Underground Activities Research Articles

RELIGIOUS LIFE OF THE ORTHODOX IN TRANSCARPATHIA IN 1914-1916

У статті досліджується релігійне життя православних на Закарпатті в 1914-1916 рр. Автор прослідковує вплив Другого Мараморош-Сиготського процесу на розширення православного руху на території нинішньої Закарпатської області. Спираючись на архівні джерела у тексті доведено, що результати процесу, незважаючи на їх жорстокість, не призвели до припинення православ’я. Трибунал призвів до зворотного ефекту, викликавши співчуття у світової громадськості та населення українських комітатів Австро-Угорщини. Проаналізовано наявну джерельну базу, котра локалізована в українських та румунських архівах. Автор зазначає, що історіографія питання є досить скупою, дана проблема недостатньо вивчена. Особлива увага приділена аналізу вироку, вказано терміни ув’язнення та розміри штрафів. У статті прослідковано ставлення угорської влади до засуджених на судовому процесі. На основі аналізу джерел автор довів, що влада незаконно продовжила термін перебування православним, котрі перебували у в’язницях. Вивчається місіонерська робота ієромонахів Амфілохія, Матфея та Серафима, котра розгорнулася на території кількох комітатів. Автор стверджує, що влада задля припинення їхньої діяльності провела арешти та мобілізацію. Спираючись на документи з архіву в Бая Маре, у статті охарактеризовано методику контролю над православними з боку влади. Вона полягала у стеженні, обов’язкових явках в жандармерії, арештах. Влада застосовувала послуги детективів і таємних агентів. Автор приходить до висновку, що уряд безпідставно звинувачував православних селян у зраді державі, порушуючи при цьому діюче в імперії законодавство про культи. У статті наводиться ряд прикладів підпільної діяльності православних громад в умовах гонінь.

Z Lubelszczyzny na Pomorze

Stanisław Kulik was a pre-war professional non-commissioned officer of armored troops. He fought in September 1939, escaped from the German captivity, in a conspiracy in the Lublin region, he became a commander of a partisan unit, he was decorated many times. In 1945, he organized one of the biggest desertions from the Polish „folk” army. He continued his underground activity in the Lublin region. From September 1945 to March 1946, he was the commander of the underground movement in Pomerania, operating under the name KD-111. He was arrested and murdered on December 28th, 1946 in Gdańsk.

Identity, politics and restriction in Athol Fugard’s art: Writing and liberalism in apartheid South Africa

Athol Fugard enjoys a place of honour in the South African and generally African canon as a great dramatist, creative collaborator, director and as an artist who was able to create a distinctive theatre that blended African and Western forms of performance. His multidimensional (rather than a given perspective) approach to art enabled him to retain his literary leaning and identity. This article examines his often downplayed but equally potent contribution to the struggle against apartheid through theatre. It also discusses his multilayered identity and how it affected his compositions and play-making, as well as the paradoxes associated with even his most political plays. For instance, while he promoted a belief in ‘the personal being inextricably political’, in his plays, in public utterances he denied being political. The article further examines some of the plays’ contested politics through a discussion of the diverse facets of restriction employed by the apartheid regime to gauge and suppress politics in the arts at the time and the underground activities of the playwright and his actor-collaborators who had to contend with the apartheid machinery that was designed – overtly or covertly – to suffocate any form of art deemed subversive and/or anti-apartheid. Generally, the article is anchored in the relation between intention, context and text or performance.

Research on positioning method of industrial wireless sensor networks

Location data associated with wireless sensor networks represents critical information. Current developments in localization algorithms employed in industrial wireless sensor networks seek to adopt positioning methods that are more robust and stable, and more accurate and efficient while requiring a minimum of resources. Therefore, the present study capitalizes on the industrial wireless sensor network that has a strong correlation between applications to propose a positioning method design based on a Monte Carlo localization algorithm that is ideally suited to the narrow channel environment encountered in underground mining activities. The proposed positioning method offers very low computational complexity, which greatly reduces the use of network resources. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed Monte Carlo localization algorithm provides strong stability and relatively high positioning accuracy.

