Underground Sources Research Articles

Water-Filling Characteristics and Water Source of Weakly Rich Water and Weakly Conducting Water Aquifers in the Changxing Formation after Mining Damage

The escalation of mining activities in the karst regions of Guizhou Province has heightened the occurrence of water-inrush incidents in deep coal mines. This study focused on water-inrush phenomena within the Xinhua mining area of Jinsha County, Guizhou Province, aiming to investigate the sources of these incidents. The findings indicated that the overlying limestone of the Changxing Formation in the coal seam served as a vulnerable aquifer under certain conditions, leading to water inrushes. The analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of water-inrush incidents at the working face indicated that previous mining operations damaged the shallow Changxing Formation limestone, resulting in the accumulation of goaf water and the formation of numerous mining-induced fractures. These fractures served as rapid conduits for water inrushes from both atmospheric precipitation and underground sources at the deep working face. The examination of surface water and mine water quality demonstrated that both exhibited similar characteristics, predominantly featuring bicarbonate, sulfate, and sodium compositions. Investigation into the relationship between mine water inflow and atmospheric precipitation established that atmospheric precipitation influenced the mine water supply cycle, with a replenishment period of ~10 months during the operational phase of the Jinyuan Coal Mine and about one month post-closure. The fractures induced by mining activities within the Changxing Formation limestone facilitated water flow, with atmospheric precipitation serving as the primary water source for the mine. This study offered a valuable scientific foundation for addressing water-related damage resulting from atmospheric precipitation in mines susceptible to water inrushes under analogous hydrogeological conditions.

Water, energy and environment nexus: Quantitative assessment for integrated power plants with renewable energy

The population increase and the demand for water and energy, accompanied by the implications of environment pollution for natural and human resources, indicate the critical necessity for a coherent movement towards nexus between water, energy, and environment. Due to the fact that power generation industry is responsible for a significant proportion of water and fuel consumption and Carbon dioxide emissions within the world, in this research, the application of the hybrid renewable system in a thermal power plant has been assessed based on the approach of analyzing the link between energy, water and environment. The design of the solar system and the assessment of carbon balance during the power plant lifetime have been conducted in PVsyst application in 2022. Moreover, ReCipe environmental model has been used for assessing the effect of decrease in carbon emission on the ecosystem. The findings of the research indicate that the replacement of at least 2 % of the nominal capacity of the fossil fuel power plant with the renewable one, prevents the emission of 1431.28 tons of carbon dioxide yearly. This amount equals to 380.34 cubic meters of reserve in fossil fuel consumption and 391.73 tons of crude oil. The results also showed that in addition to preserving natural resources, the hybrid cycle design leads to significant water demand reduction which equals to 3842 cubic meters with the capacity to supply underground water sources. Due to the interests of preserving water and energy resources and decreasing carbon emission in power plant industry, within the framework of nexus approach, management of energy supply by replacing resources and using water and heat recovery technologies and application of energy demand management policies based on energy efficiency and environmental implications is recommended.

The Diversity of Freshwater Stygobiotic Crustaceans in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania Provides New Evidence for the Existence of an Ancient Glacial Refugium in the North Caucasus Region

