Modern Understanding Research Articles

A hybrid topological quantum state in an elemental solid.

Topology1-3and interactions are foundational concepts in the modern understanding of quantum matter. Their nexus yields three important research directions: (1) the competition between distinct interactions, as in several intertwined phases, (2) the interplay between interactions and topology that drives the phenomena in twisted layered materials and topological magnets, and (3) the coalescence of several topological orders to generate distinct novel phases. The first two examples have grown into major areas of research, although the last example remains mostly unexplored, mainly because of the lack of a material platform for experimental studies. Here, using tunnelling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy and a theoretical analysis, we unveil a 'hybrid' topological phase of matter in the simple elemental-solid arsenic. Through a unique bulk-surface-edge correspondence, we uncover that arsenic features a conjoined strong and higher-order topology that stabilizes a hybrid topological phase. Although momentum-space spectroscopy measurements show signs of topological surface states, real-space microscopy measurements unravel a unique geometry of topologically induced step-edge conduction channels revealed on various natural nanostructures on the surface. Using theoretical models, we show that the existence of gapless step-edge states in arsenic relies on the simultaneous presence of both a non-trivial strong Z2 invariant and a non-trivial higher-order topological invariant, which provide experimental evidence for hybrid topology. Our study highlights pathways for exploring the interplay of different band topologies and harnessing the associated topological conduction channels in engineered quantum or nano-devices.

BOLD: Color from Test Tube to Textile

Abstract Red can be the color of passion and danger, or luck and prosperity. Blue can be the shade of sadness—singing the blues—or a sign of tranquility and serenity. As the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky once affirmed, in his 1911 treatise Concerning the Spiritual in Art , “Color is a power which directly influences the soul.” Color is also culture: we’ve colored our environments, clothes, and bodies for thousands of years, since early humans applied simple organic stains derived from the plants around them. The art and science of dyeing is an ancient one; today it’s an economic and commercial powerhouse. The arrival of the first synthetic dyes in the 1850s—discovered by happenstance from experiments with coal tar waste—brought us a rainbow of new possibilities for fashion and textiles, from color “fads” and trends to new means for self-expression. But synthetic color’s dark side lingers in polluted waterways. A new exhibit at the museum of the Science History Institute explores these complex legacies. Bold: Color From Test Tube To Textile takes visitors on a colorful 150-year journey through the history of synthetic dyes, examining the people and places who’ve shaped our modern understanding of color—from the laboratory to the factory floor, from the runway to retail, and beyond.

Cerebral-cognitive reserve: concept and functions of the cerebral-cognitive reserve

IntroductionThe modern understanding of AD allows us to consider it through the constructs of “vulnerability” and “stability” of the brain as a dynamic system of dialectical interaction between the pathogenic process and the protective process that prevents neurodegeneration. The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) is based on observations of discrepancy between the degree of brain pathology and the severity of clinical manifestations. The concept of “reserve” was proposed to describe the resistance of the brain to a developing damage caused by a pathological process. Stern (2002) considered CR as a protective factor that modifies the impact of brain pathology on cognitive function. The researchers have defined CR as an ability to optimize cognitive function through differential involvement of structures or neural networks of the brain into brain activity.ObjectivesA systematic review of scientific studies has been conductedMethodsThe review includes an analysis of full-text literature sources.ResultsSeveral possible directions of CR influence on cognitive functions have been described:1)CR may reduce the risk of MCI or dementia through mechanisms, which do not depend on the level of neurodegenerative pathological changes in the brain.2)CR can interact with the markers of brain pathology or healthaffectingthe future cognitive decline or risk of progression. It has been found that smaller volumes or thickness in some AD vulnerable areas of the brain represent a stronger risk factor for cognitive impairment in people with low CR than in people with higher CR. CR protective effects on clinical outcomes reduce as the number of damaged neurons increases.3)The protective effect of CR increasesduring late AD onset and at a low rate of the damaged substrate accumulation.4)CR changes the relationship between genetic factors and aging withclinical and cognitive outcomes. The relationship between age and AD pathology level or age-related structural changes in the brain may weaken in people with higher CR ConclusionsThe concept of cerebral-cognitive reserve actualizes the problem of the search for compensatory mechanisms of cognitive deficit in AD, the assessmentof the structure of the reserve, the development and implementationof programs to maintain the reserve, the preventionof its depletion, starting from the preclinical stage of the disease, which can prevent the transformation of preclinical manifestations of AD into cognitive disordersDisclosure of InterestNone Declared