Chrześcijański ruch narodowy na ziemiach polskich w latach 1885‒1945

<p>Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie ewolucji polskiego chrześcijańskiego ruchu narodowego. Ukazanie pełnego obrazu tytułowej tematyki wymagało wykorzystania metod historycznych, behawioralnej oraz decyzyjnej. W prezentowanych latach możemy wyróżnić cztery okresy funkcjonowania ruchu, zgodnie z którymi został podzielony artykuł. Każdy z nich charakteryzuje się odmiennymi warunkami wewnętrznymi oraz zewnętrznymi wpływającymi na działania organizacji narodowych. Pierwszy to okres funkcjonowania narodowców w czasach zaborów (lata 1885‒1918). Następnie zaprezentowano działania w warunkach niepodległej demokratycznej II Rzeczypospolitej (lata 1918‒1926). Kolejny etap to działalność w warunkach autorytaryzmu (lata 1926‒1939) oraz okres działalności konspiracyjnej (lata 1939‒1945). Działając wielowymiarowo, zarówno społecznie, politycznie, jak i militarnie, polski chrześcijański ruch narodowy wielokrotnie ewoluował organizacyjnie oraz ideologicznie w wyniku różnorodnych wydarzeń historycznych.</p>

Soil Moisture Retrievals in Aeolian Sand Mining Areas Using Temporal, Single-Polarization, High-Resolution SAR

Abstract Changes in the soil moisture are a key factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment caused by mining geological disasters. In this study, which presents a case study of the arid and semi-arid aeolian sand mining area along the Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi Province boundary, a method for retrieving the soil moisture based on RADARSAT-2 SAR scattering data and Terra MODIS surface reflectance data was proposed. The retrieval of RADARSAT-2 mainly used the Alpha approximation model based on the change detection technique, a model proposed by Balenzano et al., which can effectively decouple the impact of surface vegetation and roughness on radar backscattering coefficient, when the volume scattering is not dominant. Using 12 periods of RADARSAT-2 HH polarization data in conjunction with the Alpha approximation model, a matrix equation was constructed, which contains 11 equations and 12 unknowns. To solve this underdetermined system, a bounded linear least-squares optimization was adopted. Once the unknowns were determined, the relative dielectric constant could be analytically derived and then the soil moisture could be estimated by using the dielectric mixing model and compared with the MODIS retrieval results based on the spatial feature method. Finally, the DInSAR results of RADARSAT-2 were used to investigate the effects of high-intensity underground mining activities on the surface soil moisture. The study found that the RADARSAT-2 soil moisture estimates demonstrated good consistency with the MODIS retrieval results. Among four comparison groups, the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.599, and the highest proportion of sampling points for which the absolute error was less than 3 % was 55.6 %. The absolute error of all of the sampling points did not exceed 10 %, which demonstrates the reliability of the RADARSAT-2 retrieval results. A comparison among the 72 soil moisture values from six mining subsidence areas and corresponding non-subsidence areas in the study area in 2012 showed that 38 soil moisture values from the non-subsidence areas were higher than those from the subsidence areas. These values accounted for 53 % of the total, indicating that high-intensity mining activities have a certain negative impact on the surface soil moisture, although this impact is slightly insignificant.

Underground activities and labour market performance

We build a general equilibrium search and matching model with an informal sector. We consider the impact of traditional policy instruments discussed in the tax evasion literature, such as changes in the tax and punishment system and the employment protection legislation, as well as the impact of concealment costs, on labour market outcomes. The model is calibrated to and simulated on the northern and southern European countries, where countries in the south have significantly higher informal sectors than countries in the north. We conclude that differences in tax and punishment systems cannot explain the observed difference. Instead, we find that stricter employment protection legislation in southern Europe, as well as the higher tax morale and more extensive use of third-party reporting in northern Europe, are potential candidates for explaining the difference.

Inside information in Ponzi schemes

Ponzi-like investment schemes were popular in many transition economies. Often, some government officials had inside information about the viability of such schemes and used this information to their own advantage. We introduce a novel experimental design that allows us to study the extent to which this kind of abuse of information is possible and what consequences it has for those without such information. In particular, we investigate how the proportion of informed versus uninformed investors and the promised dividends affect the way in which informed investors can exploit the investments of uninformed investors. Our results show that uninformed investors follow the observed choices of the informed even more than predicted by theory. This adds to the devastating effects that this kind of underground activity can have on the uninformed.

Analysis of the European tourist mines and caves to design a monitoring system

Se ha creado una base de datos de cuevas y minas turísticas para investigar los requerimientos necesarios para implementar un sistema integrado de monitorización capaz de mantener las condiciones de seguridad de los visitantes y el ambiente adecuado de la actividad. Dicho sistema controla las principales características físicas, geológicas y de información del sitio. Los resultados detallan las principales condiciones de las cuevas y minas turísticas, mostrando los parámetros importantes a controlar: Número de visitantes, temperatura, ruido, concentraciones de gas y movimientos del terreno, entre otros. Todos estos parámetros son fundamentales para mantener la seguridad de los turistas y guías, así como para preservar la biodiversidad y formaciones geológicas particulares de cada sitio. La información incluida en este estudio se usará para obtener un producto similar al mostrado en los casos de estudio.

