Underdeveloped Societies Research Articles

Emile Durkheim's Theory of Social Facts on Moral and Character Education

Character education has been carried out for a long time, but over time it has been eroded by modernization. Morals are provisions for developing oneself. Moral problems are problems that concern humans everywhere, both in advanced societies and in underdeveloped societies. This is because one person's moral damage disturbs the peace of others. The aim of this research is to determine moral education and individual character based on Emile Durkheim's theory of social facts. The research method used is a qualitative method and the data collection technique is using library research. The results of this research show that Durkheim suggested that social research, including educational research, should be carried out based on empirical standards, with social facts as the main focus. Durkheim believed that morality is the result of social interaction between individuals and collective consciousness. Character education is education that develops good character.

GİYSİ TASARIMINDA GÖBEKLİ TEPE’DEN YANSIMALAR

Clothing fashion, which affects individuals and societies, is constantly changing with trends. The role of developed countries in fashion in the process leading to the deterioration of the natural balance is negatively reflected in the cultural creativity of developing and underdeveloped societies. The awareness of the cultural values of societies can be kept alive with the work of individuals in their fields. In our study, Göbekli Tepe, which is located in the Fertile Crescent region and revealed by excavations that it is the place where civilization was born and spread to the world, is discussed. Inspired by the finds, stelae, and symbols on the steles unearthed in the region, original clothes were designed with the patterns and forms obtained from the visuals of the finds by using Photoshop and CorelDraw computer programs. Our study will contribute to the preservation and maintenance of the importance and value of Göbekli Tepe today and in the future. Informing and raising awareness with similar studies will add value to the protection and preservation of our cultural values.

Discourse Analysis and Humor on Papuan Mop in the Series of “Epen Kah Cupen Toh”

This study aims to explore the humor and discourse in Papuan MOP, as depicted in the 2010 YouTube video series "Epen Kah Cupen Toh" (EKCT). Humor reflects different cultures and societal conditions, and MOP is a frequently used humor by Papuan people, making it a unique representation of their lives. The study utilizes qualitative analysis to identify patterns and themes in Papuan MOP humor and discourse. The primary data is collected from the transcription of EKCT video series. Discourse analysis was utilized to further analyze the transcription of videos as the primary data. The findings reveal that the primary type of humor in Papuan MOP is witticism, and the character "Dodi" represents the effects of a lack of education and underdeveloped society in certain areas of the Papuan region. Furthermore, the use of the Papuan Melayu dialect, which emphasizes monosyllabic sounds, adds to the uniqueness of the humor portrayed in the series. The cross-cultural representation in the series also highlights the diverse ethnicities in Indonesia. The study concludes that Papuan MOP humor is closely linked to the social conditions of Papuan people, making it a valuable aspect of their cultural heritage.

Aesthetic Anxiety in a Child with Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare syndrome that affects the skeleton and teeth. It is characterized by absent or hypoplastic clavicles, mobile shoulder girdles, patent fontanelles, supernumerary teeth, retained deciduous and delayed permanent teeth. A 10 year old boy with CCD is reported with chief complaints of aesthetics and dental pain. The bullying and social agony at a tender age were alarming as the patient was highly distressed regarding his missing teeth. Juvenile aesthetic concerns and the psychosocial impact were emphasized in this case. He was treated with manual scaling, pulp therapy, restoration, and a prosthesis to speedily replace his missing teeth. Long-term orthodontic treatment was suggested. Due to the early diagnosis, a better prognosis exists for multidisciplinary treatment. Counselling was pivotal for dealing with his aesthetic anxiety and oral health. Special attention should be given to the aesthetics and psychosocial state of patients with syndromes in underdeveloped societies.

Arranged Marriages among Young Educated Muslim Women in South Sulawesi Indonesia

Previous studies claimed that arranged marriages occur in underdeveloped societies, among the uneducated and low social classes. However, in Indonesia, especially South Sulawesi, arranged marriages also occur among young educated Muslim women. This study aims to answer why young educated Muslim women accept arranged marriages by their parents or families instead of marrying their boyfriends. This study also elaborated further on the issue of their feelings and experiences, such as feelings after marriage, dating experiences, and the reasons their parents matched them. This study used a postcolonial approach to analyze why young educated Muslim women accept arranged marriages. By conducting in-depth interviews with five young educated Muslim women who have married through the arranged process, this study found several reasons why young educated Muslim women accept arranged marriages, including the family system, religious teachings, economic considerations, and personal reasons that they consciously choose

Implementation of Akhlaqul Karimah Through Islamic Religious Education Approach In Early Children

