Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have emerged for various tasks in marine environments. Routing Protocols (RPs) in UWSNs face challenges such as high propagation delay, Energy Consumption (EC), low bandwidth, and low throughput compared to Terrestrial WSNs (TWSNs). UWSNs operate autonomously without human intervention, and the limited energy of sensor batteries poses a significant challenge. Uneven energy resource utilization reduces network longevity, which is a major issue in UWSNs. To combat these issues, a promising approach involves the design of RPs employing clusters for efficient packet routing from source to destination. This paper systematically reviews recent Cluster-oriented RPs (CRPs) in UWSNs, organizing them chronologically. It assesses their merits, drawbacks, and overall network performance, offering insights into future directions for improvement in this domain
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