Imaging Features of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disease characterized by replacement of ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue, predisposing the patient to ventricular arrhythmias and/or sudden cardiac death. Most cases of ACM are associated with pathogenic variants in genes that encode desmosomal proteins, an important cell-to-cell adhesion complex present in both the heart and skin tissue. Although ACM was first described as a disease predominantly of the right ventricle, it is now acknowledged that it can also primarily involve the left ventricle or both ventricles. The original right-dominant phenotype is traditionally diagnosed using the 2010 task force criteria, a multifactorial algorithm divided into major and minor criteria consisting of structural criteria based on two-dimensional echocardiographic, cardiac MRI, or right ventricular angiographic findings; tissue characterization based on endomyocardial biopsy results; repolarization and depolarization abnormalities based on electrocardiographic findings; arrhythmic features; and family history. Shortfalls in the task force criteria due to the modern understanding of the disease have led to development of the Padua criteria, which include updated criteria for diagnosis of the right-dominant phenotype and new criteria for diagnosis of the left-predominant and biventricular phenotypes. In addition to incorporating cardiac MRI findings of ventricular dilatation, systolic dysfunction, and regional wall motion abnormalities, the new Padua criteria emphasize late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac MRI as a key feature in diagnosis and imaging-based tissue characterization. Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of the right-dominant phenotype include various other causes of right ventricular dilatation such as left-to-right shunts and variants of normal right ventricular anatomy that can be misinterpreted as abnormalities. The left-dominant phenotype can mimic myocarditis at imaging and clinical examination. Additional considerations for the differential diagnosis of ACM, particularly for the left-dominant phenotype, include sarcoidosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

The role of cerebral-cognitive reserve in the birth of a child with Alzheimer’s in late-life individuals

IntroductionThe modern understanding of AD allows us to consider it through the constructs of “vulnerability” and “stability” of the brain in relation to the pathological effects of neurodegeneration. To describe the resistance of the brain to a developing lesion due to a pathological process, the concept of “reserve” is proposed.ObjectivesA systematic review of scientific studies was conducted.MethodsThe review includes an analysis of full-text literature sources.Results Resilience models based on reserves are described, which can be broadly divided into cerebral and cognitive reserve models. The quality of the brain substrate underlies the cerebral reserve. Its role and power are determined by the ratio of healthy/affected neurons, the integrity of synaptic connections, and the size of the brain/ It seems to us that the conditions that promote or hinder the functioning of the brain should also be taken into account when characterizing the cerebral reserve. Cognitive reserve is determined by the phenomena of mental processes and functions. It includes the individual’s involvement of the individual in various cognitively stimulating activities throughout life. Cognitive reserve plays a decisive role when it comes to determining the effectiveness of the activation of additional areas or the implementation compensatory strategies, behaving more flexibly and dynamically than the passive threshold. Brain and cognitive reserve models cannot be considered mutually exclusive. They reflect different categorical levels: substrate and functional. The cerebral reserve system is the morphological basis of the cognitive reserve. In fact, we can talk about a single cerebral-cognitive reserve.ConclusionsThe reserve concept states that there are individual differences in the adaptability of the functional processes of the brain that allow some people to cope with age-related and disease-related brain changes better than others. The reserve plays a protective role, postponing clinical manifestations and ensuring that adequate cognitive functioning is maintained. There is a transition from the protective role of the reserve to the compensatory function. Even after anatomical signs of brain damage are observed, the time to clinical conversion can be modulated depending on the volume of the reserve. The protection mechanisms underlying the reserve concept are partially controllable, which allows building strategies for correcting cellular homeostasis, brain functions, behavioral and cognitive patterns. Understanding the mechanisms of aging and the determinants of life expectancy will help reduce age-related morbidity and promote healthy aging.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The preventive direction of modern theories of health and health-saving in public health and education

