, where sensor nodes forward data packets in a multi-hop fashion within a virtual pipeline. In the developed algorithm for the underwater WSN cloud application, data packets are forwarded in a multi-hop manner using a virtual pipelining mechanism.Nodes outside the virtual pipeline do not forward data packets, thereby reducing flooding in the cooperative WSN. To prevent data packets from being forwarded towards void areas in the WSN, 2-hop information is used at each hop. This approach improves the performance of the wireless sensor network in terms of various performance criteria compared to existing routing protocols. The simulation tool NS2 is used to observe the simulation results of the energy packets being transferred from the source to the sink. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Overall, this paper contributes to the field of underwater WSNs by introducing a novel routing protocol that improves energy efficiency and performance for cloud applications.

HOCOR: Hybrid Optimization-Based Cooperative Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

HOCOR: Hybrid Optimization-Based Cooperative Opportunistic Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Enhancing Security and Sensors Emerging Internet of Things (IoT) Technology of Homophone-Based Encryption using MANET‐IoT Networks Technique

The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technology brings several benefits to the real-time applications of the smart city project. The IoT-enabled technologies are driven by the networks like Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN), etc. The core functionality of IoT-enabled technologies mainly depends on routing functionality. The focus of this work is on the IoT-enabled MANET, i.e., IoT-MANET routing methods. There are several types of research conducted so far on the efficiency of MANET in different areas such as routing protocol, MAC protocol, queue, etc. Routing protocols are the major domain on which the performance of IoT-MANET has been analyzed. There are different types of routing protocols have introduced for the MANETs. The use and selection routing methods are done as per the real-time application needs. An average Ad hoc On-Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocol had shown good results under any type of network. The increase in internet usage for communication has led to a significant growth in the volume of data being transmitted over the internet, including computer data, text, video, audio, sound, and images. However, due to limited network capacities, efficient compression methods are needed to reduce the amount of data while preserving its quality and ensuring timely transmission. Data confidentiality is a crucial aspect of network security, and the homophone-based encryption with compression (HEC) technique offers a viable solution in this regard.

A Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer System With Full-Duplex Mode for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

A Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transfer System With Full-Duplex Mode for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Statement of Removal

A randomly fluctuated vortex-induced vibration (VIV) affects the localization of moving targets in an underwater acoustic wireless sensor network (UAWSN) to cause an offset time and time synchronization error which disturbs the localization of the non-cooperative moving target. Definition 2.1, theorem 2.2 has been introduced in the present work to describe the genesis and consequences of the VIV effect in UAWSN. An elliptic localization introduces the direct and indirect path measurements of the moving target. The standard CRLB parameter quantifies the VIV effect. The compensation of vortex-induced vibrations (CVV) algorithm is proposed to quantify the degradation of localization performance and to estimate the position of the moving target. The theoretical measurements of position error, velocity error with respect to the variation of noise, number of receiver sensors, and probability of line of sight (LOS) errors are compared to the standard methods. The proposed CVV algorithm improves the localization performance by 32.24% and reduces 34.36% of position errors, and 37.46% of velocity errors up to 600 meters. It can be useful for the sub-aquatic internet of underwater things.

Secure and efficient communications with fine-grained access control in underwater wireless sensor networks

As UWSN have received attention, a need for an efficient and secure communication protocol has arisen to overcome the low device performance, node failure, and high propagation latency. However, existing works are either specialized for one-to-one communication or cannot satisfy low latency constraints. Therefore, this work proposes a secure communication protocol with fine-grained access control for UWSN that support secure and efficient one-to-many communication and considers potential internal attackers for high security level. Specifically, we adopt lightweight ABE to achieve fine-grained access control at low cost, and introduce outsourced decryption to further alleviate the computational load of underwater sensors.

Q Learning-Based Routing Protocol With Accelerating Convergence for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

<i>Q</i> Learning-Based Routing Protocol With Accelerating Convergence for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Meta-Heuristic Solution for Route Optimization in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks for Marine Applications

Meta-Heuristic Solution for Route Optimization in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks for Marine Applications

Hierarchical detection and tracking for moving targets in underwater wireless sensor networks

It is difficult to improve both energy consumption and detection accuracy simultaneously, and even to obtain the trade-off between them, when detecting and tracking moving targets, especially for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). To this end, this paper investigates the relationship between the Degree of Target Change (DoTC) and the detection period, as well as the impact of individual nodes. A Hierarchical Detection and Tracking Approach (HDTA) is proposed. Firstly, the network detection period is determined according to DoTC, which reflects the variation of target motion. Secondly, during the network detection period, each detection node calculates its own node detection period based on the detection mutual information. Taking DoTC as pheromone, an ant colony algorithm is proposed to adaptively adjust the network detection period. The simulation results show that the proposed HDTA with the optimizations of network level and node level significantly improves the detection accuracy by 25% and the network energy consumption by 10% simultaneously, compared to the traditional adaptive period detection schemes.