A review and partial revision of the diversity of freshwater stygobiotic crustaceans in the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, in the North Caucasus, is presented here. Previously, two species of the genus Proasellus Dudich, 1925 (Isopoda, Asellidae), P. uallagirus Palatov & Sokolova, 2020 and P. irystonicus Palatov & Sokolova, 2020, and one species of the genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 (Amphipoda, Niphargidae), N. alanicus Marin & Palatov, 2021, were described from the hyporhean/underground habitats (hyporhea) in the area. However, further research using an integrative approach has revealed that only a single species of the genus Proasellus (P. uallagirus) is actually widely distributed in the hyporhean riverbed habitats in the area, while the diversity of the genus Niphargus is higher than previously known. Six more new Niphargus species— namely, N. ardonicus sp. nov., N. sadonicus sp. nov., N. fiagdonicus sp. nov., N. tschertschesovae sp. nov., N. osseticus sp. nov. and N. zeyensis sp. nov., were discovered from the various hypogean underground water sources (i.e., springs and seeps) and are described in this article. Their phylogenetic relationships with their congeners, as well as their ecology and known distribution, are discussed. Furthermore, molecular genetic analysis, with an interpretation of the estimated divergence time, suggests that the studied hyporheic/stygobiotic crustaceans started to diverge from related European and Balkan sister species during the Late Miocene, approximately 8–5.8 Mya, with the reduction in the Paratethys and the uplifting of the Caucasus Mountains. Local speciation was led by local geological processes and karst fragmentation during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene periods, starting around 5.3 Mya. The obtained data suggest that the mountainous area of the North Ossetia–Alania could be considered as a post-Pliocene glacial refugium for subterranean and stygobiotic fauna—the first known for the North Caucasus region.

Approaches for the Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater: A Comprehensive Review.

Contamination of groundwater with fluoride represents a significant global issue, with high concentrations posing serious public health threats. While fluoride is a critical element in water, excessive levels can be detrimental to human health and potentially life-threatening. Addressing the challenge of removing fluoride from underground water sources via nanotechnological approaches is a pressing concern in environmental science. To collate relevant information, extensive literature searches were conducted across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the American Chemical Society, Elsevier, Springer, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. VOS Viewer software version 1.6.20 was employed for a systematic review. This article delivers an exhaustive evaluation of various groundwater fluoride removal techniques, such as adsorption, membrane filtration, electrocoagulation, photocatalysis, and ion exchange. Among these, the application of nanoparticles emerges as a notable method. The article delves into nano-compounds, optimizing conditions for the fluoride removal process and benchmarking their efficacy against other techniques. Studies demonstrate that advanced nanotechnologies-owing to their rapid reaction times and potent oxidation capabilities-can remove fluoride effectively. The implementation of nanotechnologies in fluoride removal not only enhances water quality but also contributes to the safeguarding of human health.

Water Resources, Pollution, Integrated Management and Practices in Nigeria – An Overview

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Nigeria’s water landscape, focusing on its abundant surface and underground water sources and the agencies responsible for water resources development and management. Findings reveals that the country boasts vast freshwater reserves, encompassing surface and groundwater, intricate river drainage systems, numerous dams, and managed aquifer formations, primarily overseen by River Basin Development Authorities. Despite these resources, Nigeria faces severe pollution challenges, especially in the Niger Delta, resulting from oil-related activities and causing environmental degradation, health crises, and enduring ecosystem consequences. Approximately 13 million barrels of oil spills have adversely impacted coastal wetlands, mangroves, and agricultural lands. Elevated levels of heavy metal pollution, exceeding recommended guidelines, pose significant threats to public health, emphasizing the lasting impact of persistent oil spillage on fishery production and aquatic organisms. River Basin Development Authorities have made substantial contributions, challenges persist in catchment management and the indiscriminate disposal of hazardous substances. The absence of effective environmental policies necessitates urgent, coordinated action from federal and state governments. Nigeria must prioritize integrated water management practices to strike a delicate balance between resource utilization and preservation for the benefit of current and future generations. This manuscript relies on secondary sources, utilizing key search terms such as “water resources in Nigeria,” “water pollution in Nigeria,” “water supply and demand in Nigeria,” “water management in Nigeria,” and “integrated water practices in Nigeria.” Data were sourced from reputable institutions, including the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, The World Bank, United Nations Environmental Protection (UNEP), USAID’s Sustainable Water Partnership, and various scientific publications, ensuring the reliability of the presented data.