Background. The modern understanding of health is related to the need to prevent diseases caused by infections, lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors. Ukrainian legislation guarantees health care, but the practice of implementing laws is imperfect. The teaching of valeological disciplines in educational institutions is of great importance for the prevention of diseases. But the content of these disciplines requires constant revision from the point of view of evidence-based medicine, and the creation of new preventive programs requires theoretical justification. Aim. To determine the content and practical significance of the modern understanding of health care in public health care and education. Materials and Methods. Methods of bibliosemantic and system analysis were used. Results. The theory of health and health-saving is considered using cross-cultural, discursive, norm-centric, phenomenological, holistic, axiological and integral approaches, from the perspective of evidence-based and "4P" medicine. Health-saving is shown as derived from a healthy lifestyle and valeological competence formed in the population. The best environment for the formation of a healthy lifestyle is shown to be an educational environment, the tools of formation are valeological disciplines and education of medical and social non-government organizations. The need for joint efforts of the population and medical workers to achieve better results in the prevention of socially significant diseases is determined. Conclusions. Improvement of the preventive direction of valeological education is closely related to the competence approach, in particular, with the formation of valeological competence. The public health system should use the potential of educational valeological programs to form a healthy lifestyle in new generations during their studies at higher education institutions. For the formation of high-quality valeological programs, a permanent partnership of educators and medical professionals is necessary. Keywords: valeological competence, evidence-based medicine, 4P medicine, Health Pedagogy.

Yoga in Stress Alleviation: a Therapeutic and Psychodynamic Approach

Yoga has been an increasing topic of interest over the past few years. Alleviation of stress, which is the main purpose of yoga, can be interpreted from different contexts based on one’s level of contemplation and basis of understanding. Today, it is effectively prescribed and implemented as an alternate to medicine therapy. Based on the acute beneficial effects that yoga ought to enjoy, it is often considered by chiropractors, physiotherapists, clinicians as an integral constituent of their medical treatment. Yogasanas and exercise postures in inclusion to pranayama, are widely adopted today as remediations for various symptoms, which if left derelicted, can manifest to life-long impairments. The therapeutic standpoint of Yoga mainly lays stress on the clinical implications and practicality of yoga today. On the contrary, the psychodynamic approach mainly emphasizes on the behavioral regulations and apprehensions of their general mechanisms. The review primarily depicts the portrayal of Yoga from times of its inception, modern day understanding of yoga from the global perspectives, and its relationship with stress. The ultimate objective of this review is to enumerate the impacts of yoga from both the therapeutic and psychodynamic standpoints thereby justifying the validity of yoga as a patent restorer of physiological homeostasis.

Primary Objectives of the Activities of Actors Ensuring National Security

The article is devoted to clarifying the key tasks of the actors ensuring national security, taking into account modern understanding of national security and its provision. Based on the analysis of current scientific literature, the authors highlight the approaches of Ukrainian scientists to the understanding of the complex of tasks of ensuring national security, which are consistent with the modern doctrine of national security and its provision. Considering the scientific views on the structure of the tasks of ensuring national security, seven main groups of the objectives of the national security entities are outlined. It is concluded that these targets envisage planning, creation, improvement and monitoring (in particular, for clarity and legal certainty, consistency and adaptability, taking into account complex and dynamic features of modern risks and challenges faced by the national security actors) in national security law making, and the results of standard-setting.

