Understanding Of Cognition Research Articles

Bumblebees display stimulus-specific persistence behaviour after being trained on delayed reinforcement

In uncertain environments, animals often face the challenge of deciding whether to stay with their current foraging option or leave to pursue the next opportunity. The voluntary decision to persist at a location or with one option is a critical cognitive ability in animal temporal decision-making. Little is known about whether foraging insects form temporal expectations of reward and how these expectations affect their learning and rapid, short-term foraging decisions. Here, we trained bumblebees on a simple colour discrimination task whereby they entered different opaque tunnels surrounded by coloured discs (artificial flowers) and received reinforcement (appetitive sugar water or aversive quinine solution depending on flower colour). One group received reinforcement immediately and the other after a variable delay (0–3 s). We then recorded how long bees were willing to wait/persist when reinforcement was delayed indefinitely. Bumblebees trained with delays voluntarily stayed in tunnels longer than bees trained without delays. Delay-trained bees also waited/persisted longer after choosing the reward-associated flower compared to the punishment-associated flower, suggesting stimulus-specific temporal associations. Strikingly, while training with delayed reinforcement did not affect colour discrimination, it appeared to facilitate the generalisation of temporal associations to ambiguous stimuli in bumblebees. Our findings suggest that bumblebees can be trained to form temporal expectations, and that these expectations can be incorporated into their decision-making processes, highlighting bumblebees’ cognitive flexibility in temporal information usage.Significance statementThe willingness to voluntarily wait or persist for potential reward is a critical aspect of decision-making during foraging. Investigating the willingness to persist across various species can shed light on the evolutionary development of temporal decision-making and related processes. This study revealed that bumblebees trained with delays to reinforcement from individual flowers were able to form temporal expectations, which, in turn, generalised to ambiguous stimuli. These findings contribute to our understanding of temporal cognition in an insect and the potential effects of delayed rewards on foraging behaviour.

Social Understanding beyond the Familiar: Disparity in Visual Abilities Does Not Impede Empathy and Theory of Mind.

Feeling with our conspecifics and understanding their sentiments and intentions is a crucial part of our lives. What is the basis for these forms of social understanding? If individuals ground their understanding of others' thoughts and feelings in their own perceptual and factual experiences, it could present a challenge to empathize and mentalize with those whose reality of life is significantly different. This preregistered study compared two groups of participants who differed in a central perceptual feature, their visual abilities (visually impaired vs. unimpaired; total N = 56), concerning their social understanding of others who were themselves either visually impaired or unimpaired. Employing an adjusted version of the EmpaToM task, participants heard short, autobiographic narrations by visually impaired or unimpaired individuals, and we assessed their empathic responding and mentalizing performance. Our findings did not reveal heightened empathy and mentalizing proclivities when the narrator's visual abilities aligned with those of the participant. However, in some circumstances, cognitive understanding of others' narrations benefitted from familiarity with the situation. Overall, our findings suggest that social understanding does not mainly rely on perceptual familiarity with concrete situations but is likely grounded in sharing emotions and experiences on a more fundamental level.

The Implementation Of Nahwu Learning Based On Project Based Learning At Uin Imam Bonjol Padang

The educational background of students is an important domain for the success of learning nahwu, so that teachers need improvement in determining the learning to be applied. The PBL strategy requires students to observe and examine practice-based assignments on the object of study being studied, so this study aims to examine the effectiveness of Project based learning (PBL)-based nahwu learning at UIN Imam Bonjol Padang and how to implement PBL in nahwu learning. The research approach used was mixed method research with a quantitative sample of 35 students from two classes while data analysis used SPSS 16 and descriptive analysis based on observation and documentation. This study shows that learning nahwu using the PBL design is effective for students' cognitive understanding by calculating the t-test is greater than the t-table, while the implementation of PBL is based on needs analysis and practice searching for examples of sentences in the Qur'an. This study corroborates that learning nahwu using project based learning is able to increase cognitive understanding based on inductive techniques in tracing verses of the Qur'an. This study recommends further research to analyze nahwu learning strategies that are more varied with various samples and methods.

