Understanding Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Articles

Autism Diagnosis Among US Children and Adults, 2011-2022

An improved understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence over time and across the lifespan can inform health care service delivery for the growing population of autistic children and adults. To describe trends in the prevalence of ASD diagnoses using electronic records data from a large network of health systems in the US. This cross-sectional study examined annual diagnosis rates in health records of patients in US health systems from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022. Eligible individuals were included in the study sample for a given calendar year if they were enrolled in a participating health system for at least 10 months out of the year. Data were extracted from 12 sites participating in the Mental Health Research Network, a consortium of research centers embedded within large, diverse health care systems. Diagnoses of ASD were ascertained using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) revision codes. Annual diagnosis rates were calculated as the number of unique members diagnosed, divided by the total members enrolled. A total of 12 264 003 members were enrolled in 2022 (2 359 359 children aged 0 to 17 years [19.2%]; 6 400 222 female [52.2%]; 93 002 American Indian or Alaska Native [0.8%], 1 711 950 Asian [14.0%], 952 287 Black or African American [7.8%], 2 971 355 Hispanic [24.2%], 166 144 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander [1.4%], and 6 462 298 White [52.7%]). The ASD diagnosis rate was greatest among 5-to-8-year-olds throughout the study period and increased by 175% among the full sample, from 2.3 per 1000 in 2011 to 6.3 per 1000 in 2022. The greatest relative increase in diagnosis rate from 2011 to 2022 occurred among 26-to-34-year-olds (450%) and increases were greater for female vs male individuals among children (305% [estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), 13.62 percentage points; 95% CI, 12.49-14.75 percentage points] vs 185% [EAPC, 9.63 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.54-10.72 percentage points], respectively) and adults (315% [EAPC, 13.73 percentage points; 95% CI, 12.61-14.86 percentage points] vs 215% [EAPC, 10.33 percentage points; 95% CI, 9.24-11.43 percentage points]). Relative increases were greater in racial and ethnic minority groups compared with White individuals among children, but not adults. In this cross-sectional study of children and adults in the US, ASD diagnosis rates increased substantially between 2011 and 2022, particularly among young adults, female children and adults, and children from some racial or ethnic minority groups. Diagnosis prevalence trends generated using health system data can inform the allocation of resources to meet the service needs of this growing, medically complex population.

A case report on genetic variants in CHD8, KMT2C, EP300, and TCF4 associated with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition influenced by several environmental and genetic factors. We present a case of a 7-year-old male with ASD, neurogenic voiding dysfunction (NVD), speech and developmental delays, and hyperactivity, and current treatment includes speech, occupational, and behavioral therapy. Family history includes consanguinity and maternal intellectual disability. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified maternally inherited variants in CHD8 (benign), KMT2C (likely pathogenic), and EP300 and TCF4 (uncertain significance). Despite the benign classification of the CHD8 variant, its association with ASD highlights the complexity of genotype-phenotype correlations. The likely pathogenic KMT2C frameshift mutation and deletions in EP300 and TCF4 suggest a multifactorial genetic basis for ASD in this patient. These findings highlight the importance of integrating clinical and genetic data for accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis revealed these variants in the child's mother, uncle, and maternal grandfather, with the maternal uncle unaffected by ASD, ID, or ADHD, indicating potential variant interplay in disease manifestation. This case emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the combined effects of these variants, enhancing our understanding of ASD's genetic landscape and improving clinical outcomes.

Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

Executive function deficits have been reported in both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known regarding which, if any, of these impairments are unique vs. shared in children with ADHD versus ASD. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current literature with a critical eye toward diagnostic, measurement, and third-variable considerations that should be leveraged to provide more definitive answers. We conclude that the field's understanding of ASD and ADHD executive function profiles is highly limited because most research on one disorder has failed to account for their co-occurrence and the presence of symptoms of the other disorder; a vast majority of studies have relied on traditional neuropsychological tests and/or informant-rated executive function scales that have poor specificity and construct validity; and most studies have been unable to account for the well-documented between-person heterogeneity within and across disorders. Currently, the most parsimonious conclusion is that children with ADHD and/or ASD tend to perform moderately worse than neurotypical children on a broad range of neuropsychological tests. However, the extent to which these difficulties are unique vs. shared, or attributable to impairments in specific executive functions subcomponents, remains largely unknown. We end with focused recommendations for future research that we believe will advance this important line of inquiry.

Neurobiological and Neuroanatomical Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Can Our Knowledge Help Us Manage Them Better?

Neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by neurobehavioral deficits that impair activities of daily living. Despite improvements in our understanding of ASDs, the etiology remains puzzling, with suggestions that its etiopathogenesis is due to both genetic and non-genetic factors. Also, advances in research have provided evidence associating ASD with probably non-distinct neurobiological changes. In this narrative review, we explore recent progress in the understanding of how neuroanatomical, neurobiological, and neuropathological processes impact the etiology and pathogenesis of ASDs. The impact of this knowledge on the development of novel markers and therapies would also be evaluated. Strategy: Using information garnered from current and existing literature, we provide a comprehensive update on the relationship between the brain and ASD. Although the mechanisms underlying ASD pathology are diverse and complex, a complete understanding of their interaction is pertinent to developing effective therapies.

Caregiver Narratives of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Symptom Recognition, Diagnosis, and Interventions.

The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) poses myriad challenges for families, yet there is a scarcity of research focusing on their journey from recognizing initial anomalies to implementing interventions. This qualitative study examines how caregivers in Sylhet, Bangladesh, perceive and manage ASD in their children, including early symptom identification, diagnostic processes, and intervention strategies. Data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews, case studies, and observations involving 22 caregivers of children with ASD. Participants were chosen using purposive-convenience sampling, and data collection continued until interpretive saturation was achieved. The study findings unveil nuanced caregiver perceptions of ASD causation, influenced by sociocultural factors, religious beliefs, and genetic predispositions. These determinants wield significant influence over treatment modalities and the child's developmental trajectory. Importantly, the prevalence of supernatural beliefs and myths often surpasses biomedical explanations, highlighting gaps in awareness, educational outreach, and understanding of ASD. Nevertheless, religious beliefs and rituals concurrently serve as adaptive coping mechanisms, offering solace amidst uncertainty. Furthermore, a striking observation emerges: despite parents frequently identifying anomalies in their children within a 24-month, a substantial delay of 3 to 5 years persists between initial symptom recognition and formal diagnosis. This delay predominantly stems from caregiver hesitancy driven by societal stigmatization, familial dismissal attitudes, and limited diagnostic and specialized services. This study highlights the challenging diagnostic journey and caregiving for children with ASD in Bangladesh, stressing the need for systemic improvements in services, awareness, and research to enhance the well-being of individuals with ASD.

Neuroinflammation and autism: what have we learned so far?

The purpose of the review is to summarize clinical and preclinical study data from the literature related to the relationship between autism and inflammation, as well as hypotheses associated with this relationship. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an increasing prevalence, yet limited data regarding its etiology. Inflammatory changes are thought to potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of autism. It has been demonstrated that the frequency of autoimmune diseases is higher in the families of individuals with autism, and there is an increased risk of autoimmune diseases in these individuals. Some immune system-related molecules such as cytokines and chemokines have also been shown to play a role in the etiology of autism, affecting synapse development, plasticity, and consequently, the development of cortical connections. Preclinical and clinical studies are being conducted on the use of exosomes, small lipid-surfaced vesicles capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier, to regulate inflammation-associated molecules and signaling pathways shown to exhibit differences in individuals with autism. Additionally, research is ongoing regarding the modulation of the mTOR pathway, probiotics which have gained attention for correcting dysbiosis, and drugs like luteolin and minocycline, known to inhibit microglial activation. However, the evidence supporting their effectiveness remains limited. While the literature contains a wealth of data regarding the relationship between autism and inflammation, it is important to acknowledge that many findings remain contradictory. Nevertheless, the exploration of neuroinflammation and its associated treatments provides a promising avenue for furthering our understanding of autism spectrum disorder.

Brief Report: Self-Reported Medication Use in Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood: A U.S. Clinic Sample from 2012 to 2022.

As the understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan has increased, so has the number of individuals being identified with ASD for the first time in adulthood. Understanding co-occurring psychiatric conditions in this subset of the ASD population is a growing focus of research; however, little is known about the rate at which psychiatric medications are prescribed to adults with a first-time diagnosis of ASD. The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported medication use in persons diagnosed with ASD in adulthood in a clinic sample (2012-2022) in the United States. The present study was a retrospective record review. Participants (n = 281) were drawn from an outpatient clinic specializing in the diagnosis of ASD in adults. Participants self-reported previous and current psychiatric medication prescription using a medication checklist. Approximately 50% of participants self-reported being prescribed at least one psychiatric medication at the time of their initial evaluation appointment. The most commonly prescribed psychiatric medications were antidepressants (23.8%), followed by stimulants (16.7%). Similar to individuals diagnosed with ASD in childhood, those identified with ASD for the first time in adulthood are prescribed psychiatric medication at a much higher rate than their same-age non-autistic peers. These results can inform future research and practice for improving outcomes for autistic adults, particularly those who were undiagnosed for much of their lives.