To the light of resurrection through the thorns of catacombs. The underground activity and reemergence of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Edited by Svitlana Hurkina and Andriy Mykhaleyko (trans. Iryna Ivankovych). Pp.104 incl. numerous illustrations. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2014. 078 966 2778 19 9.

To the light of resurrection through the thorns of catacombs. The underground activity and reemergence of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Edited by Svitlana Hurkina and Andriy Mykhaleyko (trans. Iryna Ivankovych). Pp.104 incl. numerous illustrations. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University Press, 2014. 078 966 2778 19 9. - Volume 69 Issue 1

Hydrogeological modelling in the geotechnical forecast

Underground development project activities for structures located below existing level of groundwater can cause changes in hydro-geological conditions on the construction site and adjacent territories and lead to development of unfavourable engineering-geological processes. Article presents results of hydrogeological forecast at the construction site with foundation pit enclosed in diaphragm wall. To recreate existing hydrogeological conditions and to create accurate model, inverse problem was solved with a multivariate selection of the filtration parameters of the modeled system in such way that there was a satisfactory alignment of modeled groundwater levels and groundwater levels marked during well-drilling, and analytical data, acquired during analysis and compilation of existing hydrogeological data. Upon solution of inverse problem to replicate existing hydrogeological conditions on the model, a series of forecasting tasks was undertaken to assess the impact of planned construction on hydrogeological situation of the construction site and adjacent territories. Construction was modelled in a multi-variant setting for a completely impermeable diaphragm wall and a permeable diaphragm wall with coefficient of filtration of 0.005 m/day. It is advisable to provide a comprehensive hydrogeological and geotechnical forecast at the design stage as it helps to predict how changes in hydrogeological regime affect deformation behaviour of surrounding buildings.

Linear discontinuous deformations in the light of investigations performed with ERT method

The article presents an example of using the electrical resistivity tomography method to assess the condition of shallow rock mass layers in the area of linear discontinuous deformations created in the past due to underground mining activity. The research concerned the mining area of one of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin mines, where intensive mining operations have been conducted for several decades. In the considered area, linear discontinuous deformations were created in the form of ground steps. Their location is related to characteristic layout of deposit accessing roadways and extraction fronts in several coal seams. The article analyzes the geological structure of the deposit and the state of deformation of the rock mass caused by mining operations. In order to evaluate the hitherto impacts, appropriate calculations of the extraction influence were performed, assuming different views on the summation of horizontal strain in long time intervals. The calculations were carried out using the theory of W.Budryk - S. Knothe. Theoretical considerations were supplemented with geophysical surveys performed with using electrical resistivity tomography. Obtained results of the near-surface layers ERT imaging in the form of resistivity profiles confirm the existence of rock loosening zones in the areas of discontinuous deformations occurrence.

RANCANGAN DAN PEMBUATAN ALAT SIMULASI SISTEM VENTILASI TAMBANG PADA LABORATORIUM UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN VENTILASI TAMBANG

Underground mine activities is not detached by mechanical ventilation system for supplying air demand for worker’s breathing, dirty air and toxic gases removing, dust reducing, and heat and humidity controlling. There for makes safer and enjoyable in working. To facility the study of mine ventilation in campus, the simulation study about mechanical underground mine ventilation system was applied. To do this research, the describtion about mechanical ventilation system of underground mine is necersary and also we need pay attention with the parameters in air qualities and quantities controlling witch are not over limit to the limit value (NAB). Describing how to control the air qualities and quantities, the writer got sample as well as PT. AICJ. PT.AICJ’s ventilation system is forcing system with some parameter like air velocity, wet and dry temperature, relative humidity, tunnel dimension, and around of gases concentration in air at mine front. Gases measured to wards the concentration of O2, CO2, CH4, and H2S. In this research, the writer designed and created a simulation of ventilation system, with autoCAD 2014 modeling advises. In the other hand the material that, used for equipment is iron plate 1 mm thickness. Volumetric air flow rate produced by forcing fan (18” diameter size) is 0.23m 3 /second with 26 0 C effectively temperature. Medium air flow rate is 0.24m/second with is 25,3 0 C effectively temperature. High air flow rate is 0,26m/second with 24,7 0 C effectively temperature, while volumetric air flow rate of forcing fan 16” diameter size is o,26 m 3 /second with 24,4 0 C effectively temperature, for exhaust fan (4”size) produced 0,18 m 3 /second volumetric air flow rate with 26,5 0 C effectively temperature . so the simulation equipment ventilation can show measure result by quantity and quality airflow characteristic. Keywords : Ventilation Simulation Equipment, Air Quality, Air Quantity, Ventilation Pressure