Electromagnetic ULF Fields from an Underground Seismic Source on the Earth Surface and in the Ionosphere

Electromagnetic ULF Fields from an Underground Seismic Source on the Earth Surface and in the Ionosphere

Urban Sanitation in al-Andalus: The Case of Qurṭuba (Tenth to Thirteenth Century)

ABSTRACT This article presents a comprehensive examination of sanitation practices in Islamic Cordoba and al-Andalus; it highlights the importance of hygiene at both the domestic and the community level. The focus is on waste disposal methods, particularly the use of cesspits and the implementation of sewer systems. The article explores sanitation practices in intramural areas, where a sanitary network was constructed, as well as in extramural areas, where cesspits were used, and sometimes older hydraulic structures were repurposed for waste management. The role of professional cleaners in these cities is also investigated, along with the mechanisms used to preserve water quality and prevent contamination of underground water sources.

Подземные источники балки Пещерная озера Баскунчак: гидрохимические особенности и эмиссия парниковых газов

For the first time, full-scale measurements of methane and carbon dioxide emissions by the chamber method were carried out in summer for groundwater sources discharged in the valley of the Peshernaya Gulch creek, located in the north-west of Lake Baskunchak. pH values, concentrations of CH4, basic ions, gross Fe and Mn were determined in the water of the sources; concentrations of CH4, H2S, organic matter, Eh and pH values, density and humidity were determined in various layers of bottom sediments (up to 27 cm). A detailed description of the identified groundwater sources was carried out, their primary morphometric and morphological characteristics were measured, as well as the flow rate. It was found that more than 10 ascending karst sources of groundwater are discharged in the Peshchernaya beam, 5 of which were active during the research period and mainly confined to the left screw of the beam. The active sources of the left screw of the beam are characterized by a small flow rate and are sodium chloride brines with a mineralization of 93.9–107.1 g/l. The bottom sediments accumulating in the sinkholes of underground sources are characterized by a neutral acid-base environment and restorative conditions. The concentrations of CH4 and ∑H2S in the sediments of the sources varied, respectively, in the range of 0.08–0.77 µg/g vl.o. and 0.023–2.63 mg/g vl.o. with minimal values for both gases in the lower less reduced layer with a low content of Sorg. The concentration of methane in the water of active sources varied from 26.3 up to 38.4 µl/l and was on average 2 times higher than in the waters of a stream fed by them and an inactive source. The specific methane flux from the water surface of active sources varied in the range of 0.6–1.5 mg/(m2∙h), which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the specific CO2 flux of 46.4–106.1 mg/(m2∙h). The isotopic composition of carbon (δ13C) CH4 and CO2 measured in gas bubbles rising from the bottom of one of the ascending sources indicates the modern biochemical genesis of these greenhouse gases.

Spatial assessment of groundwater quality for drinking In Souk El Arbaa, Morocco

ABSTRACT Morocco is facing challenges with its water resources due to population growth, industrial expansion, agriculture, urban development, tourism, climate change, overuse of underground water sources, and pollution from inadequate sanitation and chemical fertilizers. The Gharb aquifer is significant for supplying drinking water and irrigation in the country. Souk El Arbaa is a Moroccan city located in the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Morocco in the Kenitra Province. Its economic activities depend mainly on agriculture and livestock raising. This study aims to assess the groundwater status of a basin in a semi-arid climate in the Souk El Arbaa for drinking purposes by collecting 14 samples in 2022 from different locations and analyzing their physicochemical characteristics. The quality assessment was made by estimating electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonates, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. The results showed that most of the groundwater in the study area is very hard, and all groundwater in the study area, according to the Moroccan Standards for drinking purposes, exceeds the permissible limits for nitrate and ammonium.