Letter to the Editor: Supporting Drivers with Autism and Police Officer Interactions-Connecticut's Blue Envelope Program.

The rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has led to increased efforts to support individuals with ASD across numerous aspects of life, including driving. While obtaining a driver's license substantially impacts quality of life and independence, it also creates distinct challenges for those with ASD. Challenges surrounding social communication, executive functioning, and sensory sensitivities are particularly evident when considering interactions between drivers with ASD and law enforcement personnel. Connecticut's Blue Envelope Program aims to improve interactions between drivers with and ASD law enforcement by providing instructions for officers and drivers to follow during routine traffic stops on a physical, blue colored, envelope. The instructional guidelines aim to assist officers in understanding and appropriately responding to common ASD-related behaviors which may be otherwise misinterpreted and includes accommodations officers could consider during a stop. Additionally, the envelope outlines clear steps for drivers with ASD to follow through the stop as to support predictability and expectations. The widespread acceptance, efficacy and popularity of the Blue Envelope program underscores the importance of increasing awareness and understanding of ASD among law enforcement and the need for more supports to aid in these increasing interactions. Discussion is offered on a broader implementation of this program to support individuals with ASD and officers, while improving the outcomes of interactions.

PEDAGOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF REMEDIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS TOWARDS STUDENTS WITH AUTISM

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can impact every family and kid, regardless of color, ethnicity, or educational attainment. This study aims to assess remedial teachers' level of understanding regarding children with autism. The association between the remedial teacher's understanding of autistic students and their educational background as well as their teaching experience is also examined in this study. A descriptive cross-sectional study methodology was used to assess the remedial teachers' degree of understanding regarding kids with autism. Simple random sampling was used to pick 50 remedial instructors from 50 elementary schools in the Petaling Perdana area. Using a Google Form questionnaire based on earlier research, primary data was gathered. Statistical Packages for The Social Sciences (version 27) was utilized to process and evaluate the data. The instrument that has been produced with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value of α = 0.73 was examined using the Pearson Correlation test. With a mean score of 3.39, this research indicates a low degree of expertise. This demonstrates the necessity for remedial teachers to increase their understanding of ASD. Most remedial teachers expressed enthusiasm in working with students who have autism when given the right support. Additionally, remedial teachers lack expertise about students with autism. They are having trouble identifying the pupils. Thus, the researcher recommends that basic courses, training, workshops, or pertinent seminars on autistic kids be implemented in all schools going forward.

Paradigm Shift: New Approaches to Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders

A significant increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), both worldwide and in our country, dictates the need to search for modern and effective methods of prevention, diagnosis and medical care for such patients. At the same time, the results of numerous biomedical research in the field of autism are not reflected in practical healthcare. Aims of this work — substantiation of new approaches to the organization of medical care for people with ASD. The results of promising areas of autism research in the field of genetics, epigenetics, metabolomics, microbiome and multimorbidity, which marked a paradigm shift in the understanding of autism spectrum disorders, and requiring implementation in practice, are analyzed. Based on the concept of 7-p pediatrics (programming child development and health, preventive, predictive, personalized, participatory, multiprofessional, progressive), the necessity and possibility of implementing the results of scientific research into real clinical practice of managing children with autism are substantiated. The results of fundamental scientific research in the field of ASD, revealing their complex and multifaceted nature, allow us to talk about a paradigm shift in understanding this disorder Based on a new concept of medical care — 7P-pediatrics — the results of scientific research can be translated into real clinical practice, including diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive and rehabilitative effects on autism, as well ase programming of the optimal trajectory of the cognitive-behavioral phenotype of children with neurodevelopmental features, including ASD.

Understand Autism Spectrum Disorder Differences in Women for Accurate Referral, Diagnosis, and Accommodation

Understand Autism Spectrum Disorder Differences in Women for Accurate Referral, Diagnosis, and Accommodation

Understanding profound autism: implications for stigma and supports.