CORRELATION BETWEEN TAX POLICY AND CORRUPTION IN THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC GROWTH

<p>People Tax is the main source of state income. The better the tax policy of a country, the better the development of a country. One of the factors that influence the level of public awareness in paying taxes is corruption. Study shows that tax collection is one of them influenced by corruption. In the data of Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 reported by Transparency International, Indonesia is ranked 90 out of 176 countries. Tax evasion is a serious problem for many countries. Every year, the government loses revenue potential as many residents evade taxes in various ways. For this reason, the government implements tax amnesty. Tax amnesty is designed to permanently reduce the amount of underground economy activity, thereby increasing tax revenues in the future and developing countries can grow well.</p>

Detecting Surface Changes from an Underground Explosion in Granite Using Unmanned Aerial System Photogrammetry

Efficient detection and high-fidelity quantification of surface changes resulting from underground activities are important national and global security efforts. In this investigation, a team performed field-based topographic characterization by gathering high-quality photographs at very low altitudes from an unmanned aerial system (UAS)-borne camera platform. The data collection occurred shortly before and after a controlled underground chemical explosion as part of the United States Department of Energy’s Source Physics Experiments (SPE-5) series. The high-resolution overlapping photographs were used to create 3D photogrammetric models of the site, which then served to map changes in the landscape down to 1-cm-scale. Separate models were created for two areas, herein referred to as the test table grid region and the nearfield grid region. The test table grid includes the region within ~40 m from surface ground zero, with photographs collected at a flight altitude of 8.5 m above ground level (AGL). The near-field grid area covered a broader area, 90–130 m from surface ground zero, and collected at a flight altitude of 22 m AGL. The photographs, processed using Agisoft Photoscan® in conjunction with 125 surveyed ground control point targets, yielded a 6-mm pixel-size digital elevation model (DEM) for the test table grid region. This provided the ≤3 cm resolution in the topographic data to map in fine detail a suite of features related to the underground explosion: uplift, subsidence, surface fractures, and morphological change detection. The near-field grid region data collection resulted in a 2-cm pixel-size DEM, enabling mapping of a broader range of features related to the explosion, including: uplift and subsidence, rock fall, and slope sloughing. This study represents one of the first works to constrain, both temporally and spatially, explosion-related surface damage using a UAS photogrammetric platform; these data will help to advance the science of underground explosion detection.

Wspomnienia z Kołymy Kazimierza Żurawieckiego

In 2010 in Rome, while the archives of the Hospice of Saint Stanislaus were enumerated and reordered, the memoires of Kazimierz Żurawiecki were found. The book entitled A Change Is Coming. Memories of Kolyma gives an account about his stay in Kolyma camps. Żurawiecki limited the scope of his memories solely to the report of his stay in Kolyma, completely leaving aside other periods. His records include valuable historical material, which is fully compliant with the factography known from other sources and studies. Many plots described by him appear also in the reports of other prisoners of Kolyma camps. Following 17th of September 1939, Lwów found itself under Soviet occupation. Żurawiecki, who was involved in the underground activity within the organization of ZWZ-2, was arrested and sentenced for 10 years of reformatory labour camps in 1940. After the transport, which had lasted a few months, Żurawiecki arrived to Kolyma in June 1941. After his stay in a transitional camp near Magadan, he ended up in a camp situated close to a gold mine. Due to the so-called “amnesty” for Polish citizens, in October 1941, Żurawiecki sailed away from the Kolyma. In the February of 1942, Żurawiecki was accepted to the 9th Infantry Division (part of the Polish army of General Anders). The fate of Żurawiecki was identical to the fates of others General Anders’ soldiers, having been led through Iran, Palestine, Iraq and Egypt to Italy to arrive in Great Britain. Żurawiecki was a member of the 3rd Carpathian Riflemen Division, created as a result of various reorganizations of this unit. The combats ended by the seizing of Bolonia on 21st of April 1945. Żurawiecki arrived to Great Britain on 1st of January 1948, after having stayed for 2 years in Rome. At the end of the 40’s, he left for Argentina and settled down in the city of Mendoza. That is where he died suddenly of a heart attack in 1962.