Akhlak are the concern of people everywhere, both in advanced societies and underdeveloped societies, because if in a society there are many people whose Akhlak have been damaged, the society will be damaged. This shows that the position of morality in human life occupies a very important position, both as individuals and as members of society and the nation. "The rise and fall of a nation depends on the moral state of the nation itself. If their Akhlak are good, they will prosper both physically and mentally, but on the contrary if their Akhlak are bad, the nation will be damaged. In the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad Saw. which means “Educate your children because they were born to live in an age different from yours”. Because children are a gift or a mandate from Allah Swt. which must always be maintained and maintained continuity

The Primary School Movement in the South Slav Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Era of Dualism. Ideal and Reality

Primary education was an important issue in the Balkan countries during the social and national awakenings of the nineteenth century. While the development of a school system with a structured curriculum, staffed by qualified, faculty-educated teaching staff of both sexes, is well known, its ideological foundations may deserve more attention. This study takes as its starting point the most radical wing of the movement, a (by no means homogeneous) group around the Croatian educational magazine Napredak (1859), which under the partial influence of German Protestant pedagogy advocated non-denominational schools free of state or clerical tutoring, as well as Yugoslav fraternity. were implicit in Croatian taste. Croatian teachers have played a significant role in the development of primary education in Bosnia, although the final adoption of the principle of non-denominational schools is more due to the state's concern to counter Bosnian Serb influence - whose denominational schools developed thanks to immigrants from the Monarchy. . The idealism of the educational movement was submerged by three main factors, exacerbated by official suspicion: religious opposition in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim camps; related ethno-national differences in the last two cases and, finally, the lack resources in still underdeveloped societies. The education budget has been spent too disproportionately on post-primary education, reflecting a propensity for elite and instrumental funding of “class” lines rather than educating the “man” of liberal ideas. In addition to the objective difficulties, there was the problem of teacher dissatisfaction with the gap between ideals and reality, and their low status among a largely indifferent, if not hostile population. The fate of primary education has thus become a symbol of the difficulties that Balkan society has encountered in the process of "modernization".

A literary analysis of <i>The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind</i>: <i>Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope</i> (2009) towards sustainable development through i-Sustainability Plus theory

<abstract> <p>Through a close reading of William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer's book, <italic>The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind,</italic> this paper examines the importance of literature as a medium of intercultural communication to address the theme of sustainable development. It aims to discern deeper meanings in the narrative by analyzing significant African thematic concerns, such as poverty, lack of education, environmental degradation, and hunger affecting underdeveloped societies such as Malawi. Drawing on Doost Mohammadian's i-Sustainability Plus Theory (2010), the research also explores how the story engages with and contributes to the sustainability debate. It attests to the importance of the seven pillars of sustainability development goals presented in the literary text in creating a more sustainable society, specifically Malawi. Hence, examining William's autobiography helps normalize the conversation about sustainability in literature and educates readers about the educational, economic, ecological, social, technical, cultural, and political challenges and hardships Malawi faces and ways to overcome them. In addition, this research intends to portray William's initiative idea as a possible SME (small and medium-sized enterprise), minor, independent initiatives which employ fewer than a given number of employees. According to Doost Mohammadian, SMEs are critical to economic, environmental, and social sustainability development, thus sustainable and successful SMEs, such as William's small innovativeness, with high productivity and efficiency can help develop inhabitable and sustainable living environments in developing societies such as Wimbe.</p> </abstract>

An Analytical Study of Women Objectification in “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders

The objectification of women is a communal problem in every developed and underdeveloped society of the world. Women make a major population of the world and serve society in multidimensional modes, but still, they are considered feeble to men. The subject of women objectification has remained the focus of various researchers globally. This research focused on three short stories drawn from “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders” of Daniyal Mueenuddin to bring forward disparities and inequalities prevailing in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Additionally, it investigated the impact of these inequalities and injustices on the downtrodden women of Pakistan. The objectification of women is such discrimination that women are subjected to undergo in a patriarchal social setup. This study analyzes the objectification of women through the lenses of female characters selected from three short stories. This study uses the theoretical frameworks of Martha Nussbaum and Rae Langton’s to draw outcomes for this study. Study findings exhibit that female characters undergo objectification and are treated as things by males in the male-dominated strata of Pakistan. Keywords: Women objectification, gender, patriarchy, oppression, feminism

Culture Insight Of New Age Technology For Underdeveloped Society Lidia Djuhardi Faculty of Communication Science