Exploring expressions for cardinal directions in Tshiluba

This paper presents the outcomes of a pilot study that explores expressions for cardinal directions in Tshiluba, a Bantu language primarily spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Language data were collected from a native Tshiluba speaker using three elicitation methods and an online dictionary. The results reveal several potential nomenclatural strategies and conceptual sources that Tshiluba uses to linguistically encode cardinal directions, including references to body parts, geographical and environmental landmarks and features, and celestial bodies and events. Meanwhile, a comprehensive exploration of the inherent characteristics of these Tshiluba cardinal direction expressions remains a subject of further investigation. The paper also includes reflections and suggestions regarding research methodologies on this topic. This paper contributes to cross–linguistic exploration and documentation of cardinal direction expressions, both within and beyond the Bantu language family. It also encourages further research on spatial language as a whole, which is a pursuit of great importance in advancing our understanding of human spatial cognition and our interactions with the external world.

Pengembangan Aspek Motorik AUD Melalui Permainan Englek

At this time the traditional game of engklek is no longer known and developed in the community, this incident can be triggered by several factors such as the existence of games which are available on cellphones which can result in most children today not being aware of the traditional game of engklek. This research is motivated by the important aim of knowing the existence of the traditional engklek game so that it can improve motor skills that will develop in the child’s body, but not only that, there are also cognitive, language and artistic aspects contained in it. The engklek game is an old game or what is called an ancient game in Indonesia which originates from the Dutch period. Most respondents stated that this game was based on England. This game is also known as “Throwing Stones” or “Gacok” (Yulita, 2017). There are several explanations for the aspects of this game, such as jumping in children can show aspects of gross motor skills. Then children can do different jumps. However, children’s language comprehension can be observed when they actively participate in games, especially if they consist of several groups. When a child is shown the shape of the image in the traditional engklek game which is geometric in shape consisting of a circle, rectangle and square, their cognitive understanding can be observed. From this, young children or AUD will learn that geometry has many different shapes by playing this game. All of this is the child’s understanding that they cannot live their lives without other people, but all problems must be resolved responsibly. Therefore, this research was carried out through observation methods which were carried out by applying various qualitative approach techniques, including those related to research and development.

Predicting instabilities: an embodied perspective on unstable experiences with art and design.

Predictive Processing (PP) provides a theoretical framework that describes perception as a process attempting to increase the predictability of stimulations by updating predictions or exploring new sensations. Moreover, perception and action are assumed to be closely linked within this process. While organisms seem to strive for predictability, we sometimes expose ourselves to objects and situations that challenge sense-making-such conditions often break perceptual habits or offer multiple possible meanings. This paper updates a previous qualification of these experiences of 'Semantic Instability' (SeIns) by following an embodied and situated understanding of perception and cognition. We suggest that art perception essentially differs from problem-solving as in engaging with art, we typically integrate contradictory elements dynamically and without the ultimate goal of resolving the contradictions-on the contrary, SeIns itself can generate aesthetic hedonics and interest. We discuss how current embodied accounts of PP might help understand what motivates such unstable yet insightful and pleasurable nonlinear sense-making processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'.

Diagnosing the voids of knowledge in the transformation process in managing and standardizing smart city development: the case of the government of Indonesia