DC-MAC: A Delay-Aware and Collision-Free MAC Protocol Based on Game Theory for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

DC-MAC: A Delay-Aware and Collision-Free MAC Protocol Based on Game Theory for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks With Value of Information

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks With Value of Information

An Efficient Deployment Scheme With Network Performance Modeling for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

An Efficient Deployment Scheme With Network Performance Modeling for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

A Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet Hierarchy and Void Processing

A Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet Hierarchy and Void Processing

A Systematic Analysis, Outstanding Challenges, and Future Prospects for Routing Protocols and Machine Learning Algorithms in Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

Water has covered a wide part of the earth’s surface. Oceans and other water bodies contain significant natural and environmental resources as well as aquatic life. Due to humans’ hazardous and unsuitable underwater (UW) settings, these are generally undiscovered and unknown. As a result of its widespread utility in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, seismology, and oceanography, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a cutting-edge area of study. Despite their usefulness, the performance of the network is hampered by factors including excessive propagation delay, a changing network architecture, a lack of bandwidth, and a battery life that is too short on sensor nodes. Developing effective routing protocols is the best way to overcome these challenges. An effective routing protocol can relay data from the network’s root node to its final destination. Therefore, the state of the art in underwater wireless acoustic sensor network (UWASN) routing protocols is assessed with an eye toward their potential for development. In real-world applications, sensor node positions are frequently used to locate relevant information. As a result, it is crucial to conduct research on routing protocols. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have the ability to enhance routing under a variety of conditions because they are experience-based learning algorithms. Underwater routing methods for UWSN are reviewed in detail, including those that rely on machine learning (ML), energy, clustering and evolutionary approaches. Tables are incorporated for the suggested protocols by including the benefits, drawbacks, and performance assessments, which make the information easier to digest. Also, several applications of UWSN are discussed with security considerations. In addition to this, the analysis of node deployment and residual energy is discussed in this review. Furthermore, the domain review emphasizes UW routing protocol research difficulties and future directions, which can help researchers create more efficient routing protocols based on ML in the future.

An improvised optimization algorithm for submarine detection in underwater wireless sensor networks

An improvised optimization algorithm for submarine detection in underwater wireless sensor networks

Coverage Optimization Strategy of UWSNs Based on Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm

Randomly distributed nodes lead to low coverage rate and low connectivity in the underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). An UWSNs node coverage optimization strategy based on the Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm (ISSA) is designed to improve coverage rate and connectivity. The ISSA algorithm effectively balances the global and local optimization capabilities of nodes by introducing nonlinear inertia weights and Levy flight strategy, thereby avoiding the algorithm from getting trapped in local optima. Simulation experiments demonstrate that ISSA achieves optimal deployment results in a short time. It not only improves network coverage but also maintains good network connectivity and reduces node redundancy, thereby e ffectively reducing network energy consumption. Compared to other common algorithms , ISSA can increase network coverage up to 8.4% and improve network utilization up to11.8%, and meets the deployment requirements.

Adaptive double-loop coverage optimization of underwater wireless directional restricted sensor networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) play a crucial role in underwater communication system, in which node deployment is a complex problem. Most of the previous researches are based on all-direction underwater acoustic sensors. However, most of the sensors are in limited direction in practical systems. The deployment of directional sensors not only needs to consider its position adjustment, but also needs to accurately adjust its direction according to the sensing angle, sensing distance and other parameters in its sensing model, so it is difficult to achieve optimization with traditional algorithms. In this paper, we propose the Adaptive Heuristic Algorithm for UWSNs (AHAU) to solve this problem in underwater communication systems. AHAU features the addition of inner layer of adaptive parameter iteration to outer layer of global iteration. AHAU can more precisely adjust the direction of the sensor to achieve higher target coverage rate. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed algorithm are verified by designing experiments. The results of experiments show that AHAU can achieve better adjustment effect under different parameter conditions to ensure the spatial coverage of UWSNs.

A hybrid path finder-based vortex search algorithm for optimal energy-efficient node placing and routing in UWSN

In recent times, the research community has demonstrated significant interest in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), where extensive sensor deployments in oceans and rivers aim to monitor the underwater environment. Energy consumption poses a primary challenge due to the difficulty of replacing or recharging batteries in these environments. Existing studies have employed K-Means technology to minimize power consumption in underwater transmission nodes. However, these studies have often overlooked the consideration of residual energy and void region creation in their optimization approaches. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel Hybrid path finder-based vortex search (HPF-VS) algorithm, utilized for cluster head selection and optimization of node locations and remaining energy. To extend network coverage beyond limited transmission ranges, inaccessible nodes at the network periphery employ the improved Dwarf Mongoose Optimization (IDMO) algorithm. Our proposed techniques demonstrate superior performance compared to existing methods, showcasing minimized energy consumption, reduced delay, improved packet delivery ratio, and enhanced throughput. Specifically, the proposed approach achieves a delay of 2.01 s and a throughput of 32.21 Kbps, surpassing the performance of state-of-the-art methodologies we benchmarked against.