Societal perceptions and lack of understanding of autism spectrum disorder can be stigmatizing for autistic individuals and their families. This may be particularly the case for individuals who meet criteria for profound autism. Despite the considerable service needs of this marginalized group, there is little data on the prevalence of profound autism, nor on the experiences of those with profound autism and their families. The current study leveraged a mixed-methods approach to address these gaps. First, the prevalence of profound autism was examined in six samples-three from the United States and three from Western Europe. Second, inductive thematic analysis was used to code interviews from 20 caregivers of profoundly autistic adults. The prevalence of profound autism varied widely across the six samples-from 11% to 48%. There were also notable differences between samples in prevalence by gender, race, and ethnicity. Two overarching themes were identified via inductive thematic analysis: Community Perceptions of Autism and Family Support Needs and Advocacy Challenges. Though caregivers were not directly asked about stigmatization during interviews, 85% of caregivers reported at least one instance of perceived stigma. Future research should continue to examine the unique needs and stigmatization experiences of profoundly autistic individuals and their families across the life course.

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments for Autism: Literature Review

In the past few years, there has been critical advance in understanding the causes, symptoms, and medications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This literature review aims to summarize the current understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by examining various studies and research conducted in recent years. This review will focus on the causes, effects, different symptoms, and solutions for individuals that suffer from autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The patients often experience a wide range of effects that impact their social communication, behavior, and sensory processing. Difficulties in social interaction, communication challenges, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities are common characteristics of ASD. These effects can vary in severity and manifestation from person to person, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of the disorder.Genetic factors play a significant part, with certain gene mutations and varieties contributing to the development of ASD. Moreover, natural components and pre-birth complications are also related with higher risks of ASD.The paper discusses the implications of these findings in refining our understanding of autism and ultimately developing improved interventions and support mechanisms for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

​​Auditory Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment, Challenges, and Therapeutic Approaches

In recent years, our understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has evolved, allowing us to better understand and treat those affected by it. ASD affects behavior, physical aspects, and social development in millions of individuals nationwide. Among ASD the challenges faced by individuals with ASD, hyperacusis (reduced sound tolerance) is commonly found. This paper examines ASD's link to auditory sensitivity, especially hyperacusis, covering symptoms, causes, and interventions. Interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and desensitization methods show promising results in alleviating symptoms of those with ASD. In conclusion, tailored approaches are needed for complex ASD challenges and treatment varies by individual. In order to better treat ASD, more research must be done to better understand the etiology and intricacies of this disorder. This paper emphasizes the significance of understanding ASD nuances and auditory aspects, promoting research for enhanced autism spectrum lives.

Screening and Bioinformatics Analysis of Differential Genes in Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on GEO Database.

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been increasing year by year, which has seriously affected the quality of life of children. There are many theories about the cause of ASDs, with some studies suggesting that it may be related to gene expression levels or inflammation and immune system dysfunction. But the exact mechanism is not fully understood. profile of gene expression The protein interaction network (PPI) of differentially expressed genes was created using the STRING web tool and GSE77103, which was chosen from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Using the CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape program, the hub genes were examined. The hub gene regulatory network for miRNA-mRNA was then built. We identified 551 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) in 8 children with ASD and normal children. In addition, we screened out 10 hub genes (MX1, ISG15, IRF7, DDX58, IFIT1, BCL2L1, HPGDS, CTSD, PTGS2 and CD68) that were most associated with the development of ASDs. Then, microRNAs (miRNAs) closely related to hub genes (such as has-miR-27a-5p) were screened, and the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed. In this study, a total of 10 hub genes were identified, including MX1, ISG15, IRF7, DDX58, IFIT1, BCL2L1, HPGDS, CTSD, PTGS2 and CD68, which are closely related to ASD. These genes may play a key role in the occurrence and progression of ASD. In addition, we also revealed some miRNAs that regulate the hub genes of ASD. These results may deepen our understanding of ASD and provide potential biomarkers and targets for future treatment of patients with ASD.

Personal Risk Factors Regarding the Presence of Autism Spectrum Disorders

<p style="text-align:justify">The current understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as an alteration of neurodevelopment requires deepening in the causes that originate it. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the presence of ASD in subjects aged 2-22 years and some related biological factors (sex/gender, age, and body mass index). A quasi-experimental study, with a cross-sectional retrospective design, was conducted on 209 subjects (n = 111 with ASD and n = 98 neurotypical) who were applied to the GARS-2 test in three areas: communication, social interaction, and stereotyped behaviours between 2016-2021. The risk factors identified are related to early age (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.30-3.96), being male (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.41-4.68) and having underweight (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.09-3.80). Differences in stereotyped behaviours (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.05-1.14), functional communication (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08-1.17) and social interaction (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08-1.15), were found, being at risk as soon as scores related to ASD diagnosis. In sum, rigorous and multidimensional understanding analysis among specialists regarding people with ASD allows to evaluate the development of the set of alterations and key variables to provide support and assistance to their quality of life.</p>

Autism in Africa: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and the impact of social and cultural factors on families and caregivers: a review.