PurposeThis study investigates smart city development projects implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI) from 2017 at the regional and municipal levels. Moreover, it provides a critical perspective on the lack of knowledge of the transformation process, substantive knowledge, and the wide-regime-shifting balance of knowledge required to accomplish smart city development. From the project scope perspective, this research elaborates on technical defaults of the regional and municipal GoI's initiating, constructing, and implementing smart cities.Research methodologyThe authors conducted semi-structured interviews to explore how these project doers operate in each stage of the smart city development, including initiation, work in progress, implementation, and reporting. In addition, the research questions of this semi-structured interview are derived from this study's critical perspective and the knowledge domains of smart city development.OriginalityFirst, this study sheds light on the development of 100 smart cities by the GoI, with 50 financed but unfinished projects since 2017, indicating design failure. Second, we argue that the blueprint designed by the GoI smart communities does not demonstrate comprehensive political will or the conducting of socio-cultural and technical analyses to encourage and support the development of smart cities. Third, this study uniquely highlights that the GoI wants to build smart cities using collective cognition or mutual understanding, but lacks knowledge of the transformation process and substantive knowledge for system analysis and design, development, and implementation, leading to uncertainty and non-uniform approaches to smart city developments across various regions and municipalities. Fourth, this research criticizes the misalignment and imbalance of knowledge between the GoI, the targeted regions and municipalities, and all agents involved in developing smart cities.FindingsThe authors find four unique theme formulations: the GoI's behaviors in equivalencing with regular procurement, the voids of knowledge in the transformation process, substantive knowledge boundaries, and letting these projects progress without accompanying committed knowledge boundaries and working for a future without a signifier. Finally, this study suggests that the government should prioritize mastery of knowledge of the transformation processes in smart city development and implement agile strategies to ensure these projects' success and future benefits.

Non-weird (psycho)linguistic endeavors: theoretical and metacognitive research with the Karajá of central Brazil

Cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics have historically been dominated by research conducted within Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies, resulting in a disproportionate representation of this demographic in scholarly investigations. In this article, we report basic and applied research investigating order of constituents and morphological representation and processing conducted with speakers of Karajá, a non-european language of Central Brazil. The basic research findings contribute novel insights about the Karajá language, challenging certain purported language universals while corroborating others, thereby enriching the broader understanding of human cognition. The applied research explores methodological avenues to foreground indigenous voices and perspectives into the investigation process, acknowledging the potential drawbacks of employing WEIRD analytical categories when exploring non-WEIRD languages. We invite speakers of the language to the center of the discussion in metacognitive activities in which speakers use their insights to formulate hypotheses and create a theory for the grammar of the language. In line with the discussions in Maia (2022) in which eye tracking data was used at the Middle school and University levels, in these Karajá sessions, we also used qualitative eye tracking data as an aid to help Karajá language teachers to “go meta”, as put by Mahdavi (2014). We conclude by stressing that if we are to take seriously the importance of non-WEIRD science to the WEIRD world, there ought to be an increasing recentering of “participants” to more protagonist roles in research.

When Agreement isn't Agreement: Deflected Agreement in Najdi Arabic as Aspect

In modern Arabic varieties, subject-verb agreement is complicated by plural nouns which can occur with both plural and singular verbs. These have been called strict and deflected agreement respectively. In some varieties such as Modern Standard Arabic, this deflected agreement is fixed and determined by animacy or other features; however, in other varieties such as Najdi Arabic (central Saudi Arabia), whether strict or deflected agreement occurs is less predictable. Kramer & Winchester (2017) have argued that the selection of verb form corresponds to a difference in meaning, specifically, a herd/clump as opposed to an individuated interpretation, which they locate in the nominal features of the noun. However, based on the results of two experiments, this paper argues for an alternate analysis that this meaning difference originates on the verb and corresponds to a speaker’s mental representation of the event structure. This finding leads to the conclusion that only strict agreement is actually an example of subject-verb agreement, while deflected agreement serves to mark features of the event. This usage of deflected agreement to express event structure, while initially surprising, flows from existing understandings of cognition of number and event semantics.

Living Freedom: The Heautonomy of the Judgement of Taste

Abstract Different from the autonomy of understanding in cognition and the autonomy of practical reason in praxis, the heautonomy in the judgement of taste is reflexive. The reflexivity consists not only in the fact that the power of judgement legislates to its own usage but also, and more importantly, it legislates to itself through its own operative process. This normativity, based on the self-referential structure of pure aesthetic judgement and the a priori principle of subjective, internal purposiveness, can be regarded as a self-discovering and self-flourishing principle that organically grows out of the aesthetic experience and, at the same time, regulates its growth in return. In this scenario, aesthetic freedom can be identified as a third kind of freedom different from Kant’s transcendental freedom and practical freedom – a flexible and living freedom with spontaneous legislation, but not bound by any determinate laws.