This study entitled “Culture Insight Of New Age Technologies For Underdeveloped Society “,is about underdeveloped society in Temajuk Village, Indonesia-Malaysia border area, where is still underdeveloped area. This study aimed to find out the insight of new age technologies from Temajuk villager through their experiences about new technology and their meanings. In addition, the approach of this study is using qualitative-descriptive with interpretive paradigm through fenomenologi studi. The subject of this study is the villager who lived in Temajuk Village, located in the end of Borneo Island that directly borders with Malaysia. The subject is selected purposively, based on the context and the need of research. The data collection was conducted through interview, observation, literary review and documentations. The result for the culture insight of Temajuk society about new technologies are,the experiences more dynamic and its meanings independence life for them. The insight conclusion is the are very anthusiasm for the new technolog , its influenced by the history and conditions that build a culture insight for society of Temajuk village.
 
 
 Keywords: New Age Technology ; Smartphones; Culture Insight ;Temajuk Village; Underdeveloped Society

Righteousness as a Precursor to National Greatness in Proverbs 14:34 and its Relevance for Nigerian Socio-Economic Development

A major theme in the Bible which also is the focal point of Proverbs 14:34, is righteousness. It is like a recurring decimal in the preaching of ministers in most church denominations in Nigeria. They especially do this when they emphasise its significance and the detriment of sin in determining the status or position of a nation which are reflected in its being exalted or reproached. Features that enhance the worth of a nation, righteousness or sin are portrayed in the biblical text for this paper and in other cognate texts. The socio-economic situation in Nigeria calls for urgent attention as people live in poverty and painfully below life expectation. Existing studies on Prov. 14:34 have focussed more on the spiritual interpretation of the text, mainly for devotional and liturgical purposes. They did not focus on critical exegetical consideration of how such features could be viable catalysts for socioeconomic development in the Nigerian context. This is the rationale for this work, and the contribution it will make to existing knowledge. The descriptive method of interpretation is adopted for this work. The study is premised on Giovanni E. Reyes’ Modernisation Theory which he defines as a systematic process to move underdeveloped societies to an advanced and productive level of development. The Modernisation Theory stresses the importance of political development vis-a-vis the improvement of a nation’s socio-economic condition; it also emphasises cultural reforms. Righteousness in this text, when read from and applied to the current national and socio-economic reality of Nigeria, hopefully, will stem the current lamentable socio-economic situation in the nation.

Socio-structural forces predicting global water footprint: socio-hydrology and ecologically unequal exchange

ABSTRACTGrowth in water use and threatened shortages of water have become increasingly important in the modern world system. Natural resources are exploited extensively by capitalist interests in industrially advanced nations, while the lower strata of the world system, the underdeveloped societies, are left with limited access to natural resources for their productive processes, particularly water resources. We contribute to socio-hydrological research by examining underlying socio-structural factors that play a part in the process of deteriorating conditions of global water resources. Drawing on a world-systems perspective, this study examines how socio-structural forces – world-system position, per capita beef consumption, per capita energy consumption, and urbanization – affect per capita water footprint, which includes an accounting of “virtual water” consumption. We find that per capita beef consumption and per capita energy consumption have significant positive direct effects, and the world-system position has a significant indirect and total effect on per capita water footprint.