This paper presents a narrative review of current knowledge on autism in Africa, including prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and the impact of social and cultural factors on families and caregivers. The prevalence of autism in Africa is estimated to be similar to that in other regions. However, diagnosis and treatment access remain limited due to various challenges, such as a shortage of specialised healthcare professionals and resources, a lack of awareness and understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among healthcare providers, and cultural stigma surrounding mental health and developmental disorders. Alternative therapies are commonly used with other therapies, but their effectiveness is often unproven. The impact of ASD on families and caregivers in Africa is significant, with many facing challenges in accessing support services and coping with stigma. Efforts are being made to increase awareness and reduce the stigma around ASD in African communities, but more research is needed on effective interventions and culturally appropriate treatments. Policy recommendations include increasing resources and training for healthcare professionals, improving access to evidence-based interventions and promoting community awareness and support. With improved understanding and investment, the quality of life of individuals with ASD in Africa can be significantly improved.

Enigma of the Developmental Causes in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological developmental condition that can impact communication, sensory processing, and social interaction. ASD) is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. For a long time now, the scientific community has been grappling with the enigma of what causes the developmental deficits in people on the autism spectrum, the causes of the ASD symptoms, and the timing of the manifestation of ASD in infants that occurs on or after 6 months. Several research studies show that the main cause of autism appears on account of the enlargement of the brain, specifically the amygdala, which could lead to communication and physical deficits, as well as sensory and light sensitivity. The research on the causes for ASD is still at the nascent stage as there are still many unanswered questions including about the causes of ASD. It appears that few if any ASD Research studies have a representative sampling for gender and the majority of research focuses on male individuals with ASD. This literature review reveals that more research is required to bridge the gaps in our understanding of ASD . The enigma of the developmental causes in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder continues to be of interest to the scientific community and there is potential for further research regarding factors for pre-onset of ASD.

The enteric nervous system deficits in autism spectrum disorder.

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and abnormalities in these issues have been found to be closely related to the severity of core behavioral deficits in autism. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of gut functions, including gastrointestinal motility. Dysfunctional wiring in the ENS not only results in various gastrointestinal issues, but also correlates with an increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as ASD. However, it remains unclear whether the gastrointestinal dysfunctions are a consequence of ASD or if they directly contribute to its pathogenesis. This review focuses on the deficits in the ENS associated with ASD, and highlights several high-risk genes for ASD, which are expressed widely in the gut and implicated in gastrointestinal dysfunction among both animal models and human patients with ASD. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of environmental factors associated with gastrointestinal tract in individuals with autism. This could offer fresh perspectives on our understanding of ASD.

The Jordanian Population's Knowledge, Attitudes, and Willingness to Help People with Autism: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To assess the knowledge and attitudes of the general public in Jordan towards autism. In addition, we aimed to assess their awareness of various treatment options for autism, and their attentiveness and willingness to assist. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Jordan for the period between April and May 2022 using an online questionnaire developed based on a literature review. A total of 833 individuals in Amman city completed the questionnaires assessing participant demographics, knowledge of and attitude towards ADS, awareness of management options, perception, and ability to help. Using logistic regression, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for those who are more likely to be informed about autism were determined. The participants' overall understanding of autism spectrum disorder was poor, with a mean score of 6.2 (SD: 3.1) out of 17, or 36.5%. The participants showed a moderately positive attitude towards autism, with an average agreement of 60.9% for government support for ADS children. The items about management options auditory integration training therapy had the highest level (50.1%). Additionally, the participants showed a moderate to high level of attention and ability to help people with autism. The majority confirmed that they see the need to implement changes in public facilities to meet the needs of autistic patients (71.8%). When compared to others, females, aged below 30, single, with family income less than 500 JD, holding a bachelor's degree, and working outside the healthcare field had a higher likelihood of knowing more about the autism spectrum condition (p ≤ 0.05). Our research illustrates the lack of awareness and knowledge among the Jordanian population regarding autism. To fill this gap, educational awareness programs should be conducted to promote Jordanian knowledge regarding autism and find ways in which communities, organisations, and governments can support so as to allow for early diagnoses and an appropriate treatment plan and therapy for autistic children.