Practicing knowledge-agency in highly vulnerable communities: the frontlines of Governance in delivering Brazilian Human services

ABSTRACT Knowledge-agency represents the skills and cognitive understandings that frontline workers acquire and practice in governing populations. Using an abductive approach, this paper explores how diverse expressions of knowledge shape frontline workers’ encounters with diverse people and places in stressful contexts. Analysing interviews with 98 frontline workers from four different policy domains serving the same communities in Brazil, we found three expressions of knowledge-agency: professional, socialized, and experiential. Our study provides a window into how frontline workers contextually mobilize their knowledge-agency when engaged in the everyday of governing citizens. We show that workers are both subjects and agents of knowledge practices.

Effects of a Math-Integrated Afterschool Physical Activity Program: A Case Study

This case study aims to evaluate the impact of an afterschool physical activity (PA) program integrated with mathematics on elementary school students’ Body Mass Index (BMI), fitness levels, and comprehension of geometry concepts–a recommended strategy for preventing child obesity. Utilizing descriptive statistics and t-tests, the study analyzes pre- and post-geometry assessments and FITNESSGRAM® assessments. Despite no significant weight change, the findings reveal improved cognitive understanding of geometry concepts and enhanced fitness levels. This research contributes valuable evidence supporting the positive effects of integrating PA into math learning environments, particularly benefiting low socioeconomic status (SES) and underrepresented children, addressing the decline in both physical activity and math performance during childhood.

INVESTOR BEHAVIOR AND RISK PERCEPTION: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Financial literacy is explained as the cognitive understanding of financial indicators and risk aversion, risk perception and investor behavior. Perhaps the investor behavior may vary depending on several factors such as gender, age, income level, social status, education etc. This research aims to highlight the effect of gender on financial market perception among Turkish investors. The outputs of two surveys the first for the last quarter of 2022 and the second for the first quarter of 2023, are analysed and compared. Therefore, two consecutive quarters are compared by gender for investment behaviors. This reserach observes some factors such as stress level, portfolio holding times, investment decisions and expectations regarding cryptocurrency markets. The methodology follows the Cronbach Alpha, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and ShapiroWilk Normality, and Mann-Whitney U tests respectively. The findings support gender differences in perception and investment behavior.

Developing Classroom Assessment Tasks That Evaluate Students’ Abilities to Plan Scientific Investigations

Designing classroom assessment tasks that can gather meaningful assessment information is a complex undertaking. This is especially the case when it comes to developing assessment tasks to evaluate students’ abilities to plan scientific investigations. Such assessment tasks should adequately elicit students’ cognitive understandings related to designing valid and reliable experiments, not just their hands-on manipulative skills. This article proposes a set of guidelines for developing written assessment tasks that can surface students’ cognitive understandings related to planning scientific investigations. We show how the checklist created based on the design guidelines can be used to analyze two classroom assessment tasks. The guidelines will be useful for teachers as they develop new or modify existing classroom assessment tasks to meaningfully evaluate students’ abilities to plan scientific investigations.

How can tourism managers' happiness be generated through personal and innovative tourism services?