THE PERSISTENCE OF MYTH

This paper analyses the impact of the myth of España Negra on Spanish identity and culture from the country’s crushing defeat in the Spanish-American War to the present. Spain’s loss of Cuba and the Philippines (the last remnants of its once-global empire) to the United States in 1898 gave rise to a profound national crisis and provided a catalyst for a new wave of writers, artists and intellectuals known collectively as the Generation of ’98, a movement that focused on the motives for the debacle and sought the “essence” of Spain in the sobriety of the Castilian landscape and regional customs. Conservative authors of that period such as Azorin and painters such as Ignacio Zuloaga and José Gutiérrez Solana propagated a troubling, dark vision of Spain that remained unquestioned during the Franco dictatorship and has been repeatedly revived by new generations of Spanish writers, visual artists and movie directors. The España Negra myth has had a particularly strong impact on Spanish photographers, many of who have focused on archetypes and endeavoured to create a visual record of a vanishing national heritage. José Ortiz Echagüe, whose work is examined in depth in this text, served as a reference for most Spanish photographers until the end of the 1970s in terms of both style (an outdated form of pictorialism) and subjects (landscape, country and heritage viewed from an urban perspective). The notion of España Negra has evolved and waned over time. Photographers lost interest in the topic following Franco’s death and the end of his decades-long dictatorship and looked increasingly to Europe for inspiration. This paper analyses how new generations of image-makers working in radically different circumstances have ideologically and aesthetically distanced themselves from outmoded perceptions of Spain as an irredeemably backward and underdeveloped society.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE “COMMON GOOD” FOR POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Political society is established for the provision of the good life for the citizens of the society. But to ensure that the task is carried out, political societies elect or appoint leaders saddled with the responsibility of guiding, directing, leading and organizing the society. Capable and efficient political leaders help their societies to develop economically and help the citizens to have access to the good life. They are concerned about the common good of the society. Inept and inefficient leaders often are concerned about their own selfish interests and bring miseries and suffering to their peoples. In spite of the ideals of good leadership and the positive values of working for the public interest and common good of their societies, there are still many political leaders who are in power for their own sakes. Because of this there are many underdeveloped and poor societies especially in the Global South. This paper uses a critical analytic and hermeneutic method to examine and appraise the concept of the common good and its implications for political leaders. The value of the common good is applicable to every society. Political leaders everywhere are to strive for the common good. The paper finds that bad and corrupt political leaders are still prevalent in many societies in the world. The presented research will also help to designate the feature of the articulation of «common good» in the modern philosophical conceptions. The paper concludes that there is need to highlight the value of the common good that political leaders should strive for and help their societies obtain. This done there will be a higher level of peace and harmonies in political societies.

Crise do conhecimento ou crise da universidade: uma abordagem a partir do pensamento de Álvaro Vieira Pinto

Este trabalho consiste na análise sobre a questão do conhecimento e a crise da universidade mostrando como os dois eixos estão interligados por um estreito vínculo epistemológico e ideológico. O objetivo visa abordar que as crises do conhecimento e da universidade favorece a classe minoritária em uma sociedade subdesenvolvida como é o Brasil de hoje. A estrutura do conteúdo dessa temática está distribuída em dois eixos centrais a crise do conhecimento e da universidade para manter a ideologia dominante, cuja preocupação é preservação dos privilégios de uma minoria social oriunda da péssima distribuição de renda e do conhecimento. Isto acaba favorecendo a classe dos ricos e deteriora as condições socioeconômica da classe mais pobre. Tanto o acesso ao conhecimento quanto à universidade é restrito a camada social mais rica da sociedade. Em contrapartida a dificuldade de acesso das camadas sociais mais pobres a universidade não consegue se apropriar de um conhecimento vinculado a realidade e, com isso não compreende o contexto em que se desenvolve a sua vida, produzindo a consciência ingênua que consolida a dominação e exploração sobre as massas dando origem ao fenômeno de desumanização do homem pobre. Enfim, esta temática foi organizada para que se acalente o debate em torna da crise social do conhecimento e da universidade enquanto fenômenos epistemológicos e ideológico instrumentalizados para a dominação e a exploração da minoria sobre a grande maior em sociedade.

Взаємозв’язок розвитку ринку землі та громадянського суспільства в Україні

У статті досліджуються процеси земельної реформи (моделі ринку землі) та їхній взаємозв’язок із формуванням і розвитком громадянського суспільства в Україні. Автор також коротко аналізує сучасний стан українського громадянського суспільства, наголошуючи, що його проблеми є складовою реформування більшості сфер, у тому числі й земельних відносин.
 Метою дослідження є аналіз процесів земельної реформи та їхній взаємозв’язок із формуванням і розвитком громадянського суспільства в Україні; формулювання деяких пропозицій та рекомендацій теоретичного і практичного значення.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в аналізі запропонованих урядом моделей ринку землі і процесів, які гальмують впровадження земельної реформи. Дослідження стану громадянського суспільства (як рушійної сили демократичних та соціально-економічних перетворень держави) надає можливість з’ясувати проблеми його формування в Україні, сформулювати конкретні пропозиції та рекомендації, які сприятимуть його зрілому розвитку.
 Висновок. Питання впровадження земельної реформи, зокрема продажу земель сільськогосподарського призначення, окрім заполітизованості, ускладнюються проблемами комунікації влади і суспільства, нерозвиненістю громадянського суспільства в Україні. Запропоновані урядом моделі ринку землі, пропозиції аграрних інституцій щодо створення Земельного банку; проведення інвентаризації земель і оцінки їхньої якості; заборони на продаж землі іноземцям; обмеження площі, яку може купити один власник, щоб убезпечитися від монополій; прозорості процедур придбання землі у власність; поступового відкриття ринку землі; підвищення ефективності роботи органів влади і т. ін. –переконують: яка б модель не була створена, вона буде мати переваги і недоліки, як у будь-якій іншій країні світу. Але земельну реформу потрібно продовжувати, модернізуючи механізми комунікації влади і суспільства, адже знову накладати мораторій на продаж землі – означає стримувати подальший розвиток громадянського суспільства, формування спільноти вільних громадян-власників, здатних до економічного, політичного і морального саморегулювання, готових взяти на себе всю повноту господарської та політичної відповідальності за стан суспільства.