Исследование химического состава воды подземного источника, расположенного на пойменном участке реки Малка в нижнем течении

The analysis of an undergroundsourcewaterchemicalcomposition located inthe floodplain oftheMalka River,the largestriver flowing through the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is presented. Data on the quantitativecontent of the groundwater ion-saltcomposition components serve as indicators to identify background concentrations of pollutants in river waters. The observation results of the intra-annual dynamics of flow, temperature, transparency, pH, mineralization, hardness, permanent oxidability, concentrations of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrites, nitrates, and total iron are presented. The qualitative trace element composition has been determined. The results of sanitary and microbiological analysis are presented. The theoretical analysis allows us to conclude that the chemical composition of the water under study follows general patterns. The constancy of the underground source waters temperature indicates the deep occurrence of aquifers. The chemical composition of water is determined by the composition of minerals and rocks, which it comes into contact with, remains almost constant throughout the year and, to a small extent, depends on climatic conditions on the surface. Data on the concentration of components of the ion-salt composition and microflora characterizing the water quality of an underground source were obtained. The water of an underground source refers to neutral, fresh, medium hardness, bicarbonate waters that are not contaminated with pathogenic microflora.

Numerical analysis of water, energy, and environment nexus in the hybrid thermal and solar multigeneration power plants

AbstractThe challenge of providing water, energy, and managing the environment is widely recognized as a significant barrier to global advancement in light of the increasing population. Based on projections, it is anticipated that the global community will encounter crises pertaining to water, energy and the environment in the foreseeable future. In this research, the application of the hybrid renewable system in a thermal power plant has been assessed based on the approach of analyzing the link between energy, water, and environment. The design of the solar system and the assessment of carbon balance during the power plant lifetime have been conducted in PVsyst application in 2022. Moreover, ReCipe environmental model has been used for assessing the effect of decrease in carbon emission on the ecosystem. The findings of the research indicate that the replacement of at least 2% of the nominal capacity of the fossil fuel power plant with the renewable one, prevents the emission of 1340.37 tons of carbon dioxide yearly. This amount equals to 371.25 m3 of reserve in fossil fuel consumption and 382.64 tons of crude oil. The results also showed that in addition to preserving natural resources, the hybrid cycle design leads to significant water demand reduction which equals to 3751 m3 with the capacity to supply underground water sources. Due to the interests of preserving water and energy resources and decreasing carbon emission in power plant industry, within the framework of nexus approach, management of energy supply by replacing resources and using water and heat recovery technologies and application of energy demand management policies based on energy efficiency and environmental implications is recommended.

Determination of the magnetization direction via correlation between reduced‐to‐the‐pole magnetic anomalies and total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization

AbstractThe total magnetization of an underground magnetic source is the vector sum of the induced magnetization and the natural remanent magnetization. The direction of the total magnetization serves as important a priori information in the inversion and processing of magnetic data. We demonstrated that the total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization constitutes the envelope of the vertical component of the magnetic field for all directions of the Earth's field and source magnetization. The total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization and the reduction‐to‐the‐pole field simultaneously tend to achieve maximum symmetry near the correct total magnetization direction. As a result, the total magnetization direction can be estimated by computing the correlations between the reduction‐to‐the‐pole and the total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization. The proposed method yields accurate magnetization directions in synthetic model examples. The total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization is less susceptible to data noise than transforms which are derived from the high‐order magnetic field derivatives or tensors. The estimation results are slightly affected by changes in the source magnetization direction. In a field example in the Weilasito region (North China), the reduction‐to‐the‐pole fields calculated using the estimated magnetization directions are well centred over the source. The proposed method obtained a more focused magnetization direction than that of a three‐dimensional magnetization vector inversion. The total gradient of the magnetic potential with vertical magnetization therefore provides a novel and accurate approach to determine the total magnetization direction from the total field anomaly in a variety of situations.