PurposeThere has recently been much interest in analysing the creation of personalised tourism services and studying their effect on organisations. However, there still needs to be more work in analysing their effect on happiness and the role that emotions play in these processes. This paper aims to analyse, in the context of personalised and innovative tourism services, which factors can encourage and improve managers' happiness.Design/methodology/approachA model of analysis is presented with five variables: tourism managers' happiness (TMH), innovative personalised tourism services, internal factors: emotions (IFE), organisational factors (OF) and personal factors (PF). Eight hypotheses are proposed and tested with a structural equation model.FindingsThe results allow the authors to affirm that personalised technological advances applied to tourism services not only contribute to improving the happiness of hotel managers but also in generating emotions that contribute to improving their attitude towards the company.Research limitations/implicationsThis scientific work has some limitations. Firstly, this study was carried out exclusively in Spain due to the relevance of this country in the international tourism sector, according to the World Tourism Organisation. The results achieved in this research should be contrasted with other studies in other territories. Secondly, the interviews and surveys were carried out at specific time intervals. It has not led to problems of significant bias in the variance of the standard method. Therefore, it is desirable to undertake longitudinal or cross-sectional studies for future research. Thirdly, it is interesting to develop theoretical models that include other psycho-directive or leadership style constructs to determine whether they holistically enhance the subjective well-being of hospitality managers. Moreover, other types of factors of a social or strategic nature can be considered, which can positively or negatively impact the analysed variables. Finally, future research can deepen the empirical analysis of the relationship between managerial competencies and digital innovation from the perspective of happiness management. These findings would contribute to a greater cognitive understanding of the implications of personalised and innovative tourism services on hotel establishments' happiness and economic benefits.Practical implicationsThis paper shows the fundamental role of a happy leadership style in creating responsible, green and innovative environments in today's digital society. Furthermore, the happiness of tourism managers can contribute to the generation of high quality and excellent services that are in line with the principles of sustainable development.Social implicationsPersonalised technological advances applied to tourism services not only contribute to improving the happiness of hotel managers but also to generating emotions that contribute to improving their attitude towards the company. On the other hand, it has been observed that personalised and innovative tourism services generate positive effects at organisational, internal and personal levels. The following reflections are advanced: The development of internal factors such as the emotions of awe and gratitude or the generation of trust can enhance the happiness of tourism managers. The happiness of tourism business managers can be enhanced by developing OF such as smart-personalised tourism services and data protection. The happiness of tourism managers can be enhanced by the development of PF such as travellers' desires, expectations and needs, or other factors such as disposable income, health status or family situation.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study that focuses on investigating how personalised and innovative tourism services affect managing happiness.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE TOPIC OF MATRICES, SPECIFICALLY DETERMINANTS AND MATRIX INVERSES, BASED ON BLOOM'S TAXONOMY

This study is to classify daily mathematics tests on matrix subject with determinant and matrix inverse as sub-material and describe the mathematics learning outcomes of students in class XI MIPA 3 at SMAN 5 Pekanbaru for the 2022/2023 academic year based on the cognitive domain of Bloom's Taxonomy. The research method used was a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The subject of this research is the answer sheets for the daily mathematic test on matrix subject of the students in class XI MIPA 3. Based on the results of research, the percentage of item classification was 60% for the cognitive level of understanding (C2) and 40% for the cognitive level of application (C3). The results of learning mathematics for class XI MIPA 3 students has been reached the level of applied cognitive ability (C3), with the following average percentages: cognitive understanding level (C2) of 82.43% and applied cognitive level (C3) of 48.65%.

Time-travel to “A review and proposal for a model of sensory predictability in auditory language perception”

Since its inception 60 years ago, the mission of Cortex has been to foster a better understanding of cognition and the relationship between the nervous system, behavior in general, and mental processes in particular. Almost 15 years ago, we submitted “a review and proposal” along these lines to the journal, in which we sought to integrate two components that are not often discussed together, namely the basal ganglia and syntactic language functions (Kotz et al., 2009). One of the main motivations was to find potential explanations for two relatively straightforward earlier empirical observations: (i) electroencephalographic event-related potential responses (EEG/ERPs) known to be sensitive markers of syntactic violations in auditory language processing were found to be absent in persons with focal basal ganglia lesions (Friederici et al., 1999; Frisch et al., 2003; Kotz et al., 2003), and (ii) temporally regular rhythmic tone sequences presented before language stimuli were found to compensate for this effect (Kotz et al., 2005; Kotz & Gunter, 2015; Kotz & Schmidt-Kassow, 2015). The critical question was how to reconcile these specific components, the basal ganglia typically associated with motor behavior and language-related syntactic processes, under one hood to foster a better understanding of how the basal ganglia system contributes to auditory language processing. This core question was the starting point for further own research and trying to solve it, unsurprisingly, led to many more questions and rather few answers. It also changed perspectives and established collaborative efforts, sometimes in unsuspected ways and directions. In light of the journal’s anniversary, we therefore want to take this exciting opportunity for some time travel, looking back at our original conception while linking it to more recent considerations, thereby providing some insights that might be useful for future research.