Awareness and Perception of Sepsis Among the Urban and Rural Population in India

Traditionally, immunity has been defined as a defence against, or as a resistance to, contagious and infectious diseases. However, in modern understanding, it has become apparent that the immune system's mechanisms that protect against disease can also react against harmless substances. In some instances of severe infection, it's important to be aware that the immune response generated may have unintended adverse consequences. These conditions are associated with sepsis and may even turn out to be life-threatening in certain cases. Sepsis is a whole spectrum of diseases with a systemic and dysregulated host response to an infection. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to investigate and understand the level of awareness among the general public regarding this condition. This study aimed to understand the level of awareness about sepsis among the general population and to compare the perspectives of urban and rural populations. This study revealed that the awareness among both populations is low. Efforts should be made to increase awareness in India.

MECHANISMS OF VASOPROTECTION AND CARDIOPROTECTION IN HYPOXYTHERAPY OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Highlights The article presents a modern understanding of the main links of the functional circulatory regulation system and its response to exogenous hypoxia, as well as describes the data available on molecular mechanisms of vasoprotection and cardioprotection involved in response to hypoxytherapy in patients with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease. AbstractHypoxic conditioning has taken an important place in the range of non-drug methods for stimulating the adaptive potential of a healthy person and patients with cardiovascular diseases. There are many approaches to the use of various methods of exogenous hypoxia, however, there is no consensus on the essence of sanogenetic mechanisms that provide a multi-level functional system for maintaining oxygen supply and blood circulation. Adaptive reactions of afferent, central and efferent links of the functional circulatory regulation system in hypoxia in a healthy person are described. The results of studies of physiological systemic reactions realized by respiratory and vegetative plasticity using interval (intermittent) hypoxia are presented. In patients with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease, the facts of chemoreflective stimulation and modulation of lung ventilation, autonomic nervous system status, especially sympathetic activity of peripheral blood vessels and vagal activation of cardiac activity have been established. The main vaso- and cardioprotective properties of interval hypoxytherapy are based on the leveling of oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of angiogenesis, and a shift in the secretory activity of the endothelium towards vasodilating, antiproliferative, and antithrombotic mediators. We present the evidence for the role of shear stress and the state of glycocalyx, angiopoietin and adrenomedulline in the regulation of vascular tone, as well as cytoprotective properties of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial metabolic factors in the formation of ischemic tolerance of cardiomyocytes. The issues of the relationship between systemic (neuronal and humoral) reactions and structural and functional responses of target cells in providing adaptive/compensatory mechanisms for regulating blood circulation under the influence of exogenous hypoxia require further research and evaluation.

Исторический анализ предпосылок формирования современного представления об идентичности субъекта

This article attempts to discover the assumptions, on which the modern understanding of the identity of the subject, most fully formulated in the works of J. Butler, is based. Using the method of historical analysis, the author of this article refers to seven thinkers (G. W. F. Hegel, F. Nietzsche, Z. Freud, J. Lacan, M. Foucault, L. Althusser, J. Butler), who influenced the contemporary conception of subject's identity, which is used in public discussions today. The discovered backgrounds make it possible to comprehend the disposition in the discussion around the subject’s identity. The target of the study is the history of the contemporary concept of the subject's identity. The scope of the study is the prerequisites of the modern concept of the subject's identity. The relevance of the study is that the discovery of the prerequisites for the contemporary concept of the subject's identity will make it possible to comprehend the current situation in the discussion of the subject's identity. The novelty of the article is that the proposed view on the history of the contemporary conception of the subject's identity is first published.