Infrasound source localization and correlation with seismic sources

Infrasound is widely used as a geophysical monitoring tool to detect and locate events of interest. Direct infrasound from atmospheric pressure disturbances can propagate long distances, allowing for reliable source localization. Infrasound can also be generated by underground sources which generally produce seismic waves in the solid Earth. Atmospheric pressures are coupled with ground motions induced by underground explosions or earthquakes and propagate in the atmosphere as infrasound. This ground-coupled infrasound can be used to locate the sources of atmospheric pressure disturbances and complement seismic observation to improve seismic source locations. It is well known that near-surface seismic sources are highly correlated with the infrasound source locations, but the correlation variance depending on source depths has not been explored extensively. In this study, we compare seismic and infrasound source locations of underground events detected by local and regional network in Utah, USA. Infrasound source locations are determined by back-azimuths and travel times on infrasound arrays and compared with seismic event catalogs. This systematic comparison for many seismic events will help us to understand statistical properties of seismic and acoustic source correlation.

A Closer Cooperation between Space and Seismology Communities – a Way to Avoid Errors in Hunting for Earthquake Precursors

The space physicists and the earthquake (EQ) prediction community exploit the same instruments – magnetometers, but for different tasks: space physicists try to comprehend the global electrodynamics of near-Earth space on various time scales, whereas the seismic community develops electromagnetic methods of short-term EQ prediction. The lack of deep collaboration between those communities may result sometimes in erroneous conclusions. In this critical review, we demonstrate some incorrect results caused by a neglect of specifics of geomagnetic field evolution during space weather activation. The considered examples comprise: Magnetic storms as a trigger of EQs; ULF waves as a global EQ precursor; Geomagnetic impulses before seismic shocks; Long-period geomagnetic disturbances generated by strong EQs; Discrimination of underground ULF sources by amplitude-phase gradients; Depression of ULF power as a short-term EQ precursor; and Detection of seimogenic emissions by satellites. To verify the reliability of the above widely disseminated results data from available arrays of fluxgate and search-coil magnetometers have been re-analyzed. In all considered events, the “anomalous” geomagnetic field behavior can be explained by global geomagnetic activity, and it is apparently not associated with seismic activity. This critical review does not claim that ULF electromagnetic field cannot be used as a sensitive indicator of the EQ preparation processes, but we suggest that both communities must cooperate their studies more tightly using data exchange, combined usage of magnetometer networks, organization of CDAW for unique events, etc.

Qualitative risk assessment of legacy wells based on publicly available data for class VI well permit applications—Illinois basin case study

Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) refers to capturing the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) at a source followed by injecting and storing it safely in the subsurface. The success of the CCS projects therefore heavily relies on how efficiently the confining zones (containment seals) prevent migration of the CO2 to the surface and/or to the underground sources of drinking water (USDW) through leakage pathways. CCS projects requires drilling of Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI wells for permanent storage of CO2 in subsurface. Detailed information of all the wells within the Area of Review (AoR) is needed to develop the map and tabulation components of the Class VI well permit application. This paper discusses the generic process that can be used by permit applicants to develop the dataset necessary for preparing the map and tabulation components of the Class VI permit application and perform qualitative risk assessment of all the wells within the AoR. This methodology directs the corrective action plans as well as monitoring plans to some extent. Results of the application of the newly developed methodology for wells in Illinois basin is discussed in detail. This methodology can be applied to all wells including orphaned wells, abandoned wells, active oil and gas wells, stratigraphic wells, disposal wells, etc. This methodology generalized categorization of legacy wells that will help in easier comparison of different CCS projects across the globe. The qualitative risk assessment methodology discussed in this paper is a good starting point for developing crossflow modeling.

Field Testing of a Mixed Potential IoT Sensor Platform for Methane Quantification

Emissions of CH4 from natural gas infrastructure must urgently be addressed to mitigate its effect on global climate. With hundreds of thousands of miles of pipeline in the US used to transport natural gas, current methods of surveying for leaks are inadequate. Mixed potential sensors are a low cost, field deployable technology for remote and continuous monitoring of natural gas infrastructure. We demonstrate for the first time a field trial of a mixed potential sensor device coupled with machine learning and internet-of-things platform at Colorado State University’s Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC). Emissions were detected from a simulated buried underground pipeline source. Sensor data was acquired and transmitted from the field test site to a remote cloud server. Quantification of concentration as a function of vertical distance is consistent with previously reported transport modelling efforts and experimental surveys of methane emissions by more sophisticated CH4 analyzers.