Virtual Reality Technology in Architectural Theory Learning: An Experiment on the Module of History of Architecture

The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of incorporating virtual reality (VR) technology as an additional learning aid in the delivery of architectural theory modules. The aim is to expand students’ horizons by utilizing VR as an immersive blended learning resource, particularly after the COVID-19 epidemic pandemic and the emergent need for new ways of delivering higher education. Empirical samples were drawn from a group of participating students in the History of Architecture module. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach comprising a quantitative inquiry (n = 60), which was complemented by a qualitative focus group discussion (n = 15). For the quantitative inquiry, three activities created virtual environments for three instances of Christian churches and cathedrals from the History of Christian Architecture: Hagia Sofia Cathedral, Notre Dame Cathedral, and Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral. This was conducted during a 13-week teaching semester, with two groups of students voluntarily taking part in each activity: a VR group and a non-VR group. Following each activity, both groups responded to the same set of questions in order to assess the impact of using VR technologies on students’ cognitive and analytical understanding of the related building. A focus group was formed with the participating students to enhance their understanding of the results of the quantitative inquiry. The findings of the research show an increase in student learning experience and knowledge recollection when using VR in comparison to conventional teaching methods. The findings emphasize the role of digital technologies in enhancing students’ learning experiences, in particular, as a tool for sustainable approaches to teaching. This research expands knowledge and understanding about the use of VR in the History of Architecture pedagogy by examining its effectiveness as a medium of instruction. Furthermore, this study provides recommendations for adopting and incorporating new technologies in higher education for a better learning environment.

Analysis of Students Scientific Reasoning Ability and the Correlation to Students Cognitive Ability in Physics Learning

This study aims to identify students scientific reasoning ability in Palu city and the correlation between students’ scientific reasoning abilities and their cognitive aptitude within the context of physics education. In this study, we adopted a descriptive quantitative research method where the respondents consist of four high schools in Palu city, namely SMAN 1, SMAN 7, SMAN 6, and SMAN 4 Palu. An instrument by Lawson (LCSTR) was adapted for this study and it consist of 12 items two tier multiple-choice that contains conservation of mass and volume, proportional thinking, control of variables, probabilistic thinking, correlational thinking, and hypothetical deductive reasoning. Meanwhile, for the cognitive understanding test, we utilized a static fluid concept comprehension test. The findings of this research using SPSS to analyzed find that Pearson correlation coefficient is 0,54 that revealed significant correlations between students’ scientific reasoning abilities and their cognitive aptitude in the context of physics learning. These correlations provided valuable insights into how these components influence each other and impact students’ performance and achievement in physics. The study’s result has implications for educators as a reference in the selection of models and methods of physics learning appropriate to train and develop students scientific reasoning skills.

Imagery of ritual actions in religious dreaming: steps toward a theory and method of the cognition of dreamt ritual interaction

ABSTRACT The research literature on religious dreaming demonstrates the commonness of supernatural agent (SA) imagery, as well as various ritualistic and divinatory uses of dream content in the waking state. Less well mapped is the related domain of dream imagery about rituals (DIR). This article aims to provide a survey and analysis of DIR items and interactions in line with dream and ritual theories, with case illustrations from dream reports based on ethnographic fieldwork among Hindus in Nepal. The analysis relies on an understanding of “ritual” based on their assumed “obvious aspects” and traits, and on theoretical assumptions drawn from cognitive and evolutionary accounts of ritualization in relation to prominent strands in dream research such as threat simulation theory, and social simulation theory. The aim is to develop a novel strategy for exploring imagined ritual traits in dreaming. This undertaking contributes to the methodology and theoretical understanding of religious dream cognition.