КОРЕЛЯЦІЙНО-РЕГРЕСІЙНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ БАЗОВИХ ЧИННИКІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ІНФЛЯЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The correlation between the level of inflation and the money supply as well as the impact of unemployment on its level was researched in this article. Studying economic indicators on the basis of the correlation-regression analysis the authors substantiate the key factors that determine inflationary processes in the country. Certain trends and degree of interdependence between the researching economic characteristics were established.
 The problem investigated in the article is the clear identification of the influence of key factors that cause inflation in Ukraine, such as the volume of the money supply, the unemployment rate, etc., which makes it possible to identify the basic regulators of the development of the Ukrainian economy.
 On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the change in the volume of the money supply has a statistically significant relationship with the level of inflation only in the long term, taking into account trend and nontrend years. It was established that the lack of dependence between the devaluation of the hryvnia and the level of inflation, as well as the lack of a relationship between the level of inflation and producer price indices, is explained by inflation targeting.
 For further research in this direction, it is important to take into account the factors substantiated in this article, which affect the level of inflation, in particular, and the economy of Ukraine in general. Constant monitoring of changes in fiscal and monetary policy will allow building more accurate correlation-regression models, which will enable the development of an effective inflation control strategy in the country.
 The results of the study make it possible to form a modern understanding of the inflation's dynamic in the Ukrainian economy and help to develop a productive strategy in anti-inflation policy and to make important decisions in the field of effective state management.

Семиотическая диагностика целей преподавания философии в педагогическом образовании

Modernization of domestic education and global diversification of pedagogical education make it relevant to analyze the role and place of the subject ‘Philosophy’ in order to diagnose new goals for teaching this discipline. Based on the methodological innovation of the semiotic approach proposed by I.V. Melik-Gaykazyan, the correspondence between the semantics of universal competencies and the pragmatics of the formation of individual trajectories for the training of future teachers is established. This correspondence captures the navigational role of philosophy, firstly, in the development of basic academic disciplines, and, secondly, in understanding the continuity of their curricula. The implementation of this role will not happen naturally, since the domestic tradition of university philosophy has its own characteristics, which are retrospectively indicated in the article. The retrospection emphasizes the context in which S.I. Gessen formulated his well-known thesis that pedagogy is an applied philosophy. This thesis is of essential importance for determining the role and place of teaching philosophy for the future teacher training, and also remains relevant in the situation of modern diversification of the goals of pedagogical education. The purpose of teaching philosophy is the propaedeutics of the development of special courses devoted to modern theories and the actual practice of education. At the same time, the actual practice of education takes place in social conditions that transform behavioral and ethical norms, therefore, the goals of teaching philosophy in the context of pedagogical education include explaining intellectual traditions and the limits of their effectiveness in order to find ways to solve situational problems generated by modern communication tools and systems. These situational problems are formed under the influence of multiple factors, and therefore, to solve them, it is necessary to understand the essence of transdisciplinarity. The simultaneous multiplicity of communications and the variability of their formats in specifi c psychological and pedagogical conditions make the modern understanding of theessence of the mediatization phenomenon relevant. Modern requirements for education to ensure the training of unique specialists fixes the need for the formation of tolerance, which is a condition for the implementation of inclusive education. The listed principles of modern philosophical anthropology andpost-non-classical methodology – tolerance, mediatization, transdisciplinarity, multidimensionality – coincide with those competencies which formation can be led by the teaching of philosophy.

The ‘New Woman’ of Weimar Germany in the imaginations of young Iranian intellectuals

ABSTRACT By examining the writings of young Iranian students in Berlin, this paper argues that the ‘New Woman’ of Weimar Germany was a transnational creation, imagined as the personification of modernity, and who served as a discursive trope for the aspirations and anxieties of interwar intellectuals in a rapidly changing global order. A key aim of this article is to highlight the simultaneity of changing perspectives toward women among both European and Middle Eastern intellectuals during the interwar period, and to frame their understanding of modernity within discourses of youth and generational conflict. In their push for reform in Iranian society, Iranian intellectuals transformed the Weimar ‘New Woman’ into a symbol for European modernity as a whole. This constructed, archetypal personification of modernity was decontextualized from the contested and politically charged debates in Germany on the rights and roles of women in society.