Quality of drinking water and risk to the health of the population of the south Baikal region (Russia)

Providing good quality water in sufficient quantities is a major challenge in the world. The purpose of the study is to assess the quality of drinking water and the health risk of various population groups in the southern Baikal region (Siberia, Russia) under changing hydrological conditions. Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body of water and is one of the sites protected by UNESCO. Materials and methods. An analysis of centralized and non-centralized water supply was carried out in the south-eastern part of the Irkutsk region, adjacent to Lake Baikal. The data used are from the Baikal (regional) Information Center for 2011–2022, and they include the results of monitoring the water quality of the centralized domestic and drinking water supply (CDW) with 140 thousand samples, and non-centralized domestic and drinking water supply (NDW) with 108 thousand samples. In all samples, 17 substances were determined. In addition, during the flood period, accompanied by additional water disinfection, trihalomethanes were determined in populated areas exposed to negative impacts. The quality of drinking water was assessed in comparison with the maximum permissible concentrations of substances (MPCs) approved by regulatory documents of Russia. An assessment of the characteristics of drinking water consumption by the population of the Baikal region was carried out, based on interview data from sample groups of the population. The assessment of the risk to public health, due to chronic oral intake of chemicals, was carried out using the values of the hazard coefficient (HQi), the hazard index (HI), individual carcinogenic risk (ICR), and population carcinogenic risk (PCR).Village residents more often use underground water sources (centralized and non-centralized). Residents of cities are provided with water from surface sources (Lake Baikal and the Angara River). Significant concentrations of iron, nitrates, and manganese were found in drinking water used by villagers. Average concentrations of iron - 2.25 mg/dl, manganese - 0.6 mg/dl, nitrates - 135 mg/dl were recorded in the water of underground springs in villages of the Irkutsk region. Among rural residents of the Irkutsk region, 60.8 % live in settlements with non-water supply systems, 28.4 % have mixed water supply.The non-carcinogenic risk for the adult and child population was calculated; HI > 1 was identified for the population using underground water sources. the non-carcinogenic hazard for the adult population, it was found that HI in the Irkutsk region slightly exceeded the standard value (1), amounting to 1.3, and for the child population - 1.6, the main contribution to the hazard index is represented by nitrates. For children of individual rural settlements of the Angarsk region HI = 1.38. The carcinogenic risk for water from underground sources reached in the range 1.56 × 10−5- 2.1 × 10−4 (in some settlements). Priority carcinogens were identified: arsenic (the contribution of which is 56.3–100 %), hexavalent chromium (29.9–35.8 %). A carcinogenic risk for city residents arises from increased disinfection during periods of microbiological contamination (floods, rains, high water levels), and it is associated with the formation of halogen-containing compounds. ConclusionThe need to strengthen the drinking water quality monitoring system in risk areas has been proven by increasing the number and frequency of sampling during flood periods.

Immunological and genetic profile of the pediatric population in the nitrate geochemical province