Underground anti-Soviet activities of students of National University 'Lviv Politekhnika' over the first postwar years (1944-1953)

The author traces some forms of underground anti-Soviet activities of students of the Lviv Polytechnic Institute, currently the National University 'Lviv Politekhnika'. The rest of Lviv higher education establishments were also engaged in such activities. The research is based on scientific studies, recollections, archive materials and records of the Ukrainian Rebel Army, which cover the period of 1944-1953. The paper is timed to the bicentenary of the Lviv Politekhnika foundation and aims to demonstrate fortitude of Ukrainian spirit of young people who sought after their independent Ukrainian state. A list of Politekhnika students is given, who displayed their bravery in individual anti-Soviet actions, as well as some underground independent student organizations and representatives of the national underground which considered youth development its priority since 1948 are indicated. Anti-Soviet activities of the student milieu included the making of politically focused leaflets and their distribution among city-folk and at higher education establishments. Despite a small time of underground activities because of frequent arrests, Lviv students continued their work up to 1953. All detected members of clandestine organizations were sentenced by the Military Tribunal of the Ministry for State Security to the terms of 10 - 25 years in correctional labor camps of the GULAG. Some of the released returned to their native land and managed to get across their viewpoint and motivation of their actions over the above period to new generations.

The role of Kharkov orthopedic school in life and activity of professor Ilya Leont’evich Zaichenko (07.03.1896–06.15.1964)

The article reveals interesting details of the development of the system of health care and the development of the national orthopedics and traumatology in the period between the two world wars and the first post-war decades, and the importance of the developments of the Kharkov scientific school under the leadership of Professor Sitenko Mikhail Ivanovich. Under the influence of the Kharkov period, orthopedics became a vo­cation for Zaichenko Ilya Leontyevich, who, under the mot­to of the teacher (Sitenko M. I.), «to treat with his head, and not with his hands», remained loyal to the profession in the most difficult circumstances. A clear illustration of this was the medi­cal and underground activities of I. L. Zaichenko during the Second world war. In the postwar years, Professor Zaichen­ko I. L. trained 4 candidates and 1 doctor of medical sciences. Over the years of his scientific activity, he conducted more than 3 000 experiments, and in connection with this, he always re­called one of his teacher-teachers o Professor Yelenevsky K. F. It is worth noting the experiment of 1936 with the use of cold-preserved bone (Dr. Inklan applied a cold-frozen bone graft on a man in Cuba in 1942). Zaichenko I. L., MD, made three scientific discoveries: 1) created a scheme of regenerative pro­cess of bone tissue, consisting of six stages, which was formally adopted in the former USSR, which is reflected in the 14th volume of the Great Medical Encyclopaedia; 2) described in 1939 the process of resorption of the bone homotransplant by leu­cocytes «according to the type of ice melting» (now such cells are called immune competent, and clone them to create specific antisera that depress the host’s immune aggression against the graft); 3) manufactured an immunopreparation from rab­bit tissues treated before the preparation of oligopeptides. The achievements of Professor Zaichenko I. L. are still relevant today — his scientific works are cited, and the institutions and departments created by him continue to operate.

Estimating Actual 2D Ground Deformations Induced by Underground Activities with Cross-Heading InSAR Measurements

InSAR can only monitor relative ground deformations with respect to a reference area. In order to obtain actual deformations, GCPs or stable area is required in the study area, which, however, may be unavailable in the investigating of geohazards associated with underground activities (i.e., groundwater pumping, underground mining, and oil/gas exploitation). We propose a novel approach to estimate actual 2D deformations based on the InSAR relative LOS measurements acquired from cross-heading datasets. The errors induced by the arbitrary selection of reference areas can thus be avoided. The performance of the proposed approach is validated by a series of simulations. By providing the ascending and descending measurements with errors of 2 and 1.5 mm/year STDs, respectively, the RMSEs are 2.1 and 2.6 mm/year for the estimated vertical and east deformations, respectively. A case study is carried out in Cangzhou, China, for estimating the actual 2D ground deformations associated with groundwater pumping. By integrating ALOS ascending and ENVISAT descending datasets acquired between 2007 and 2010, we found that the Cangzhou area experienced ground subsidence of up to 23.4 mm/year in the suburbs but ground uplift of up to 20.9 mm/year in the urban area, both of which are accompanied by considerable lateral deformations.

Assessing the effects of underground mining activities on high-voltage overhead power lines

This paper introduces a technique for predictive assessment of changes in the position of power transmission towers and condition of overhead power lines, located in the zone of influence of displacements and deformations of the Earth's surface caused by mining activities. A special approach for monitoring the technical condition of towers and cables is proposed. It is intended to address the issue of controlling the condition of transmission lines that are under the influence of underground mining activities and to checkmate such impact.