Феномен справедливості як правової цінності: науковий дискурс сучасного розуміння

The article clarifies the determining features of justice as a legal value through the prism of modern legal understanding. It is noted that justice is one of the most important problems of our time, which reflects the extremely complex dialectical processes of the legal development of global society. As a value, it forms the worldview attitudes of society, people's vision of their future, their eternal aspirations for harmony and perfection of social relations. And also allows to comprehensively understand the meaning and content of modern processes of state and law-making. Four criteria of justice in the legal dimension are singled out: 1) equality; 2) distinction; 3) ideas of humanism; 4) systematicity. The phenomenon of justice as a legal value is revealed and its dynamic nature and relative constancy of the criteria for its definition in the legal dimension are noted, which is caused by real changes in the political life of society, legal matter, economy, etc. It is natural that all evolutionary and transformational processes within society significantly affect the general perception of justice or injustice, as well as the criteria for their assessment. That is, the understanding of justice has a specific historical, socio-cultural and political-legal context, and depends on the constantly changing social life. It is concluded that justice occupies a decisive place in the integral system of legal values. It reflects the practical side of the implementation of law as an effective regulator of social relations, a tool that has a powerful human-creating potential. Through legal means, legal institutions, justice embodies the high purpose of law, its humanistic nature.

Revelation as Scientific in its Method

This paper is an exploration of Shoghi Effendi’s statement that Bahá’u’lláh’s Revelation is “scientifi c in its method,” starting from the various ways that scientific methods are implemented and including perspectives from the philosophy of science. We examine the role of diversity in achieving scientific objectivity and escape from bias, and consider how the Bahá’í process of action, reflection, consultation, and study is consistent with modern understandings of the scientific method. Because this form of learning in action can be used by everybody, and because ethical, moral, and spiritual practices are part of its way of doing things, it provides a powerful extension of science and its methods that is available to everyone and allows ready integration of spiritual values into the process.

Neurocognitive disorders and chronic rhinosinusitis. A modern view of the problem (literary review)

The purpose of the study: to review the results of scientific research on combined etiopathogenetic, clinical, and functional manifestations of chronic rhinosinusitis and a number of neurological diseases classified as neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). The interdisciplinary approach in the analysis was based on the modern understanding of neurocognitive disorders and induced neuroinflammatory reactions, the commonality between the infectious agents in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis and diseases characterized by NCDs, and the validity of the involvement of central brain structures in the process of chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The analogy of the formation of such manifestations as nasal obstruction, changes in the olfactory tract and visual function, and disorders of the microbiota of the upper respiratory tract, and their impact on brain structures with impaired neurocognitive functions was drawn. The systematization of scientific research data characterizing various chronic forms of rhinosinusitis and NCDs was a confirmation of the regulatory role of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-limbic-reticular complex in understanding the common pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in these nosologies.

Энергия эстетического переживания

<p>The article is devoted to the comparison of classical and modern understanding of the subject of aesthetics. During the theoretical self-definition of aesthetics in the system of philosophy (Baumgarten, Kant) it was understood as a bridge uniting empiricism of individual sensuality with universality of rational knowledge, as an experience of unity of sensual and supersensual activity of aesthetic consciousness of the subject. Such an interpretation corresponded to the ideal of a whole person in the unity of reason, feeling, spirit, will, and imagination. Contemporary aesthetics defines its subject matter as individual sensual experience, removing from it the basis of the cultural subject's self-consciousness of value. The central problem of the article is a characteristic of aesthetic experience as a procedural form of living through the value and meaningful depth of the experienced aesthetic feeling. Experiencing is treated as an emotional and intellectual process, producing inner work of comprehension of the feeling of staying in the self-relation of the cultural-historical subject with the world. The inner energy of aesthetic experience is born through the creative work of intuition and imagination, creating the likeness of a work of art, but not materialised in the language of art, but staying in the continuing state of internal residence of the imaginary image. The aesthetic experience expands the threshold of human sensibility and reveals the dimension of each phenomenon of reality in such a way that the aesthetic object is more than the object, and the subject more than the empirical individual. This is the essence of the aesthetic, indicating the difference between the aesthetic sense and the mere sensual response of individual consciousness to contact with an object. The subject of aesthetic experience is the subject of a world-relationship, experiencing the world differently in images of chaos or harmony, eternity or the mutability of time of being. Space and time in the axiosphere of culture become subjectivized and are experienced as sensual and semantic phenomena included in the aesthetic thesaurus of culture. In his analysis of the sublime, Kant spoke of the special creative energy of the aesthetic feeling, giving it the depth and duration of the subject's state of mind. Due to the inner tension of the interaction of feelings and meanings, aesthetic experience evokes a vivid sensual and supersensual response of man to his belonging to being. It extends the range of emotional and intellectual faculties of consciousness, which remains as the memory of aesthetic experience, multiplying the possibilities of future experiences. Aesthetic experience expresses the process of synergy between sensuality and the existential meanings of the historical subject's existential world. The final conclusion of the article is that in aesthetic experience based on a complex set of sensual and supersensual transformations of aesthetic existence of man in the world, sensual experience is only one of the components, which convinces the need for modern research to address the totality of the contents of aesthetics, especially its axiological aspects.</p>