Networking Effects on Supply Chain Performance: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach

The objective of this article is to establish the fact that networking among supply chain agents enhances the performance of the system. The study has adopted an agent-based architecture for analyzing the networking effect of supply chain on an agricultural supply chain platform from an emerging economy. While carrying the products from a farmer to an urban customer, each downstream agent of an agricultural supply chain incurs additional transaction cost, and as a result, the price that the final customer pays becomes much higher than the farmers’ original selling price. Clearly, middle agents of supply chain consume a large chunk of profit which otherwise could have benefitted the farmer, the actual producers of the products. It is in this context this study shows that if farmers are networked on a blackboard architecture and the other intermediary agents including traders, commission agents, wholesalers, and retailers are also networked, then each agent becomes knowledgeable about others’ pricing strategies, both within and across the agent groups. This essentially reduces the transaction cost of the agents and thereby enhances the efficiency of the entire system. The study builds up an agent-based network structure and then simulates the effect of it. It finds that if both farmer agents and other intermediary agents are non-networked, then the efficiency of the system is only 29%, whereas if all agents are networked, then the efficiency rises to 92.43%. The research benefits the unorganized sector to gain rationality in income distribution in an underdeveloped society.

Women Education and Empowerment in Tamilnadu 1947-2007

In a developed society, women’s education is as necessary as that of men; but in the developing and under-developed societies it has become more so for several socio-economic reasons.1) It is a potent instrument of social change. It is necessary for its effective exercise and implementation of rights conferred on individual women by constitution of law. 2) It also widens the cognitive map and enables the women to compare their position in the society vis-a-vis men. 3) But in the nineteenth century, girls’ education had faced plentiful problems in India. But it is now a ‘sine qua non’ of India’s social and national development. 4) Education for the women was an impossible task before the twentieth century. Even government did not take any positive steps for it. The development of women’s education in British India could be largely attributed to persistent private effort. 5) The parents were keen to marry their daughters and the women did not comprehend the necessity of education. Only the reformers insisted the importance of female education. Although liberal encouragements were offered, the response from the Hindu and Muslim communities for the education of girls was discouraging. No Muslim or Hindu girl was matriculated at the University of Madras in the nineteenth century. 6) There was a popular conservative saying, “Educate a woman and you put a knife into the hands of a monkey”. 7) But in the twentieth century, the reformers along with the press in Tamilnadu played a vital role in sharing the necessity of education for women and cited the remedial measures to upgrade it by the government. Because of the awareness created by the press, a popular western saying, “Educate a girl, and you can educate a entire family” was imparted into India. 8) There was a difference of opinions among the papers regarding the type of education.

Government, Governance and Good Governance

It is proposed that government, being the tangible expression of the legitimate authority within an organised society, has undegone a long transformational journey since its very emergence. The various evolutionary forms and features of the government have been the product of its meaningful and viable responses to the changing expectations of the people as well as to the challenges they faced in an ever-changing environment. The exclusive domain of the state over the period became a shared space with inclusion of other actors and stakeholders, and an era of governance was ushered in since the 1980s. The much celebrated success of the liberal democracy and its market-led open economy heralded as an era of good governance. However, the universal model of good governance fails to take into account the local constraints of a society. Thus, the idea of good governance has to face various types of challenges in the developing as well as underdeveloped societies.

Women Folk Painters Empowered ; A Revolution in a Rural Setting.

The question of women empowerment is undoubtedly a critical issue, particularly in developing countries like India where women are regarded as inferior citizens, dominated by the menfolk. Choice of opportunity to work is a major dimension of human development. The objective of this paper is to ascertain the socio-economic position of women in the patua (folk-painter) community of West Medinipur District in West Bengal. The study is based on Naya, a newly emerging patua village. Both primary and secondary sources of information form the database. The research has revealed that in the last two decades, in Naya, training sessions have led to the emergence of young women as talented women patuas, who are not only earning a decent income in their own right, but are also helping to support their own families. In the near future, they promise to become entirely self-reliant, thus perpetuating a revolutionary change in the underdeveloped society of rural India.