BACKGROUND: Contamination of groundwater with nitrates may result in substantial adverse effects on the health of various population groups.
 AIM: To study the immune status and genetic profile of children residing in the nitrate geochemical province in the Perm Region.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study on a total of 78 preschool children residing in areas with varying levels of nitrate in the underground drinking water sources. The children were divided into two groups for comparison purposes. The first group consisted of 43 children who consumed drinking water that met the acceptable standards for nitrate content. The second group comprised 35 children who consumed drinking water with elevated levels of nitrates. To assess the impact of nitrate content on the children’s health, several measurements were taken. Firstly, the level of nitrates in the household drinking water was analyzed. Additionally, the concentration of N-nitrosamines and nitrate ions in the children’s urine, was determined. To evaluate the immunoregulation parameters, the technology of flow cytometry and enzyme immunoassay were employed, along with PCR to examine genetic polymorphisms.
 RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (p 0.001) was observed in the nitrate content of drinking water between the observation area and the comparison area, with the former showing levels 2.8 times higher. Furthermore, children in the observation group exhibited a significant increase (p 0.05) of 2.3 times in N-nitrosodiethylamine content and 1.6 times in nitrate ion concentration in their urine compared to children in the comparison group. In addition, the observation group displayed a significant decrease (p 0.05) in the number of NKT cells and an increase in the levels of CD3+CD25+-, CD3+CD95+-cells, bax, IL-17, Annexin V-FITC+PI–-, and Annexin V-FITC+PI+-lymphocytes, when compared to the results obtained from the comparison group. Moreover, the presence of polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with tumor formation (CYP1A1 (rs1048943), MMP9 (rs17576), PPARD (rs2016520), BRCA1 G/A (rs3950989)) was also identified.
 CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that children who are exposed to chronic low-levels of nitrates (at a concentration of 1.2 MPC) through drinking water from underground sources exhibit an excessive presence of N-nitrosodiethylamine and nitrate ions in their urine. These findings, in conjunction with the genetic profile of genes responsible for tumor formation, influences the characteristics of the immune response.

Prospects of alternative water supply for the population of Ukraine during wartime and post-war reconstruction

ABSTRACT Russia is using water supply as a weapon. Ukraine’s water infrastructure is being systematically destroyed. To date, Ukraine has lost almost a third of its accumulated fresh water reserves (approximately 19 km3) worth over $US18 billion, and damage to canals, pipelines, pumping stations and water supply systems has left more than 5 million people without drinking water. The loss of hydrostatic pressure in the Kakhovka Reservoir changes storage and flow in aquifers and surface waters, as well as water intake structures. We review the main elements of the structure of water supply, water distribution, and wastewater discharge within Ukraine’s river basins, and substantiate the prospects and technological solutions for the construction of wells to provide water from underground sources.

Investigation of chemical change in water quality and spatial modeling with GIS mapping: A case study from Beşgöz Lake in Konya Province of Türkiye

In this study, Beşgöz lake in Sarayönü district of Konya province, located in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye, was chosen as the study area. Rehabilitation work was carried out in 2020 with the resources of the State Hydraulic Works. The average depth of Beşgöz Lake was increased from 4 m to 8.5 m, and its surface area was increased from 86.000 m2 to 230.000 m2. Beşgöz Lake, located in Sarayönü district, provides water from underground sources at the bottom of the lake. These underground sources come from the gaps in the limestone in the lower parts of the lake. When looking at the geological map, it is thought that there is a connection between Beyşehir Lake and Beşgöz Lake because the land has a calcareous structure. The changes in the water quality parameters of Beşgöz Lake in different periods were examined and spatially modeled using spline interpolation techniques with Arc GIS 10.3.1 program, one of the Geography Information Systems (GIS) software. In order to determine some water quality parameters of Beşgöz Lake, water samples were taken from eight different points representing the lake in 4 different periods (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter). Seasonally in the water of Beşgöz Lake, water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature, Chloride (Cl), Nitrite (NO2), Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (TSS), Boron (B) were investigated. As a result of the research, it was found that pH values varied between 7.77–8.42, EC: 268–470 µS/cm, water temperature varied between 6.8–20 °C, Cl varied between 0.139 - 3.9 mg/L, NO2 varied between < 0 00–0.33 mg/L, NO3 varied between < 0.00 - 4.13 mg/L, SO4 varied between 0.057 − 18.4 mg/L, COD varied between 5–32, TSS: 0.60 - 31.8 and B varied between 0.05–0.093 mg/L. As a result of the study, it was seen that the water quality of Beşgöz Lake, which is the subject of the research, is class I and potable water quality.