Security as a fundamental human right

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the right to security as a fundamental human right. The problems related to the right to security are complex and are determined by the specifics of the current development of society. It is shown that in modern conditions the right to security exists de facto by default, but de jure does not have the status of a fundamental and universal human right. At the same time, the right to security is a legal recognition of the existence of safe conditions of existence for every person and the context for the realization of both individual and the entire complex of human rights. The article proves that the right to security is an integral concept, which is confirmed by a significant number of rights derived from it. It is proven that modern ideas about security are determined by secularization and anthropological trends.
 Today, the content of the concept of "security" emphasizes the individual, not the state. Unlike previous eras, the responsibility for creating and functioning laws and rules for a safe life rest with a person.
 Considerable attention is paid to the modern understanding of the right to security, which has its cultural basis in the form of a change in the normative model of society: the current society is a society of dynamic changes, risks, and conflicts, in which the main social ideal is security, and not equality as it was followed in previous eras. It is also noted that different historical and cultural systems have their ideas about security and specific means of ensuring it.
 The right to security, in an ontological sense, is close to the right to freedom, as it exists in two forms - positive (as a system of measures to counter dangers and threats and ensure stability) and negative (as a state of individual protection from risks and threats). It is emphasized that the right to security is basic (background) for the realization of all other human rights.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ КОНСУЛЬТАЦІЙНОГО СУПРОВОДУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ — СОЦІОЛОГІЯ ПРОБЛЕМИ

Innovation is one of the most important forms of expanding the economic system's capabilities and competitiveness in a modern, dynamic world. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the theory of innovation has been developing, changing, and improving significantly and many scientific papers have been created on the topic of types of innovation. However, even today, scientists are confused in basic concepts, replacing one with another and taking one for the other without proper and in-depth terminology understanding. Although from innovation direction point of view, there is a clear distinction between types, some uncertainty in the levels (degrees) of innovations is present. For many years there have been many differences in the scientific literature, which significantly influenced both the in-depth understanding of the innovation concept and the quality of approaches to assessing the levels of innovation. The purpose of this paper is to in-depth review the literature on innovation types to identify approaches that emphasize the degree of innovation. We considered the different conclusions of the researchers step by step and argue that there is the problem of identifying one or another innovation in terms of its degree and find the disagreements in the scientific literature in basic concepts to understand high degree innovation. The most complete and extended definitions of incremental, semi-radical, radical, disruptive, and breakthrough innovation were proposed as well as Degree of Innovation matrix was created to clearly demonstrate the existing distinctive features of each individual degree of innovation. This paper contributes to the theoretical analysis of the impact of innovative knowledge, as well as broadens previously published scientific literature, analyzing its impact on understanding the types and degrees of innovation, as well as the relationships, characteristics and key differences between them. The results of the research is the conceptual basis supported by the scientific literature for the modern understanding of terminology in the field of innovation activities.